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Water scarcity is one of the most challenging topics to cope currently, especially in the regions most affected by climate change such as the Mediterranean basin. The implementation of safe water reuse practices thus appears essential to satisfy future water demands in a sustainable way, helping to reduce hydric stress in water-unbalanced regions. However, it remains as an underused practice because of the lack of incentives of water companies to invest in it, limited social trust and high governance complexity, amongst other factors. To change this situation, the wastewater sector needs to develop some structural changes that include the transformation of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into novel reclaimed water facilities (RWF), as well as some paradigm shifts regarding social, political and legal factors. The goal of this manuscript is to provide a systemic, novel and updated vision of the wastewater treatment sector in Italy and to give some recommendations for the implementation of wastewater reuse in agriculture. Extensive data regarding water reuse technologies for the refining, disinfection and advanced oxidation of wastewater is also provided. This comprehensive analysis could help to align the objectives to be achieved from all the perspectives (technical, economic, legal and socio-political), thus helping to fill current gaps and overcome barriers that hinder water reuse development. [Display omitted] • Wastewater can be an alternative water source to alleviate water scarcity. • Both technological and socio-political shifts are needed to implement water reuse. • Technological changes must be supported by digitalisation, awareness and others. • Technologies have to adapt to the desired water quality and existing infrastructure. • The water sector must be managed holistically, reducing conflicts between actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to measure body cell mass (BCM) in two football (soccer) teams and assess if there are differences in body composition among players of different field positions., Methods: Two professional Italian (male) football teams, representing two different divisions (A and C), have been recruited. There were 14 players (4 forwards, 4 defenders, 6 midfielders) in A and 18 players (4 forwards, 4 defenders, 8 midfielders, 2 goalkeepers) in C. Fat free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percent body fat (%BF), and BCM have been assessed using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS)., Results: There were no significant differences in age, body weight, height or body mass index between teams. Team A's BCM was approximately 4 kg greater than C (P=0.001). FFM was significantly greater in midfielders and defenders in A vs C (P=0.02). FFM was significantly lower in forwards compared to defenders within A (P=0.02). Within A, FM and %BF were significantly lower for defenders compared to forwards and midfielders (P=0.01), and BCM was significantly greater in forwards vs defenders (P=0.01), with no significant differences among other field positions. BCM was significantly greater in forwards vs midfielders and defenders within C (P=0.02), with no significant differences between midfielders and defenders., Conclusions: BCM, measured using BIS, represents an innovative, simple approach to assess body composition. The present study demonstrates that it is very important to analyze body composition in football players, not only with the aim to evaluate the variation of weight in a quantitative and qualitative way, but also with the purpose of selecting players for specific roles. Although these results must be considered not yet conclusive, they could be an important information for coaches, especially during the selection of young football players.

The use of whole body vibration (WBV) training is becoming more widespread both among athletes and the general public for improving muscle performance. The biological and mechanical effects of WBV are not completely understood and numerous contraindications, that can be identified while obtaining the patient's clinical history, must be taken into consideration. Nephrolithiasis, which often remains asymptomatic for an indefinite time, is not reported in the medical literature as a contraindication to WBV. This paper reports a case of significant morbidity following one session of WBV training in a patient with asymptomatic nephroli-thiasis.