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Radioactively contaminated soils sampled at Fukushima (Japan) underwent microwave treatment to remove cesium ions. An aqueous suspension (20 mL) containing 5.0 g of the soil (7.2×105 Bq/kg) and one of three chemical reagents was sealed in a Teflon vessel (4.0 cm i.d.×5.0 cm). The effects of the following three reagents were examined: 3.0 M Mg(NO3)2, 6.5 M NH4F/HF, and 1.5 M H2SO4. The vessel was irradiated with microwaves at 800 W for 3 min. After the vessel was cooled to room temperature, the contents were removed and centrifuged, and the radioactivity of the solid precipitate was measured. The elemental composition of the filtrate was determined using ICP-MS. The XRD patterns of the solid precipitates were recorded before and after the treatment. Results indicated that: (i) in the radioactive Cs+ ions leaching experiment with 3.0 M Mg(NO3)2 from a reference saponite, 85% 137Cs+ ions were desorbed after 3 min of microwave irradiation, indicating the effectiveness of the microwave treatment for radioactively contaminated soils, (ii) less than 5% of the radioactive Cs+ (or 137Cs+) ions were eliminated through ion-exchange with 3.0 M Mg(NO3)2; (iii) more than 90% of the 137Cs+ ions were effectively eliminated with 6.5 M NH4F/HF via dissolution of silica; (iv) approximately 70% of the 137Cs+ ions were eliminated with 1.5 M H2SO4 via dissolution of alumina. These results demonstrated that 137Cs+ ions in the soil were fixed firmly in clay minerals (possibly weathered biotite) and could be removed only when their adsorbing structures were disrupted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although breastfeeding is expected to reduce the incidence of diabetes in women with gestational diabetes, the effect has not been clearly confirmed. We examined whether or not high-intensity breastfeeding reduces the incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance and investigated the effect of high-intensity breastfeeding on insulin resistance during the first year postpartum in Japanese women with current gestational diabetes. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included women with gestational diabetes who underwent postpartum 75 g oral glucose tolerance test during the first year (12-14 months) postpartum from 2009 to 2011 at a single tertiary perinatal care center in Japan. High-intensity breastfeeding was defined as the condition in which infants were fed by breastfeeding alone or 80% or more of the volume. We investigated the effect of high-intensity breastfeeding on the prevalence of postpartum abnormal glucose tolerance and the postpartum homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), after controlling for confounders, including prepregnancy obesity and weight changes during pregnancy and postpartum. Results: Among 88 women with gestational diabetes, 46 (52%) had abnormal glucose tolerance during the postpartum period. High-intensity breastfeeding women (n = 70) were significantly less likely to have abnormal glucose tolerance than non-high-intensity breastfeeding women (n = 18) (46% vs. 78%, p = 0.015). High-intensity breastfeeding was also associated with a lower HOMA-IR at 12-14 months postpartum than non-high-intensity breastfeeding (1.41 ± 1.02 vs. 2.28 ± 1.05, p = 0.035). Those associations remained significant after controlling for confounders. At least six months of high-intensity breastfeeding had a significant effect on lowering both the abnormal glucose tolerance prevalence and HOMA-IR compared with non-high-intensity breastfeeding. Conclusions: In Japanese women with gestational diabetes, high-intensity breastfeeding ≥6 months had a protective effect against the development of abnormal glucose tolerance during the first year postpartum through improving insulin resistance, independent of obesity and postpartum weight change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gestational diabetes (GDM) is considered as mild maternal hyperglycemia during late pregnancy. However, the significance of mild hyperglycemia during early pregnancy (before 20 weeks' gestation) is still controversial. We investigated to identify the characteristics and significance of Japanese women with GDM who were diagnosed before 20 weeks' gestation. Methods: This retrospective study included Japanese women who were diagnosed with GDM before 20 weeks' gestation (the early GDM [e-GDM] group) and those who were diagnosed at 24 weeks' gestation or later (the late GDM [l-GDM] group). We used IADPSG criteria to diagnose GDM. We compared the maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes between the groups. Results: We included 117 and 351 women in the e- and l-GDM groups, and the mean gestational age (GA) at diagnosis was 13.7±4.3 and 28.0±3.1 weeks, respectively. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) in the e-GDM group was significantly higher than that in the l-GDM group (24.7±4.9 vs. 23.0±4.6, p=0.002). Although fasting plasma glucose (PG) levels were also significantly higher in the e-GDM group (88.7±8.9 vs. 84.3±10.8 mg/dl, p<0.0001), there were no significant differences in the 1- and 2-hour PG values between the groups. The mean GA at the beginning of insulin therapy was 21.1±7.3 and 30.0±4.6 weeks in the e- and l-GDM groups, respectively. The rate of insulin therapy was higher in the l-GDM group (41.9% vs. 52.3%, p<0.05). The perinatal outcomes did not differ between the groups. When we compared in the obese subgroups (prepregnancy BMI ≥2 ), we found the prepregnancy BMI was significantly higher in the e-GDM group (31.6±4.7 vs. 29.3±3.4, p=0.0016). However, there were no significant differences in the rate of insulin administration (52.4% vs. 65.6%, ns) or in the perinatal outcomes between the groups. Conclusion: The Japanese women with GDM who were diagnosed before 20 weeks were more frequently obese than those who were diagnosed at 24 weeks or later. The findings suggest that early diagnosis and treatment intervention seemed to be beneficial in obese women with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gestational diabetes (GDM) is one of the most common complications during pregnancy, up to 12% or more of all pregnant women. It is well established evidence that women affected by GDM during pregnancy are high risk of the development of diabetes after delivery. Several studies showed that breastfeeding has a protective effect against the development of diabetes in general population and in women with GDM during pregnancy. However, underlying mechanism regarding the protective effect has not been clearly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of breastfeeding on insulin resistance during the first year postpartum in Japanese women with current gestational diabetes. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included women who were diagnosed as having GDM after 24 weeks' gestation during pregnancy and underwent postpartum 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during the first year postpartum at a single tertiary perinatal care center in Japan. We used IADPSG criteria and WHO criteria to make a diagnosis of GDM during pregnancy and abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) after delivery, respectively. We defined AGT as impaired glucose intolerance and diabetes by WHO criteria. Regarding breastfeeding conditions, we defined highintensity breastfeeding (HIB) as the condition in which infants were fed by breastfeeding alone or 80% or more of the volume, and other statuses, including partial and non-breastfeeding, as non-HIB. We investigated the effect of HIB on the prevalence of postpartum abnormal glucose tolerance and the postpartum homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), after controlling for confounders, including prepregnancy obesity and weight changes during pregnancy and postpartum. Results: We included 88 women affected by GDM during pregnancy, and among them, 46 (52%) women had AGT during the postpartum period. Among the all participants, 70 (79.5%) women fed their infants by HIB at least 6 weeks or more during postpartum period (HIB group), and the other 18 (20.5%) women were in the non-HIB group. HIB women were significantly less likely to have AGT than non-HIB women (46% vs. 78%, p<0.02). Women in the HIB group were also associated with a lower HOMA-IR at one year postpartum than those in the non-HIB group (1.41±1.02 vs. 2.28±1.05, p=0.035). Regarding the duration of breastfeeding, we found that at least six months of HIB had a significant effect of both reducing the prevalence of the AGT and improving HOMA-IR during one year postpartum, in comparison with non-HIB. Conclusions: In Japanese women with GDM, HIB at least 6 months or more had a protective effect against the development of AGT during the first year postpartum through improving insulin resistance, independent of obesity and postpartum weight change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]