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This paper presents an evolutional topology optimization of electric machines, which works like gradient‐based local search methods, based on the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA‐ES). The present method enables to improve the performance of initial machine shapes without computing the deviation of the objectives. Moreover, for the resultant shapes obtained by the present topology optimization method, this paper also presents a sensitivity analysis method based on the normal distribution which is used to seek for solutions in CMA‐ES. Using the present sensitivity analysis method, important parts which contribute to improve a machine characteristic can be visualized. The two present methods are applied to the optimization problem of a synchronous reluctance motor. It is shown that initial rotor shapes defined by designers can effectively be modified using the present optimization method. Moreover, it is also shown that the sensitivity distributions with respect to some machine characteristics are visualized by the present method. In addition, each machine characteristic is respectively improved by modifying the machine shape according to the respective sensitivities. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses current organisational innovations in intellectual property (IP) management that, with recent advances in networking technology, have arisen from the integration of patents and standards, and the effects of this integration on corporate innovativeness. Through case studies of Japanese electric machine corporations (NEC, Fujitsu and Hitachi), a new IP organisational evolutionary model that accounts for standardisation is presented, and organisational innovations are identified, including patent and standard information management (PSIM) and expanded IP management. PSIM is an information exchange system for the patent clearance of essential patents, and expanded IP management is IP management that considers both standardisation and patent activity. The evolutionary model shows that the exchange of information about patents and standards within an organisation becomes more oriented towards interdivisional exchange of information rather than intradivisional exchange. As a result, organisational innovations arising from the integration of patents and standards are expected to improve corporate innovativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]