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Abstract: Road transportation is a strongly growing source of CO2, and use of biofuels represents one option to reduce end-of-pipe emissions of the existing car fleet. In this contribution, the implementation of the EU Biofuels Directive (2003/30/EC) and related voluntary measures at the local level are examined in Germany, UK, Italy and Finland and the cities of Berlin, London, Milan and Helsinki. Even though they are not directly involved in the implementation of the biofuel directive, all four cities studied have played an important role in emissions reduction by voluntarily participating in research and demonstration projects and by using biofuels in their own fleet. An analysis of the numerous causes and driving forces leading to different local level measures is provided. The environmental sensitivity, usually examined at national level, and the national level implementation of the EU Biofuels Directive (2003/30/EC) were not directly correlated with the city-level activities Instead, support from local businesses and acquisition of EU funds were considered to be valid explanatory factors for the city-level activities. In addition, through horizontal networking cities are starting to exchange know-how gained in their projects, contributing in this way to the accumulation of experience for future policies and technologies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this first level research is to analyze the organization of the treatment of oncological pain in one Italian province. For the data collection a questionnaire was submitted in the Intensive Care Unit to the responsibles and to the staff in the public hospital structures of the six USL of the Nuoro's province. Results prove that the motivation of the staff and their problem sensitivity, are inadequate to guarantee an effective answer to the patient's need. The main aspects are: legal aspect, concerning the district level interventions ache care formation aspect for registered nurses the necessity to adopt quality evaluation methods.