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62. Changing Teacher Educational Contexts: Global Discourses in Teacher Education and Its Effect on Teacher Education in National Contexts
- Author
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Douglas-Gardner, Janet and Callender, Christine
- Abstract
Teacher education has gathered interest globally and nationally among teachers, educators, researchers and policy makers. Madalinska-Michalak, O 'Doherty and Assuno Flores (2018) observe that regional/ national, social, economic, political and historical factors impact upon teacher education and 'it is also impacted by global problems and tendencies' (pp. 567). This paper builds on these debates and examines the effects of global discourses of teacher education in the national contexts of developed and developing countries, for example, Guyana, Japan, South Africa, United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK). This includes consideration of teacher education and training before and during the current global COVID-19 pandemic (UNESCO, 2020). The paper concludes that teacher education continues to be under scrutiny due to global and national expectations, the demand of and how they are positioned in preparing teachers for the 21st century. Notwithstanding, as globalisation becomes more integrated in societies globally teacher education curricula not only has to retain its emphasis on standards, but equally its agility to ensure that the needs of all learners are met.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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63. Creative Pedagogies: A Systematic Review
- Author
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Cremin, Teresa and Chappell, Kerry
- Abstract
This paper is a critical systematic literature review of empirical work on creative pedagogies from 1990 to 2018. It responds to the increased international attention being afforded creativity and creative pedagogies in research, policy and practice and examines the evidence regarding creative pedagogical practices and the potential impact of these on students' creativity. The methodology encompassed four stages. Firstly, an educational database keyword search was undertaken and 801 papers identified, manual searches added 12 further papers. Secondly, through applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 89 papers were identified for closer scrutiny; these papers focused on students aged 0-18 years in formal educational settings and were peer-reviewed reports of empirical work. Thirdly, these papers were subjected to in-depth review and rating, this reduced the included selection to 35 papers. Finally, these papers were subject to further analysis and synthesis. The findings reveal that seven interrelated features characterise creative pedagogical practice, namely generating and exploring ideas; encouraging autonomy and agency; playfulness; problem-solving; risk-taking; co-constructing and collaborating; and teacher creativity. The paper also reveals that the evidence for the impact of these pedagogical practices on students' creativity is inconclusive. It highlights the complexities and challenges of documenting creative pedagogies in the years of formal schooling and concludes with key recommendations and implications for research, policy and practice.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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64. Integrating Lifelong Learning Perspectives.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. and Medel-Anonuevo, Carolyn
- Abstract
This publication is comprised of 43 papers on the topic of promoting lifelong learning. The papers in Part 1, Overcoming False Dichotomies, are "Lifelong Learning in the North, Education for All in the South" (Torres); "Practice of Lifelong Learning in Indigenous Africa" (Omolewa); "Gender and Information Societies" (Youngs); and "Lifelong Learning for a Modern Learning Society" (Somtrakool). Part 2, Scanning Developments in the Regions, consists of these papers: "Challenges of Lifelong Learning in Africa" (Tapsoba); "Promoting Community-Based Learning Centers in Asia-Pacific" (Oyasu); "European Union (EU) Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Smith); "Hungarian Response to the EU Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Istvan); "Regional Framework for Action for Adult and Youth Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (2001-10)" (Jauregui de Gainza); and "Lifelong Learning" (Essefi). Part 3, Promoting Democratization, contains these papers: "Learning in a Global Society" (Alexander); "Citizenship and Democracy in Socrates' and Grundtvig's Europe" (Ronai); "Education for Non-Discrimination" (Millan); "Lifelong Learning and Work in Developing Countries" (Pieck); "Globalization, Lifelong Learning, and Response of the Universities" (Peng); and "Combining the World of Work with the World of Education" (Romijn). The papers in Part 5, Making Lifelong Learning Work for Women, are "Gender Equality in Basic Education" (Messina); "Women as Lifelong Learners" (Benaicha); and "Lifelong Learning for Elimination of Violence Against Women" (Kuninobu). The papers in Part 6, Learning Across Generations, are "Achieving Youth Empowerment Through Peer Education" (Wissa); and "Role of Intergenerational Programs in Promoting Lifelong Learning for All Ages" (Ohsako). The papers in Part 7, Learning Across Cultures, are "Cultural Contexts of Learning: East Meets West" (Yang); "Building Community Through Study Circles" (Oliver); "Culturally-Based Adult Education" (Smith); and "Perspective of Lifelong Learning in South Asia" (Bordia). In Part 8, Laying Foundations and Sustaining Achievements Through Literacy and Nonformal Education, are "Literacy Linked Women Development Programs" (Usha); "Lifelong Learning Policy and Practices in the Laos People's Democratic Republic" (Mithong Souvanvixay); "Distance Learning and Adult Education" (Wilson, White); "Role of Partnerships in the Promotion of Lifelong Learning" (Lin); and "Toward the Eradication of Illiteracy Among Youth and Adults in China" (Guodong). Part 9, Creating Environments Conducive to Lifelong Learning, has these papers: "Learning Cities/Region in the Framework of Lifelong Learning" (Doukas); "Adult Education and Lifelong Learning in Sweden" (Salin); "Promoting Lifelong Learning in Beijing for a Learning Society" (Shuping); and "Reorienting Teachers as Lifelong Learners" (Tiedao). (YLB)
- Published
- 2002
65. Evaluating Eco-Innovation of OECD Countries with Data Envelopment Analysis
- Author
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Mavi, Reza Kiani and Standing, Craig
- Abstract
Government regulations require businesses to improve their processes and products/services in a green and sustainable manner. For being environmentally friendly, businesses should invest more on eco-innovation practices. Firms eco-innovate to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability. This paper evaluates the eco-innovation performance of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries with data envelopment analysis (DEA). Data were gathered from the world bank database and global innovation index report. Findings show that for most OECD countries, energy use and ecological sustainability are more important than other inputs and outputs for enhancing eco-innovation. [For full proceedings, see ED571459.]
- Published
- 2016
66. On the Directionality and Maintenance of Language Policy in Revitalization Efforts.
- Author
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Clankie, Shawn M.
- Abstract
This paper examines efforts to save rapidly declining indigenous languages around the world. The entire process of language preservation and revitalization is a massive undertaking that requires immense long-term planning and support. These problems extend well beyond the linguistic concerns of the language itself. Language policy is inherently political in nature, pitting different linguistic (but also ethnic, religious, or cultural) groups against one another, any or all of whom may have reason to try to undermine any policy. This paper centers on these two distinct yet inter-related concerns in language revitalization efforts: directionality and policy preservation. The problem of directionality of language policy, the direction from which policy is generated and implemented, namely, top-down (government-imposed) or bottom-up (grassroots public-imposed) is unavoidable. It is argued that neither approach can be entirely successful without the other and that the present societal structure where the language is to be used must be considered. The second problem, the question of how to preserve policy over time and through changes in government and leadership once a language policy has been agreed upon and is being implemented, is equally essential. Five suggestions are offered for preserving existing policy, while at the same time allowing the policy to grow and develop. Current research on this subject is reviewed. (Contains 11 references.) (Author/KFT)
- Published
- 2000
67. Medical Technology in Use: A History of Clinical Thermometry in Modern Britain and Japan.
- Author
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Akinobu Takabayashi
- Subjects
MEDICAL technology ,MEDICAL thermometry ,INFLUENZA epidemiology - Abstract
Modern medicine has developed a number of technologies to observe, diagnose, and intervene in the human body. Medical technologies make bodies visible by number and form. Many historians have studied how such medical technologies as the stethoscope, pulse meter, cardiograph, and thermometer were invented and subsequently influenced societies. However, recent historians have turned their attention to the technology-in-practice to show a unidirectional history intertwined by devices, clinicians, and users. This paper aims to follow this line of study by focusing on a history of clinical thermometry inmodern Britain and Japan. First, it surveys secondary works on medical technologies in history and explores how clinical thermometers were invented, improved, sold, and consumed in two distinct cultures in Britain and Japan. It argues that clinical thermometry was used for consumers' own sakes, for example, performing a gender role and dreading influenza, and also framed by such external factors as war and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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68. Divergent Heritages? UNESCO and the Cultural Heritage of Landscapes in the UK and Japan.
- Author
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Hutcheson, Andy
- Subjects
CULTURAL property ,LANDSCAPE changes ,CLIMATE change ,NATIONAL parks & reserves ,LANDSCAPES - Abstract
With climate change, many cultural landscapes will be lost or permanently altered. One approach to managing this is through international designation, through UNESCO, and the focus that it provides. National designations such as National Park status also offer a set of strategies for managing and adapting. This paper explores landscape designations in Japan and the UK focusing on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is suggested that the UK's dualistic governmental structures for landscapes prioritise some attributes over others. This is examined through the recent inscription of the Lake District as a World Heritage Property and counterpointed through looking at the recent Landscape Review also known as the Glover Report. A case study on a Japanese approach to landscape designation is explored to suggest alternative approaches. Both country's relationship with international designation is discussed. Methodologies and theoretical approaches are examined with the conclusion that landscape change and loss are dealt with in Japan differently and arguably more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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69. Analysis of the Imperial Rent of Reserve Currency: A Manifestation of Existence and a Method of Quantity Estimation.
- Author
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Osman, Omar
- Subjects
COST effectiveness ,MONEY supply ,FOREIGN exchange ,HARD currencies ,EUROZONE ,RENT ,INTERNATIONAL finance - Abstract
This article provides an analysis of the economic cost incurred by the world through the use of the fiat international reserve currency since the end of the 1971 gold standard system. The article uses the Quantity Theory of Money to provide an empirical manifestation of how reserve currency yields income to its issuing country through the provision of an inflation buffer, which is equivalent to what the article frames as an imperial rent of reserve currency. The article then provides a method to estimate the cumulative quantity of this rent by using data on the broad money supply, nominal GDP, and world total official foreign exchange holdings of the currency of the country in question. The article estimates that the quantity of the imperial rent of reserve currency that accrued to the four major reserve currency-issuing states (US, Euro area, UK, Japan) from the end of the gold standard until the end of 2021, which was accumulated through the official channel only, is of a value equivalent to 11.1 trillion USD, 71 % of this amount went to the US singly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
70. A Narrative Exploration of Agency in the Education-Migration Nexus
- Author
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Brotherhood, Thomas
- Abstract
This paper employs narrative research methods to provide new theoretical and empirical insights into the role of individual agency in student migration. The paper begins with a theoretical exploration of agency in international migration, broadly conceived, and applies this to student migration specifically. This exploration emphasizes the strengths of a life-course perspective in analyzing the role of individual agency in student-migration journeys, as this perspective is sensitive to temporality. Following this approach, the paper offers a novel theoretical framework for analyzing student-migration, drawing on Emirbayer & Mische's (Emirbayer and Mische, American Journal of Sociology 103:962-1023, 1998) 'chordal triad' model of agency, and presents analysis of 18-months of narrative data collection with 26 international student-migrants in the UK and Japan. Interview data demonstrate how three agentive orientations--habit, imagination, and judgment--are each associated with specific tactics that individuals can use to navigate the challenging terrain of their student migration trajectories. Participants also exhibited changing agentive orientations over time. The results of this analysis indicate that the role of agency is dynamic within the education-migration nexus, changing in relation to: (1) the evolving relationship between individual student-migrants and their contexts, and (2) the simultaneous evolution of each individual's life-course project. In summary, while student-migrants are influenced by context, they also exhibit the capacity to evolve and adapt agentively in the pursuit of their goals.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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71. How Sedentary are Older People? A Systematic Review of the Amount of Sedentary Behavior.
- Author
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Harvey, Juliet A., Chastin, Sebastien F.M., and Skelton, Dawn A.
- Subjects
AGING ,CINAHL database ,HEALTH behavior ,LEISURE ,MEDLINE ,META-analysis ,SELF-evaluation ,TIME ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ACCELEROMETRY ,SEDENTARY lifestyles ,PHYSICAL activity ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,AMED (Information retrieval system) - Abstract
Background/objectives: Sedentary behavior (SB), defined as sitting (nonexercising), reclining, and lying down (posture), or by low energy expenditure, is a public health risk independent to physical activity. The objective of this systematic literature review was to synthesize the available evidence on amount of SB reported by and measured in older adults. Data source: Studies published between 1981 and 2014 were identified from electronic databases and manual searching. Large-scale population studies/surveys reporting the amount of SB (objective/ subjective) in older adults aged ≥ 60 years of age were included. Appraisal and synthesis was completed using MOOSE guidelines. Results: 349,698 adults aged ≥ 60 within 22 studies (10 countries and 1 EU-wide) were included. Objective measurement of SB shows that older adults spend an average of 9.4 hr a day sedentary, equating to 65-80% of their waking day. Self-report of SB is lower, with average weighted self-reports being 5.3 hr daily. Within specific domains of SB, older adults report 3.3 hr in leisure sitting time and 3.3 hr watching TV. There is an association with more time spent in SB as age advances and a trend for older men to spend more time in SB than women. Conclusion/ implications: Time spent sedentary ranges from 5.3-9.4 hr per waking day in older adults. With recent studies suggesting a link between SB, health, and well-being, independent of physical activity, this is an area important for successful aging. Limitations: Different methodologies of measurement and different reporting methods of SB made synthesis difficult. Estimated SB time from self-report is half of that measured objectively; suggesting that most self-report surveys of SB will vastly underestimate the actual time spent in SB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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72. Adult Education and Training Programs for Older Adults in the U.S.: Country Comparisons Using PIAAC Data
- Author
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Cummins, Phyllis A. and Kunkel, Suzanne R.
- Abstract
Historically, older and lower-skilled adults in the U.S. have participated in Adult Education and Training (AET) at lower rates than other groups, possibly because of perceived lack of return on investment due to the time required to recover training costs. Global, knowledge based economies have increased the importance of lifelong learning for all age groups. This paper reports results of a study that used data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to examine the relationship in the U.S. between participation in AET programs and employment, labor force participation, and income, for adults aged 45 to 65. In addition, comparisons were made for outcomes of AET participation in the U.S. with those in Germany, Japan, Sweden, and the U.K. Consistent with U.S. outcomes, comparison countries had lower AET participation rates by the unemployed compared to the employed and there were wide variations in AET participation between the lowest income quintile and the highest income quintile. For all countries, there was a significant relationship between AET participation and income. There was also a significant relationship between AET participation and labor force participation. [For the full proceedings, see ED581791.]
- Published
- 2016
73. Economic self-reliance or social relations? What works in refugee integration? Learning from resettlement programmes in Japan and the UK.
- Author
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Phillimore, Jenny, Morrice, Linda, Kabe, Kunihiko, Hashimoto, Naoko, Hassan, Sara, and Reyes, Marisol
- Subjects
LAND settlement ,REFUGEE resettlement ,SELF-reliance ,AUTARCHY ,REFUGEES ,LEARNING strategies - Abstract
There is an urgent need to expand the scale and scope of refugee resettlement schemes, and yet country approaches to resettlement vary markedly and there is little cross-country learning from approaches and refugee experiences. In Japan, resettlement focuses on economic self-sufficiency through employment; whereas the UK, through Community Sponsorship volunteers, on providing social connections to facilitate integration. This paper explores the strengths and short-comings of each approach and examines the ways in which refugee resettlement programmes prioritising different integration domains might influence refugee experiences of integration more widely. Drawing on principles and domains set out in the Indicators of Integration Framework (Ndofor-Tah, C. Strang, A. Phillimore, J. Morrice, L., Michael, L., Wood, P., Simmons, J. (2019) Home Office Indicators of Integration framework 2019), insight is provided into the multi-dimensionality of integration and new understandings about the nature of social connections are offered. The findings highlight the context specific nature of integration policy and practice and underline the importance of a holistic approach. We conclude that resettlement initiatives might incorporate both employers and local communities working in collaboration to support newly arrived refugees but with some state involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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74. Insights into Accounting Education in a COVID-19 World
- Author
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Sangster, Alan, Stoner, Greg, and Flood, Barbara
- Abstract
This paper presents a compilation of personal reflections from 66 contributors on the impact of, and responses to, COVID-19 in accounting education in 45 different countries around the world. It reveals a commonality of issues, and a variability in responses, many positive outcomes, including the creation of opportunities to realign learning and teaching strategies away from the comfort of traditional formats, but many more that are negative, primarily relating to the impact on faculty and student health and well-being, and the accompanying stress. It identifies issues that need to be addressed in the recovery and redesign stages of the management of this crisis, and it sets a new research agenda for studies in accounting education.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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75. Policy Transformation and Pension Regimes in Comparative Perspectives.
- Author
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Hiroshi Araki
- Subjects
- *
PENSION reform , *PENSIONS - Abstract
A conference paper about the policy transformation of pension regimes is presented which is prepared for presentation at the American Political Science Association Conference, in Toronto, Ontario, on September 2-6, 2009. The paper discusses topics including the recent pension reforms in the U.S., Great Britain, Sweden and Japan, and the relationship between income inequality and pension regimes.
- Published
- 2009
76. Pre‐implantation genetic testing: Past, present, future.
- Author
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Takeuchi, Kazuhiro
- Subjects
GENETIC testing ,CHROMOSOMAL translocation ,FLUORESCENCE in situ hybridization ,COMPARATIVE genomic hybridization ,RECURRENT miscarriage ,NUCLEOTIDE sequencing - Abstract
Background: Pre‐implantation genetic testing (PGT) has been performed worldwide since it was first used by Handyside et al in the United Kingdom to sex embryos in 1990. Until about 2010, cleavage stage embryo biopsy and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were mainstream; however, in 2012, blastocyst biopsy (trophectoderm; TE biopsy) became mainstream. In addition, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used for analysis and further evolved to next‐generation sequencing (NGS), which is used worldwide. Methods: PGT for reciprocal balanced translocation and Robertsonian translocation (PGT‐SR) was approved in Japan for habitual abortion to reduce pregnancy loss, and since 2008, we have been performing PGT‐SR using cleavage stage embryos and FISH. In 2014, we performed TE biopsy and NGS analysis. Main findings: In this paper, I separately described the details of our methods and clinical results of FISH and NGS. NGS is superior to FISH because it can detect all chromosomes. Conclusion: TE biopsy and NGS, which have recently become mainstream, have stable outcomes, because TE biopsy yields more cells and fewer mosaics than the cleavage stage. As a result, diagnoses are more reliable, resulting in higher pregnancy rates and lower abortion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
77. Declining competitiveness in the film industry: the British experience in Japan, 1910–1923.
- Author
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Ranger, Stephen
- Subjects
MOTION picture industry ,JAPANESE films ,WORK experience (Employment) ,MOTION picture studios ,MOTION picture distribution - Abstract
Throughout the 1900s, Britain and Japan enjoyed a close diplomatic relationship that was best exemplified by their alliance of twenty years (1903–1923). Cultural ties during this period though were more distant. Despite this complex relationship, British film distributors were active in Japan during the 1910s. However, their competiveness would weaken to the extent that they were eventually displaced by the Hollywood studios by the 1920s. Against this backdrop, Anglo-Japanese relations also became more distant following the end of World War I. The common perception is that the political situation related to the war had a significant impact on the decline of Europe's film industries. This paper examines the factors behind the British film industry's struggles in Japan that seem to correlate with the final chapter of the close political relationship in the late 1910s. It will show that actually the post-World War I political environment had little impact upon the decline of the British presence in the Japanese film market. Rather it was industrial factors ranging from changes in film distribution to the quality of films produced that limited the opportunities for British film companies. Such findings have important implications for Europe's film industries today who are confronted by Hollywood's dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
78. Equity Prices, Household Wealth, and Consumption Growth in Foreign Industrial Countries: Wealth Effects in the 1990s.
- Author
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Bertaut, Carol C.
- Subjects
CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,WEALTH ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,HOUSEHOLDS ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
This paper investigates the strength of the wealth effect across countries. The author uses a variety of methods and finds evidence of significant wealth effects in the United Kingdom and Canada of a size similar to that in the United States, reflecting the importance of equities in aggregate household wealth in these countries. In Japan, a significant wealth effect is also evident, but since household wealth has changed little on balance in Japan in recent years, this channel has been less significant in explaining Japanese consumption growth in the second half of the 1990s. In the major continental European countries since 1995, equities remain a less important form of household wealth in most of these countries, and the consumption response to changes in wealth remains limited. In some smaller European countries where equity issuance is more frequent, the emerging evidence suggests that wealth effects may be more important. This working paper can be found at the United States Federal Reserve Board's International Finance Discussion Papers. You can access it by going to http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/ifdp/.
- Published
- 2002
79. A manifesto for researching entrepreneurial ecosystems.
- Author
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Spigel, Ben, Kitagawa, Fumi, and Mason, Colin
- Subjects
HIGH technology industries ,ECOSYSTEMS ,GOVERNMENT policy ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Entrepreneurial ecosystems are the focus of government economic policies around the world for their potential to generate entrepreneur-led economic development. The paper identifies key research questions and challenges to building effective public policy: (i) the limitations of existing data sources, (ii) the need to balance findings from quantitative and qualitative studies, (iii) the danger that entrepreneurial ecosystems will be just a policy fad, (iv) the narrow focus of policy and research on high tech firms and scale-ups, and (v) the need to balance research approaches between simplified models and a complex systems approach. There is a need for a better understanding of the diversity of policy contexts (level of government, country context) and model of ecosystem governance. A more granulated understanding of ecosystem thinking is required, with greater consideration of the diversity of actors and the institutional context, with more attention given to the heterogeneous nature of places and complex interactions between actors and networks. Looking to the future, the potential of new data sources and methodologies is identified. Future research should give greater consideration to the institutional context to understand how policy can better support entrepreneurial activity and the extent to which specific policies can be replicated elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
80. Maximizing an equity portfolio excess growth rate: a new form of smart beta strategy?
- Author
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Maeso, Jean-Michel and Martellini, Lionel
- Subjects
GROWTH rate ,PORTFOLIO performance ,INTEREST rates ,BULL markets ,INVESTMENT policy - Abstract
It has been claimed that, for dynamic investment strategies, the simple act of rebalancing a portfolio can be a source of additional performance, sometimes referred to as the volatility pumping effect or the diversification bonus because volatility and diversification turn out to be key drivers of the portfolio performance. Stochastic portfolio theory suggests that the portfolio excess growth rate, defined as the difference between the portfolio expected growth rate and the weighted-average expected growth rate of the assets in the portfolio, is an important component of this additional performance (see Fernholz [Stochastic Portfolio Theory, 2002 (Springer)]). In this context, one might wonder whether maximizing a portfolio excess growth rate would lead to an improvement in the portfolio performance or risk-adjusted performance. This paper provides a thorough empirical analysis of the maximization of an equity portfolio excess growth rate in a portfolio construction context for individual stocks. In out-of-sample empirical tests conducted on individual stocks from 4 different regions (US, UK, Eurozone and Japan), we find that portfolios that maximize the excess growth rate are characterized by a strong negative exposure to the low volatility factor and a higher than 1 exposure to the market factor, implying that such portfolios are attractive alternatives to competing smart portfolios in markets where the low volatility anomaly does not hold (e.g. in the UK, or in rising interest rate scenarios) or in bull market environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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