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Copyright of Quaderni Culturali IILA is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of global decline in old‐growth forest, historical ecology is a valuable tool to derive insights into vegetation legacies and dynamics and develop new conservation and restoration strategies. In this cross‐disciplinary study, we integrate palynology (Lago del Pesce record), history, dendrochronology, and historical and contemporary land cover maps to assess drivers of vegetation change over the last millennium in a Mediterranean mountain forest (Pollino National Park, southern Italy) and discuss implications in conservation ecology. The study site hosts a remnant beech–fir (Fagus sylvatica–Abies alba) mixed forest, a priority habitat for biodiversity conservation in Europe. In the 10th century, the pollen record showed an open environment that was quickly colonized by silver fir when sociopolitical instabilities reduced anthropogenic pressures in mountain forests. The highest forest cover and biomass was reached between the 14th and the 17th centuries following land abandonment due to recurring plague pandemics. This rewilding process is also reflected in the recruitment history of Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii) in the subalpine elevation belt. Our results show that human impacts have been one of the main drivers of silver fir population contraction in the last centuries in the Mediterranean, and that the removal of direct human pressure led to ecosystem renovation. Since 1910, the Rubbio State Forest has locally protected and restored the mixed beech–fir forest. The institutions in 1972 for the Rubbio Natural Reserve and in 1993 for Pollino National Park have guaranteed the survival of the silver fir population, demonstrating the effectiveness of targeted conservation and restoration policies despite a warming climate. Monitoring silver fir populations can measure the effectiveness of conservation measures. In the last decades, the abandonment of rural environments (rewilding) along the mountains of southern Italy has reduced the pressure on ecosystems, thus boosting forest expansion. However, after four decades of natural regeneration and increasing biomass, pollen influx and forest composition are still far from the natural attributes of the medieval forest ecosystem. We conclude that long‐term forest planning encouraging limited direct human disturbance will lead toward rewilding and renovation of carbon‐rich and highly biodiverse Mediterranean old‐growth forests, which will be more resistant and resilient to future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean basin, agriculture and other forms of human land use have shaped the environment since ancient times. Intensive and extensive agricultural systems managed with a few cultured plant populations of improved varieties are a widespread reality in many Mediterranean countries. Despite this, historical cultural landscapes still exist in interior and less intensively managed rural areas. There, ancient fruit tree varieties have survived modern cultivation systems, preserving a unique genetic heritage. In this study, we mapped and characterized 106 living fruit trees of ancient varieties in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. Tree ages were determined through tree ring measurements and radiocarbon analyses. We uncovered some of the oldest scientifically dated fruit trees in the world. The oldest fruit species were olive (max age 680 ± 57 years), mulberry (647 ± 66 years), chestnut (636 ± 66 years), and pear (467 ± 89 years). These patriarchs hold a unique genetic resource; their preservation and genetic maintenance through agamic propagation are now promoted by the Lucan Agency for the Development and Innovation in Agriculture (ALSIA). Each tree also represents a hub for biodiversity conservation in agrarian ecosystems: their large architecture and time persistence guarantee ecological niches and micro-habitats suitable for flora and fauna species of conservation significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among landscapes, rural landscapes are important because they simultaneously present functional and cultural aspects. Rural landscapes are often created to modify the Earth's surface according to different human needs and, among these modifying activities, terracing has significant anthropogenic effect. A multitemporal approach that covers a significant time interval is crucial for monitoring the integrity and cultural value of historical rural landscapes. The present research aims to study the fragmentation dynamics detectable in an active agricultural terraced system of historical and cultural relevance over a considerable time interval, by conducting a morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA). We analysed a period of about 60 years, from 1955 to 2014, considering five intermediate years (1976, 1989, 1998, 2008, and 2012) and investigated the dynamics that occurred. We detected a trend of abandonment of agricultural terraces, with a reduction in area from 813.25 ha (in 1955) to 118.79 ha (in 2014). The MSPA results showed a decrease in core areas, the most stable pattern, and an increase in the relative importance of other less stable classes. Moreover, we highlighted two different fragmentation dynamics, i.e., one between 1955 and 1976 and the other between 1998 and 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of the association between alexithymia and quality of life in infertility is a relatively neglected area of research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between alexithymia and infertility‐related quality of life in women during Assisted Reproductive Treatment. Data were collected in a clinic in Rome, 93 infertile women completed the 20‐item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20), the Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) questionnaire and a socio‐demographic questionnaire. TAS‐20 total and two factors—Difficulty in Identifying Feelings (DIF) and Difficulty in Describing Feelings (DDF)—showed significant negative correlations with the overall questionnaire and with both Core and Treatment modules of FertiQoL. The regression model explained the 43% variance in FertiQol overall scores (R2 = 0.43; adjusted R2 =.38); a significant effect was reported for the number of previous attempts (beta = 0.20; p <.04), TAS‐20 DIF (beta = −0.47; p <.001) and TAS‐20 Externally Orientated Thinking (EOT) (beta = 0.20; p <.04); after applying Benjamini‐Hochberg correction procedure only TAS‐20 DIF maintained its significance. Alexithymia is associated with a worsened quality of life in infertile women; specifically, low difficulties in identifying feelings were associated to higher quality of life. Further investigations are needed also to develop specific therapeutic interventions aimed to promote emotional abilities in infertile people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing impacts of wild boar on ecosystems is a research priority worldwide, with applied implications for environmental management. We evaluated whether rooting intensity by wild boar affected a rodent community in Central Italy. Rooting intensity was measured within trap transects and all around them, following standard procedures. We live‐trapped rodents in coppiced forests with a gradient of rooting intensity (including a fenced, boar‐proof, area) and evaluated relationships between abundance and rooting for two arboreal and five ground‐dwelling species. Among those, the most abundant ones were the bank vole Myodes glareolus and the yellow‐necked wood mouse Apodemus flavicollis. Rooting within and outside transects correlated to each other, as well as with the local passage rate of the wild boar, assessed through camera‐trapping. We found a negative relationship between rooting intensity and abundance of bank voles, that is, the main food resources of some predators of conservation concern. Rooting activity may trigger effects on ground‐dwelling rodents at the population level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses transnational migrant entrepreneurship – migrant entrepreneurs establishing businesses that span across borders. The article contributes to this field by applying the mixed embeddedness approach and revisiting it from a transnational perspective. The article uses an overall qualitative approach and analyses the case of Moroccan transnational entrepreneurs in Milan and Amsterdam (N = 35). This illustrates that, on the one hand, institutional embeddedness in different contexts (country of residence, country of origin, and other countries) influences respondents' business patterns through the opportunities and the constraints created by the political-institutional and economic features of these contexts. On the other hand, transnational entrepreneurs take advantage of their (often, previously-acquired) heterogeneous contacts (social embeddedness) and skills (e.g. linguistic knowledge, previous work experience) to conduct their business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Europe, although the prevalence of childhood obesity seems to be plateauing in some countries, progress on tackling this important public health issue remains slow and inconsistent. Breastfeeding has been described as a protective factor, and the more exclusively and the longer children are breastfed, the greater their protection from obesity. Birth weight has been shown to have a positive association with later risk for obesity. Objectives: It was the aim of this paper to investigate the association of early-life factors, namely breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and birth weight, with obesity among children. Method: Data from 22 participating countries in the WHO European COSI study (round 4: 2015/2017) were collected using cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of 6- to 9-year-olds (n = 100,583). The children's standardized weight and height measurements followed a common WHO protocol. Information on the children's birth weight and breastfeeding practice and duration was collected through a family record form. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis regarding breastfeeding practice (both general and exclusive) and characteristics at birth was performed. Results: The highest prevalence rates of obesity were observed in Spain (17.7%), Malta (17.2%) and Italy (16.8%). A wide between-country disparity in breastfeeding prevalence was found. Tajikistan had the highest percentage of children that were breastfed for ≥6 months (94.4%) and exclusively breastfed for ≥6 months (73.3%). In France, Ireland and Malta, only around 1 in 4 children was breastfed for ≥6 months. Italy and Malta showed the highest prevalence of obesity among children who have never been breastfed (21.2%), followed by Spain (21.0%). The pooled analysis showed that, compared to children who were breastfed for at least 6 months, the odds of being obese were higher among children never breastfed or breastfed for a shorter period, both in case of general (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] [95% CI] 1.22 [1.16–1.28] and 1.12 [1.07–1.16], respectively) and exclusive breastfeeding (adjOR [95% CI] 1.25 [1.17–1.36] and 1.05 [0.99–1.12], respectively). Higher birth weight was associated with a higher risk of being overweight, which was reported in 11 out of the 22 countries. Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Italy, Poland and Romania showed that children who were preterm at birth had higher odds of being obese, compared to children who were full-term babies. Conclusion: The present work confirms the beneficial effect of breastfeeding against obesity, which was highly increased if children had never been breastfed or had been breastfed for a shorter period. Nevertheless, adoption of exclusive breastfeeding is below global recommendations and far from the target endorsed by the WHO Member States at the World Health Assembly Global Targets for Nutrition of increasing the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50% by 2025. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind represents a primary source of disturbances in forests, necessitating an assessment of the resulting damage to ensure appropriate forest management. Remote sensing, encompassing both active and passive techniques, offers a valuable and efficient approach for this purpose, enabling coverage of large areas while being cost-effective. Passive remote sensing data could be affected by the presence of clouds, unlike active systems such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) which are relatively less affected. Therefore, this study aims to explore the utilization of bitemporal SAR data for windthrow detection in mountainous regions. Specifically, we investigated how the detection outcomes vary based on three factors: i) the SAR wavelength (X-band or C-band), ii) the acquisition period of the pre- and post-event images (summer, autumn, or winter), and iii) the forest type (evergreen vs. deciduous). Our analysis considers two SAR satellite constellations: COSMO-SkyMed (band-X, with a pixel spacing of 2.5 m and 10 m) and Sentinel-1 (band-C, with a pixel spacing of 10 m). We focused on three study sites located in the Trentino-South Tyrol region of Italy, which experienced significant forest damage during the Vaia storm from 27th to 30th October 2018. To accomplish our objectives, we employed a detail-preserving, scale-driven approach for change detection in bitemporal SAR data. The results demonstrate that: i) the algorithm exhibits notably better performance when utilizing X-band data, achieving a highest kappa accuracy of 0.473 and a balanced accuracy of 76.1%; ii) the pixel spacing has an influence on the accuracy, with COSMO-SkyMed data achieving kappa values of 0.473 and 0.394 at pixel spacings of 2.5 m and 10 m, respectively; iii) the post-event image acquisition season significantly affects the algorithm's performance, with summer imagery yielding superior results compared to winter imagery; and iv) the forest type (evergreen vs. deciduous) has a noticeable impact on the results, particularly when considering autumn/winter data. • SAR band, and season of the acquisition conditioned mapping accuracy. • COSMO-SkyMed data overcome Sentinel-1 data with the adopted methodology. • Pixel spacing had a small effect on the mapping accuracy. • Images acquired in optimal conditions provide the highest detection accuracies. • Detection accuracies are influenced by leaf-on leaf-off conditions of trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean basin, cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands are characteristic and widespread forestry ecosystems. Though presenting significant economic potential as a renewable resource, they are not adequately valorised, in spite of a growing market demand for cork and cork-based products, which are appreciated, today, for their use in sustainable building. In this respect, cork meets the needs of the building industry in responding to the growing demand for quality products, which are eco- and energy-friendly and hygienically safe. Moreover, European cultural and biodiversity value has been attributed to cork oak woodlands and their most significant examples have been included in the Natura 2000 framework. So far, in some countries like Italy, the territorial distribution and characterisation of cork oak woodlands have not been adequately investigated. This study provides a method for mapping the actual presence of cork oak woodlands and for assessing their potential distribution. Special attention was given to the characterisation of cork oak spectral signature. To this end, Landsat 8 satellite images, digital photointerpretation and in situ surveys were implemented. The work carried out allows assessing the effectiveness of GIS and remote sensing techniques coupled with ancillary data and tools, and their applicability for the development of a comprehensive mapping and monitoring system of cork oak woodlands in Mediterranean ecosystems. Such techniques are vital to develop a detailed management strategy and to assist restoration activities and the economic assessment of semi-natural habitats. A case study, carried out in two different locations in Calabria (Italy), is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background According to the ACC/AHA/HRS guidelines, cardiac pacing is reasonable in patients with bifascicular block (BF-B) and syncope when other causes have been excluded. The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with BF-B and unexplained syncope following cardiac pacing. Methods and Results Between 2009 and 2015, we identified 43 consecutive patients (mean age of 78 ± 12 years, 64% males) who presented with syncope and BF-B and had received a pacemaker (PM). During a mean follow-up period of 31 ± 21 months, syncope recurred in seven patients (16%): 7% (95% standard error [SE] ± 3%) at 1 year and 18% (95% SE ± 7%) at 5 years. At univariable analysis, the only predictor of syncope recurrence was empiric pacing (P = 0.03). There were no syncope recurrences in the 12 patients who received a PM following a positive electrophysiological study (EPS) and the five patients with documentation of paroxysmal atrioventricular block (AVB) during cardiac monitoring (insertable loop recorder [ILR]), (EPS/ILR Group, n = 17) compared to seven of 26 (27%) patients who received empiric pacing (Empiric Group, n = 26; P = 0.02). Progression to high-degree AVB was documented during follow-up in 16 (37%) patients: nine of 17 (53%) patients in the EPS/ILR Group and seven of 26 (27%) patients in the Empiric Group (P = 0.11). There were no injuries reported during ILR monitoring. Conclusions We have shown that syncope recurs not infrequently in patients with BF-B who received pacing for syncope. Nearly one in four patients who had empiric pacing suffered syncope recurrence compared to no recurrences in patients who received a PM following a positive EPS or documentation of transient AVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pennebaker's writing technique has yielded good results on health, psychological and performance dimensions. In spite of the positive outcomes, the technique has rarely been applied directly within the workplace and its effects on burnout have never been tested. METHOD: 18 public employees subjected to work relocation were asked to write about their present work situation or another difficult event of their life (Writing Group), while another 17 were not assigned any writing task (Control Group). OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there was an improvement in burnout, alexithymia and psychological well-being in the Writing Group compared with the baseline measurement and the Control Group. RESULTS: While the baseline levels in the Writing and Control Groups in the 3 dimensions considered were similar, scores in the Writing Group at both a second (1 month after the end of the procedure) and third measurement (7 months after the end) improved when compared with the baseline, whereas those in the Control Group worsened. CONCLUSIONS: Pennebaker's writing technique appears to promote adaptive coping strategies in stressful situations, and to increase occupational and psychological well-being as well as the ability to process emotions. It also appears to buffer the negative effects of work-related stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociologia del Lavoro is the property of FrancoAngeli srl and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Temporomandibular disorders ( TMD) are functional diseases of the masticatory system; their symptoms are clicking, difficulty opening the mouth wide, ear pain, facial pain and headaches. The relationships among distress, emotional factors and TMD are well known. It was shown that patients with TMD have little awareness of their inner states and emotions, and it was found that those reporting oro-facial pain presented higher alexithymia than did asymptomatic people. Other authors confirmed that alexithymia was higher in the painful TMD group than controls. This study was aimed to evaluate whether alexithymia and its components can be considered as predisposing factors for pain severity, poor health and greater social difficulties in patients with TMD. One hundred thirty-three patients received a diagnosis of TMD and completed the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Multiple stepwise regressions showed that alexithymia and age explained 10% of the pain and 31% of poor health and also that alexithymia explained 7% of social difficulty. A direct comparison of patients with TMD based on alexithymia revealed a higher presence of pain in alexithymic patients with TMD than in those characterised by moderate or no alexithymia. In conclusion, alexithymia partly predicts pain, poor health and social difficulties in patients with TMD. Furthermore, alexithymic patients have more pain than those with moderate or low alexithymia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is abundant empirical evidence of a surplus risk of suicide among the unemployed, although few studies have investigated the influence of economic downturns on suicidal behaviours in an employment status-stratified sample. Aims: We investigated how economic inflation affected suicidal behaviours according to employment status in Italy from 2001 to 2008. Methods: Data concerning economically active people were provided by the Italian Institute for Statistical Analysis and by the International Monetary Fund. The association between inflation and completed versus attempted suicide with respect to employment status was investigated in every year and quarter-year of the study time frame. We considered three occupational categories: employed, unemployed who were previously employed and unemployed who had never worked. Results: The unemployed are at higher suicide risk than the employed. Among the PE, a significant association between inflation and suicide attempt was found, whereas no association was reported concerning completed suicides. No association was found between completed and attempted suicides among the employed, the NE and inflation. Completed suicide in females is significantly associated with unemployment in every quarter-year. Conclusion: The reported vulnerability to suicidal behaviours among the PE as inflation rises underlines the need of effective support strategies for both genders in times of economic downturns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the chromosomal evolution of the metacentric populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, which constitute the Robertsonian System of Aeolian Islands (Sicily, Italy). Eighty-nine specimens from all the seven islands that form the Archipelago were cytogenetically examined. The analysis shows the presence of 4 Rb races with a large number of shared metacentric chromosomes: 2 n = 36 on Panarea, 2 n = 34 on Alicudi, 2 n = 26 on Lipari and Stromboli, and a different 2 n = 26 race on Vulcano. On Salina and Filicudi, the standard karyotype was found. Polymorphism was only found in a population on Panarea Island and this population shares no metacentrics with the other races. The distribution of metacentrics among the races and the comparison between the Aeolian metacentrics and those found in the 97 previously documented metacentric populations allows us to formulate a hypothesis of chromosomal evolution for the Aeolian Robertsonian system. Six of the twelve metacentric chromosomes found in the Aeolian Islands come from localities outside the archipelago. The evolutionary model highlights how the chromosomal races originated inside the Archipelago and involve several factors, such as formation in situ of metacentrics, zonal raciation and, whole arm reciprocal translocation. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 96, 194–202. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the presence of Babesia spp. in blood samples from Italian dogs with clinical signs compatible with tick-borne diseases by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and describe the clinicopathological findings of dogs with Babesia infection. We evaluated the majority of canine babesiosis cases by means of clinical history, physical examination, hematological, biochemical, serum electrophoresis, urinalysis and hemostatic tests. Forty-five out of 164 canine blood samples studied were positive to Babesia PCR-RFLP with the following results: Babesia canis canis (n =34) and Babesia canis vogeli (n =11). The majority of B. c. canis infections were detected in Northern Italy (29.1%; 30/103). B. c. vogeli cases were detected mainly in Central and Southern Italy (16.3%; 10/61). Only one B. c. vogeli was detected in Northern Italy (0.9%; 1/103). Three positive samples to B. c. canis and four positive samples to B. c. vogeli were selected for sequencing of a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene (410bp) for further molecular characterization. The sequence obtained from all seven dogs was 99/100% homologous to sequences from B. c. canis and B. c. vogeli, respectively, present in GenBank. Sixty-two percent of dogs infected with B. c. canis had recently travelled on a hunting trip to East European countries. The main acute clinical signs were dehydration, apathy, anorexia and fever. The majority of dogs infected with B. c. canis presented at initial clinical examination mild to severe thrombocytopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, mild to moderate normocytic-normochromic non-regenerative anemia, hemolysis and neutropenia. The urinalysis showed hemoglobinuria in 13/19 dogs suggesting intravascular hemolysis. Dogs with B. c. canis infection had high levels of C-reactive protein. Hypoalbuminemia was present in 17/26 dogs. The 11 cases of B. c. vogeli infection did not present a homogenous clinicopathological pattern. B. c. vogeli infections were observed in young dogs causing hemolytic anemia and in adult/old does that frequently presented predisposing factors such as splenectomy or immunocompromised conditions. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the presence of B. c. canis and B. c. vogeli in Italian sick dogs and differences in clinicopathological pattern in these two species of B. canis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence of Rickettsia spp. DNA in the blood of sick dogs from Italy. Canine blood samples ( n = 650) submitted for molecular testing of Rickettsia spp. to a diagnostic laboratory from February 2003 to March 2006 were studied. The Rickettsia spp. DNA detection was performed by Light Cycler real-time PCR using hybridization probes separately conducted with specific primers and probes. The total percentage of Rickettsia spp.-positive dog samples was 1.5% (10 out of 650). The percentage of Rickettsia spp.-positive dog samples submitted from north, central and southern Italy were 0.4% (1/248), 1.4% (3/219) and 3.3% (6/183), respectively. Five out of 138 dogs (3.6%) from Sicily were positive on Rickettsia PCR testing. A statistical difference was found between the percentages of positive samples from the Yorkshire terrier group (10.7%) compared with the mixed breed group (0.7%). No statistical differences were found between seasonal period, region and gender. Based on molecular data, there is infrequent rickettsiemia in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis ( E. canis) ( n= 601) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum ( A. phagocytophilum) ( n= 460) infection by means of real-time PCR from blood of Italian dogs. The prevalence of E. canis in northern, central, and southern Italy was 2.9%, 8%, and 9.7%, respectively. The prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was 0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the investigation was to assess the effects of individual differences in emotional processing on health outcomes in persons experiencing the 1997 earthquake in Central Italy. Thirty-nine subjects were examined one month after the event with Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Impact of Event Scale (IES) and a short interview. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and scored for Referential Activity (RA), reflecting 'translation' of non-verbal activation into language. Six months after initial assessment, subjects reported their health in that period. Each subject's report was rated on three health dimensions: sickness, how physically sick a subject was; distress, how emotionally distressed a subject was; illness behaviour, how often a subject went to see the doctor. Multiple regressions were performed: TAS-20 predicted sickness, IES total predicted distress, while both age and RA predicted illness behaviour. Different parallel levels emerge from the data: a 'here and now' level, linking an intrusive and/or avoidant reaction to the earthquake with subjective distress; a 'deeper', 'structural' level linking a trait difficulty in regulating emotions with the occurrence of actual physical disease. The positive correlation of RA with illness behaviour may be interpreted as an index of general activation of a capacity to seek help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe a new Robertsonian (Rb) race of the house mouse from Vulcano (Aeolian archipelago) through the identification of the metacentric chromosomes. We analysed fifteen mice. All the specimens were found to have the same karyotype 2n=26. This karyotype is characterized by Rb(1.2), Rb(3.9), Rb(4.13), Rb(5.14), Rb(8.12), Rb(10.16) and Rb(15.17). The differences between the race of Vulcano and the races in a neighbour island (Lipari) consist in the presence of Rb(10.16) and Rb(15.17) in the former and Rb(6.16) and Rb(10.15) in the latter. We discuss the possible hypotheses regarding the origin between these two races including the possible occurrence of a whole arm reciprocal translocation (WART) on the Vulcano island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between intrinsic (development, physiology, behavior) and extrinsic (landscape features, climate) factors determines the outcome of admixture processes in hybrid zones, in a continuum from complete genetic merger to full reproductive isolation. Here we assess the role of environmental correlates in shaping admixture patterns in the long hybrid zone formed by the toads Bufo bufo and B. spinosus in western Europe. We used species-specific diagnostic SNP markers to genotype 6584 individuals from 514 localities to describe the contact zone and tested for association with topographic, bioclimatic and land use variables. Variables related to temperature and precipitation contributed to accurately predict the distribution of pure populations of each species, but the models did not perform well in areas where genetically admixed populations occur. A sliding window approach proved useful to identify different sets of variables that are important in different sections of this long and heterogeneous hybrid zone, and offers good potential to predict the fate of moving contact zones in global change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Every year between 100’000 and 200’000 young people die by suicide and possibly 40 times as many attempt it [1]. Several studies analyze the seasonality of suicide in the general population, but few of them investigate it among young adults. Objectives: We look for a seasonal pattern in suicidal behaviors performed by young adults and evaluate the lethality of their behaviors. Aims: We test the hypothesis that [(a)] suicidal behaviors in young adults follow a seasonal pattern and [(b)] acts performed by males have a different lethality that those carried out by females. Methods: Analyses are based on data for 3614 cases of suicidal behaviours performed by individuals aged between 18 to 24 occurring between 2001 and 2008, provided by the Italian Institute for Statistical Analysis (ISTAT). Variables included in the analysis were gender, lethality of the act and season. Results: ANOVA shows a significant association between months and number of suicides with a significant difference between the first and the second semester. Peaks were found in January, March and May. Males have a significantly greater regularity of the peaks than females (Mann-Whitney U- Test p<0,001). Females have a rapport between completed and attempted suicides of 0.14, while among males it is of 0.72. Conclusions: Clinical implications of these findings should be considered with the aim of developing more effective preventative strategies targeted to this age group. [1.] WHO, Child and Adolescent Health and Development Programme. Geneva, 1998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Suicide is a complex phenomenon accounting for 1 million deaths per year. This study aims to assess the profiles of those individuals at a higher risk for suicide, which may be of help to clinicians while evaluating patients. Methods: A sample of 30.000 suicides belonging to two age-bands, i.e. 18 to 24 and over-45s, was analysed and compared with respect to the gender, fatality of the act, season, the reason for it, the time and methods employed. Data were provided by ISTAT records and concern completed and attempted suicides in Italy from 2001-2008. Results: Males are at a higher risk with a higher lethality of the acts in both age bands. The younger age band is at higher risk from March to June and in January especially in the evening, whereas the older age-band from March to June especially in the morning with a higher fatality rate. Unknown reasons are the most common cause for suicide followed by mental illnesses in both age-bands. Hanging is the most common method, followed by jumping from high places in both age-bands. Charcoal - intoxication is more common in the young age-band, whereas fire-arms and drowning in the over-45 age-band. Conclusions: Although the two identified profiles are quite general, they can be an adequate basis for public health officials and mental health professionals to early identify those individuals at a higher risk for suicide. Further studies are needed for a better definition of the profiles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The reliability and validity of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA) have been demonstrated in previous studies with English-speaking community and psychiatric samples and a German-speaking psychiatric sample. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the TSIA in a mixed clinical and nonclinical sample from Italy. The original English version of the TSIA was translated into Italian and administered, along with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), to 80 healthy subjects, 69 medical outpatients, and 62 psychiatric outpatients. Eighty-one videotaped interviews were used for assessing the interrater reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hierarchical, four-factor structure of the TSIA obtained in previous studies, with four lower-order factors nested within two higher-order latent factors. The TSIA also demonstrated internal and interrater reliability, and concurrent validity with the TAS-20. The results support the use of the TSIA to assess alexithymia especially when a multimethod approach to measurement is possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Information about epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of domestic cat infection by species of Cytauxzoon other than Cytauxzoon felis is limited and it has rarely been reported. Following the detection of clinical cytauxzoonosis in three cats from Trieste (Italy), an epidemiological study was carried out in colony (n =63) and owned (n =52) cats from the same city to investigate the presence of Cytauxzoon sp. infection and to assess clinicopathological findings and variables associated with this infection. Cytauxzoon sp. infection was detected by 18S rRNA gene PCR in 23% (27/118) and by blood smear examination in 15% (18/118) of domestic cats. The 18S rRNA gene sequences obtained were 99% identical to the Cytauxzoon sp. sequences deposited in GenBank® from Spanish, French and Mongolian wild and domestic cats. Erythroparasitemia was observed mainly in apparently healthy cats. Cytauxzoon sp. infection was statistically associated with the colony group and the outdoor life style. No statistical association was found between positivity by PCR and breed, gender, age, presence of ticks and/or fleas, clinical status, laboratory findings such as anemia, FIV and/or FeLV status and mortality rate. Persistence of the infection was monitored and documented in four clinical cases. We reported the first clinicopathological description of naturally occurring Cytauxzoon sp. infection in domestic cats living in Italy. The predominance of subclinical erythroparasitemia and the evidence of persistent infection support the hypothesis that the domestic cat might serve as a reservoir host for this infection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A 4-year-old intact female American Pit Bull Terrier from Italy descendant of an American-born bitch was evaluated for anorexia, lethargy, weakness, and intermittent vomiting. On physical examination, the dog was dehydrated, had pale mucous membranes, hunched posture and abdominal pain. A moderate anemia was observed. Splenomegaly and hyperechoic regions suspected as infarcts in the spleen were seen on abdominal ultrasound. Based on the suspicion of splenic torsion, splenectomy was performed. After surgery, the clinical condition deteriorated. A follow-up complete blood count demonstrated severe macrocytic normochromic anemia with evidence of marked regeneration, left shift neutrophilia, monocytosis and marked thrombocytopenia. Blood smear evaluation revealed single to multiple, variable sized (1–3μm in diameter), and round to oval to band-like piroplasms within many red blood cells consistent with small form Babesia spp. or Theileria spp. A partial segment of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified and the PCR product was analyzed by direct sequencing. The nucleotide sequence was completely identical to that of Babesia gibsoni present in GenBank®. This is the first molecular detection and characterization of B. gibsoni infection in a sick dog from Italy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on a study carried out to evaluate the serological and molecular prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs with tick-transmitted diseases in Italy and assess the usefulness of serological and molecular techniques to diagnose tick-transmitted diseases. It describes that serological and molecular results obtained in the study done on 135 dogs for their exposure to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia.

Background and Aims: Beyond type 2 diabetes, even a condition of prediabetes is associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk, and HCV infection coexistence represents an exacerbating factor. CV prognosis improvement in prediabetes represents a challenge, due to the increasing prevalence of this metabolic condition worldwide. Hence, we aimed to prospectively assess how direct acting antivirals (DAAs) could affect major cardiovascular events (MACE) in a prediabetic HCV positive cohort., Methods and Results: In this prospective multicenter study, we enrolled HCV patients with overt prediabetes. We compared a subgroup of patients treated with DAAs with untreated prediabetic controls. We recorded all CV events occurred during an overall median follow-up of 24 months (IQR 19-34). 770 HCV positive prediabetic patients were enrolled, 398 untreated controls and 372 DAAs treated patients. Overall, the CV events annual incidence was much higher among prediabetic treated patients (1.77 vs. 0.62, p < 0.001), and HCV clearance demonstrated to significantly reduce CV events (RR: 0.411, 95%CI 0.148-1.143; p < 0.001), with an estimated NNT for one additional patient to benefit of 52.1. Moreover, an independent association between a lower rate of CV events and HCV clearance after DAAs was observed (OR 4.67; 95%CI 0.44-53.95; p = 0.016)., Conclusions: HCV eradication by DAAs allows a significant reduction of MACEs in the prediabetic population, and therefore represents a primary objective, regardless of the severity of liver disease and CV risk factors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Indications, methodology, and diagnostic criteria for carotid sinus massage (CSM) and tilt testing (TT) have been standardized by the 2018 Guidelines on Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology. Aim of this study was to assess their effectiveness in a large cohort which reflects the performance under 'real-world' conditions., Methods and Results: We analysed all patients who had undergone CSM and TT in the years 2003-2019 for suspected reflex syncope. Carotid sinus massage was performed according to the 'Method of Symptoms'. Tilt testing was performed according to the 'Italian protocol' which consists of a passive phase followed by a sublingual nitroglycerine phase. For both tests, positive test was defined as reproduction of spontaneous symptoms in the presence of bradycardia and/or hypotension. Among 3293 patients (mean age 73 ± 12 years, 48% males), 2019 (61%) had at least one test positive. A bradycardic phenotype was found in 420 patients (13%); of these, 60% were identified by CSM, 37% by TT, and 3% had both test positive. A hypotensive phenotype was found in 1733 patients (53%); of these, 98% were identified by TT and 2% had both TT and CSM positive., Conclusion: The overall diagnostic yield of the tests in patients >40-year-old with suspected reflex syncope was 61%. Both CSM and TT are useful for identifying those patients with a bradycardic phenotype, whereas CSM has a limited value for identifying the hypotensive phenotype. Since the overlap of responses between tests is minimal, both CSM and TT should be performed in every patient over 40 years receiving investigation for unexplained but possible reflex syncope., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2020. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Aims: The reproducibility of carotid sinus massage (CSM) is debated. The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility according to the methodology and diagnostic criteria defined by the guidelines on syncope of the European Society of Cardiology., Method: Among 2800 patients with syncope who underwent CSM in the years 2005-2019, 109 patients (62 males; mean age 76 ± 10 years) had performed a second CSM after a median of 28 months. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) was diagnosed when CSM elicited a pause of >3 s and/or a fall in systolic blood pressure >50 mm Hg without reproduction of spontaneous symptoms. Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) was established when spontaneous symptoms were reproduced in the presence of bradycardia and/or hypotension., Results: The reproducibility of CSM was 78% for 18 CSS patients, 41% for 29 CSH patients, and 77% for 62 negative patients. The corresponding interrater agreement was good for CSS (kappa = 0.66), moderate for negative CSM (kappa = 0.42), and poor for CSH (kappa = 0.30). Combining CSH and negative tests, their reproducibility rose to 90% with kappa = 0.66., Conclusion: CSS but not CSH has a good reproducibility. About half of patients with CSH had a negative response at the second test, thus suggesting a great overlap between them., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background and Aims: HCV is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events (CV). Whether HCV clearance by direct-acting antivirals (DAA) reduces incident CV disease is poorly understood. We investigate whether HCV eradication reduces CV events., Methods: In a prospective multicentre study, 2204 HCV patients (F0-F2:29.5%, F3-F4: 70.5%) were enrolled. Males were 48%, median age was 68 (59-74) years and BMI 25.9 (23.1-28); 24.7% were smokers, 18% had diabetes, 13.2% had cholesterol levels >200 mg/dl and 9.1% took statins, 44% had hypertension. During an overall median follow-up of 28 (24-39) months, incident CV events, such as ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic cerebral stroke (ICS), were recorded. An overall of 2204 patients were evaluated as control group and 1668 patients after HCV elimination were followed as a case group. Factors associated with CV events were evaluated by uni- and multi-variate analyses., Results: Incident CV rates per 100 patient years in pre-treatment and untreated controls and treated cases were 1.12, 1.14 and 0.44 (p = 0.0001 vs. controls), respectively, and a decreased of relative risk (RR = 0.379; p = 0.0002) was observed. CV risk was 2.0-3.5 times lower then in controls (HR 3.671; 95%C.I.:1.871-7.201; p < 0.001). The calculated number of patients to be treated to get a benefit in a patient was 55.26. The annual incidence reduction of CV events was 0.68%. HCV clearance was independently associated with CV events reduction (OR, 4.716; 95% C.I.:1.832-12.138; p = 0.001)., Conclusions: HCV clearance by DAA reduces CV events (IHD and ICS) with both clinical and socio-economic benefits., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared they do not have anything to disclose regarding conflict of interest with respect to this manuscript., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The prevalence and outcome of carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) reported in the literature vary owing to differences in indications and methods of carotid sinus massage (CSM)., Methods and Results: We performed CSM on all patients aged 40 years and above with unexplained syncope after the initial evaluation. Carotid sinus massage was performed in the supine and standing positions on both sides for 10 s during continuous electrocardiogram and blood pressure monitoring; CSS was diagnosed in the event of an abnormal response to CSM in association with reproduction of spontaneous symptoms ('method of symptoms'). From July 2005 to July 2012, CSS was found in 164 (8.8%) of 1855 patients (mean age 77 ± 9 years, 73% males): 81% had an asystolic reflex (mean pause 7.6 ± 2.2 s) and 19% a vasodepressor reflex (mean lowest systolic blood pressure 65 ± 15 mmHg). Potential multifactorial causes of syncope (orthostatic hypotension, bundle branch block, bradycardia, tachyarrhythmias) were found in 74% of patients. One hundred forty-one patients received the proper care [advice on lifestyle measures in all, discontinuation (#40) or reduction (#17) of antihypertensive drugs, pacemaker implantation (#57)] and were followed up for 39 ± 25 months. Syncope recurred in 23 patients; the actuarial syncopal recurrence rate was 7% at 1 year and 26% at 5 years. Total syncopal episodes decreased from 91 per year during the 2 years before evaluation to 21 episodes per year during follow-up (P = 0.001). On Cox proportional-hazards regression, a mixed or vasodepressor response to tilt testing was the only independent predictor of syncopal recurrence (hazard ratio = 1.8; P = 0.01)., Conclusion: Carotid sinus massage by means of the 'method of symptoms' indentifies a clinical syndrome with definite features and outcome. A treatment strategy involving lifestyle measures, reduction of antihypertensive drugs and cardiac pacing when appropriate is effective in reducing the syncopal recurrence rate., (Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2013. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: The long-term effects of atrial fibrillation (AF) on blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension (HTN) remain unclear. We hypothesized that restoration of normal sinus rhythm (NSR) results in a decrease in BP despite the expected increase in cardiac output., Methods and Results: Twenty-four-hour BP measurements were obtained during AF, and on Day 1 and Day 30 post-successful cardioversion in 18 patients with AF and HTN (cardioversion group), and another 22 patients with AF and HTN with no immediate plans for cardioversion (control group). Except for the duration of AF, the clinical characteristics and use of medications were similar between the groups. In the cardioversion group, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were noted on Day 1 post-cardioversion with no significant change in systolic blood pressure (SBP): 117/74/88 ± 13/9/9 mmHg during AF and 116/70/85 ± 13/9/10 mmHg during Day 1 post-cardioversion (P = 0.68; <0.01 and 0.04 for SBP, DBP, and MBP, respectively). In the 13 subjects who remained in NSR at Day 30, DBP and MBP decreased further on Day 30 when compared to Day 1 with no significant change in SBP: 118/76/90 ± 13/7/8 mmHg during AF; 119/72/88 ± 12/8/9 mmHg during Day 1; and 118/69/86 ± 10/8/7 mmHg during Day 30 post-cardioversion (P = 0.97; <0.001 and 0.03 for SBP, DBP, and MBP, respectively). In the control group, no significant changes in BP were noted., Conclusion: Restoring NSR in patients with AF and HTN resulted in a sustained decrease in DBP and MBP. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that maintenance of NSR improves BP control in patients with AF and HTN., (© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Human skeletal remains recovered at a new archaeological site, dating back to the Italian Mousterian age are analyzed. The finds consist of a left parietal of a child about 2-3 years old. The metrical, morphometrical, and morphological traits of this parietal are compared to those of other Neanderthal children. The geological features of the site, its fauna, and stone artifacts recovered there during quarry operations are also analyzed.