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Maternal views on the separateness and independence of their children were investigated through interviews with 60 Japanese and 60 Israeli mothers about their kindergarten children. Cultural differences between subjects living in Fukuoka (Japan) and Jerusalem (Israel) are discussed for their implications for the study of child development. (SLD)

Objective: Green tea has been widely acknowledged in Japan to induce a pleasurable mental feeling. Recent laboratory studies have suggested positive psychological effects as a result of consuming green tea. The present study examined whether green tea consumption in everyday life in Japan is associated with positive mental health.Design: A cross-sectional study was performed in FebruaryMarch 2002.Setting and subjects: The subjects of the study consisted of a general population of 600 Japanese aged 2069 years. Responses of 380 subjects, obtained by home-visit interview, were analysed. The questionnaire inquired about consumption of brewed green tea and other beverages, perceived mental health status, lifestyle and others. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12) was used for the assessment of mental ill-health (GHQ score =4).Results: After adjustments for age, area, perceived mental stress, lifestyle and daily caffeine intake, the consumption of brewed green tea was not statistically associated with any decrease in risk of mental ill-health among either males or females (odds ratio (OR)=0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.471.29 for males; OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.511.14 for females). Daily caffeine intake (100?mg) inclusive of green tea, black tea, coffee and other caffeine-containing beverages was associated with a higher risk of mental ill-health among females (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.011.56).Conclusions: The results provide population-based evidence on the consumption of brewed green tea in everyday life and mental health, together with information on consumption patterns of various beverages and lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal endoscopic treatments have increased in Japan. Respiratory depression is as an unexpected development during sedation. This study aimed to clarify the sedation-related difficulties encountered by nurses involved in endoscopic treatment. Participants were five nurses who had worked for more than a year in the endoscopy department of a gastrointestinal endoscopy specialist guidance facility in Sapporo. Semistructured interviews were conducted. The number of recording units obtained was 129, which were divided into 12 categories and subdivided into 42 subcategories. The nursing practice difficulties related to sedation in endoscopic treatment were classified into two major categories: "difficulties in nursing practice" and "system difficulties." All of the "difficulty in nursing practice" items were role-fulfilling difficulties involved in protecting patient safety and reducing anxiety and discomfort. Four of these items reflected difficulties related particularly to the role of the nurse in charge of the sedated patient in the endoscopy room. To reduce the difficulties encountered by nurses, a treatment environment system must be devised to ensure patient safety and improve the education support system for nurses with regard to sedation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates.)