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In order to improve clock synchronization precision of the power distribution field network, a power distribution field network with high‐speed power line broadband carrier communication is designed, and a step‐by‐step precision clock synchronization strategy is developed based on modified timing‐sync protocol for sensor networks. In the strategy, the clock of the central node is calibrated in real‐time as the master clock of the field network by the communication master station through the long‐distance communication network, the time and frequency deviations of the clocks of each node in the network are accurately monitored using the broadcast mechanism and the network time base of the carrier communication, and the clock frequency is gradually amended by re‐calibrating the clock temperature compensation coefficient of the node so that the clock of the node is synchronized step‐by‐step within a clock synchronization cycle. The clock synchronization performances of the field network are tested in the laboratory and jobsite, and test results show that the clock synchronization accuracy of the field network is within ± 0.23 s/24 h, which is 28% higher than that of the power distribution field network based on narrowband power line carrier, and these phenomena of time gap or time repetition are avoided in the clock synchronization process. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve forwarding rate and connectivity rate between these nodes of the power distribution field network, an adaptive selection scheme for multi‐path parallel forwarding in dual‐mode heterogeneous field network is designed. First, the topological structure, the networking process and network maintenance mechanism of the field network with high speed power line broadband carrier and high speed micro‐power radio frequency communication capabilities are discussed. Second, a link measurement method is designed based on sliding window weighted average, and hybrid multi‐path routing table is calculated using a modified Bellman‐ford shortest path algorithm with limited hops. On this basis, a multi‐path parallel forwarding scheme is designed which has three modes of multi‐path load balancing forwarding, single‐path forwarding and multi‐path redundant forwarding. Finally, the field network is applied to the power distribution information collection system. The test results showed that the dual‐mode field network was more effective than the single‐mode field network in increasing the copying rate and shortening the copying time. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the western Pacific Ocean, the Kuroshio cross-shelf intrusion and the shelf circulation are vital components of the coastal environment. However, the key dynamic factors driving them remained unclear. Our model and theoretical analysis show that wind stress over the open Pacific Ocean east of Japan drives a net equatorward water flux of 2.2 Sv, and this flux sets up a south-north sea surface drop from the East China Sea (ECS) to the Japan Sea which drives a throughflow of 2.6 Sv poleward through the Tsushima Strait. This throughflow requires a shelf circulation in the ECS to balance the mass flux. Thus, the Kuroshio Current must intrude onto the ECS shelf and there must be a poleward flowing Taiwan Warm Current through Taiwan Strait. It is the wind stress over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean interior rather than the local wind that drives and regulate both the Kuroshio cross-shelf intrusion and the shelf circulation. • Shelf circulation east of China is mainly determined by a net equatorward volume flux from east of Japan to North America. • This net flux is driven by basin-scale wind stress; it leads to a poleward shelf circulation and Kuroshio intrusion. • This mechanism regulates both poleward water transport to complete ocean circulation gyre and the Kuroshio intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is unclear whether entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) differ in their effectiveness for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)., Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed an international consortium that encompassed 19 centers from 6 countries or regions composed of previously untreated CHB patients then treated with either ETV or TDF monotherapy. Those who developed HCC before antiviral treatment or within 1 year of therapy were excluded. The association between antiviral regimen and HCC risk was evaluated using competing-risk survival regression. We also applied propensity score matching (PSM) to 1:1 balance the 2 treatment cohorts. A total of 5,537 patients were eligible (n = 4,837 received ETV and n = 700 received TDF) and observed for HCC occurrence until December 23, 2018. Before PSM, the TDF cohort was significantly younger and had generally less advanced diseases., Results: In the unadjusted analysis, TDF was associated with a lower risk of HCC (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.79; P = 0.005). The multivariable analysis, however, found that the association between TDF and HCC no longer existed (SHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.42-1.56; P = 0.52) after adjustment for age, sex, country, albumin, platelet, α-fetoprotein, cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the PSM analysis (n = 1,040) found no between-cohort differences in HCC incidences (P = 0.51) and no association between regimens (TDF or ETV) and HCC risk in the multivariable-adjusted analysis (adjusted SHR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.41-1.92; P = 0.77)., Discussion: TDF and ETV did not significantly differ in the prevention of HCC in patients with CHB.