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An integrated approach that combines geophysical surveys and numerical simulations is proposed to study the processes that govern the fluid flow along active fault zones. It is based on the reconstruction of the architecture of the investigated fault system, as well as the identification of possible paths for fluid migration, according to the distribution of geophysical parameters retrieved by multi-methodological geophysical prospecting. The aim is to establish, thanks to constraints deriving from different types of data (e.g., geological, geochemical and/or hydrogeological data), an accurate 3D petrophysical model of the survey area to be used for simulating, by numerical modelling, the physical processes likely taking place in the imaged system and its temporal evolution. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested in an active fault zone in the Matese Mts (southern Italy), where recent, accurate geochemical measurements have registered very high anomalous values of non-volcanic natural emissions of CO2. In particular, a multi-methodological geophysical survey, consisting of electrical resistivity tomography, self-potential and passive seismic measurements, integrated with geological data, was chosen to define the 3D petrophysical model of the investigated system and to identify possible source geometries. Three different scenarios were assumed corresponding to three different CO2 source models. The one that hypothesizes a source located along the fault plane at the depth of the carbonate basement was found to be the best candidate to represent the test site. Indeed, the performed numerical simulations provide CO2 flow estimates comparable with the values observed in the investigated area. These findings are promising for gas hazards, as they suggest that numerical simulations of different CO2 degassing scenarios could forecast possible critical variations in the amount of CO2 emitted near the fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the territory of the Campania region (southern Italy), critical rainfall events periodically trigger dangerous fast slope movements involving ashy and pyroclastic soils originated by the explosive phases of the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius volcano and deposited along the surrounding mountain ranges. In this paper, an integration of engineering-geological and geophysical measurements is presented to characterize unsaturated pyroclastic samples collected in a test area on the Sarno Mountains (Salerno and Avellino provinces, Campania region). The laboratory analyses were aimed at defining both soil water retention and electrical resistivity curves versus water content. From the matching of the experimental data, a direct relationship between electrical resistivity and matric suction is retrieved for the investigated soil horizons typical of an ash-fall pyroclastic succession. The obtained relation turns out to be helpful in characterizing soils up to close saturation, which is a critical condition for the trigger of slope failure. In such a regime, the water content and the matric suction have small variations, while electrical resistivity variations can be appreciated in a larger range of values. For this reason, besides suction measurements on very small soil volumes through classical tensiometers, our analyses suggest the direct monitoring of in situ electrical resistivity values as an effective tool to recognise the hydrological state of larger and more representative soil volumes and to improve early warning of dangerous slope movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we present a study of the structural setting of the volcanic island of Ischia by the analysis and interpretation of high-resolution aeromagnetic and self-potential data recently acquired over the island. The magnetic data allowed us to locate the main anomaly sources and lineaments of the island and its offshore surroundings, while the self-potential (SP) data provided information on both the structural pattern of the resurgent caldera and the high-temperature fluid circulation. An inversion of the acquired magnetic and SP data, and a joint modelling of the magnetic data and of a previous gravity data set along a SW–NE profile allowed us to build a model of the island. The model is characterized by the presence of an igneous–very likely trachytic–structure, whose top is located at 1200–1750 m b.s.l. Such a body, possibly formed by several neighbouring intrusions, has a density contrast with the pyroclastic cover of about 0.4 gr/cm3 and its central-western part, below Mt. Epomeo, seems to be demagnetized. The demagnetization should be connected to the high geothermal gradient measured in this portion of the island and may be due to hydro-chemical alteration processes and/or to the possible presence of partially melted spots within the intrusion. Our outcome is consistent with the results of previous geophysical, geo-volcanological and geothermal studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The south-eastern sector of the Matese Massif (southern Apennines, Italy) includes several nonvolcanic gas (mainly CO 2) vents. The gas emissions in the northern part (Ciorlano-Ailano sector) have been associated with the Southern Matese Fault system, whereas a similar relationship is not evident in the southern part (Telese-Solopaca sector). Hence, we investigated the latter area (hills north of Solopaca town) through a multidisciplinary study of the principal CO 2 -degassing vent (Santantuono spring). The main goal is to reconstruct the structural architecture of the area and study the role of the fault array in conveying the gas migration to the surface. In particular, an integrated approach that combines structural and stratigraphic investigations with CO 2 flux and geoelectrical surveys is proposed to shed light on the relationships between near-surface faults and gas rising. The main results from the geological-structural investigation suggest that thrust faults are the oldest structures, mainly verging to NNW, crosscut by high-angle N-S and younger NW-SE normal faults. This understanding is supported by the results of the CO 2 flux survey, which records the highest flux values in correspondence with the mapped young normal faults, especially at their intersections. Moreover, the hypothesized tectonic and stratigraphic structure at depth is entirely consistent with the 3D geoelectrical model of the survey area provided by a 3D electrical resistivity tomography investigation, which also identifies the main NW-SE striking fault as the preferential pathway for gas migration. Finally, we suggest that the reconstructed NW-SE faults are the prolongation of the active Southern Matese Fault system bounding the SW Matese Massif margin defined by different segments with dominant normal kinematics and several gas vents. • we investigated the natural CO 2 emissions in Solopaca area of southern Apennines. • we combined structural, stratigraphic, CO 2 flux and geoelectrical surveys. • we identified the NW-SE faults as the preferential pathway for gas migration. • we suggest these faults are the prolongation of the active S. Matese Fault system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]