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This paper explores the components of aggregate labour productivity inequality between Italian regions from 2000 to 2013. The Gini index of inequality in aggregate labour productivity is decomposed, showing the extent to which sector productivity differentials and differences in industry‐mix contribute to regional productivity inequality. In addition, the contribution of the interaction between differences in industry‐mix and sector productivity differentials is revealed by the decomposition. Each of these contributions to inequality is measured by considering the spatial dimension of regional inequality, since the contributions of inequality between non‐neighbouring regions and inequality between neighbouring regions are separated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outsourcing is a useful tool for improving partnership between private and public companies. The budgetary constraints recently imposed by the Italian government on health industry are enhancing the urgency to outsource in order to cope the cost containment. Our study deals with the relationship between ASLs (Aziende Sanitarie Locali, the Italian local health authorities) and private operators outsourcing in Italy. In particular we hypothesize that the level of matching between public demand and private supply of outsourcing can affect the outsourcing development in Italian National Health Service. Under this hypothesis we present an analysis that aims at quantifying the level of mismatch between pharmaceutical companies offer and ASL needs in order to understand the future developments of outsourcing. We studied 44 pharmaceutical companies (with a yearly turnover of about ⊂ 6 billion) and 34 ASLs (with about 12 million users) to find out the areas in which they used outsourcing, their satisfaction and their future intentions. We analysed the answers in order to measure the level of convergence between public and private interests in outsourcing. To quantify the convergence for each area we used a mismatch index to measure the discrepancy between public and private operators outsourcing activities. The results suggest that public and private outsourcing have a low mismatch which seems increasing in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature offers two main ways of decomposing the Gini index: decomposition by population subgroup and by income source. This article proposes merging the two decomposition dimensions by suggesting a matrix formula for the Gini index which permits the simultaneous decomposition by subgroup and by income source. Using this multi‐decomposition, one can investigate the role of the interaction between the subgroup and the source components in determining the overall inequality. We apply the methodology to sample data on Italian household incomes collected in 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a three-term decomposition of Zenga's new inequality index over time. Given an initial and a final time, the link among inequality trend, re-ranking, and income growth is explained by decomposing the inequality index at the final time into three components: one measuring the effect of re-ranking between individuals, a second term gauging the effect of disproportional growth between individuals' incomes, and a third component measuring the impact of the inequality existing at the initial time. The decomposition allows one to distinguish the determinants of inequality change from the contribution of the inequality at the initial time to the inequality at the final time. We applied the decomposition to Italian household income data collected by the Survey on Household Income and Wealth of the Bank of Italy, waves 2008-2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]