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In the last few decades, arbitration has been increasingly adopted in trade and commerce to resolve conflicts. As this method of settling commercial disputes is commonly considered an efficient, economical and effective alternative to litigation, the language used in arbitration documents is usually deemed to differ from that of litigation texts. However, in recent years there has been a narrowing between the two practices, as litigation processes and procedures have increasingly been seen to influence arbitration practices. In view of these considerations, the paper investigates the nature and the extent of the "colonization" of commercial arbitration discourse by litigation language in the Italian context, and explores the motivations for such an interdiscursive process. To better understand how and to what extent language forms/functions correlate to the "colonization" of arbitration discourse, the paper focuses on the lexico-semantic elements of the Italian arbitration texts examined here and on the linguistic expression of their rhetorical-pragmatic strategies. In particular, it examines whether key linguistic features of Italian legal language are also present in the texts taken into consideration. The analysis is based on the recording of recent Italian arbitral proceedings as well as awards of commercial arbitration cases, and also examines documents used in Online Dispute Resolution, a field which is supposed to be more userfriendly and accessible to laymen wishing for clear resolutions to resolve their disputes. Relying on the analysis of the texts, the chapter shows the presence of the main lexical, syntactic and textual patterns typical of Italian legal language. The presence of these features can be explained not only by the legal background of many of the arbitrators but also by a process of standardization which seems to condition also the non-legal experts working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annuals of the Administration & Law / Roczniki Administracji i Prawa is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper quantifies the macroeconomic effects of three major structural reforms (i.e. service sector liberalizations, incentives to innovation and civil justice reforms) undertaken in Italy in the last decade. We employ a novel approach that estimates the impact of each reform on total factor productivity (TFP) and markups in an empirical micro setting and uses these estimates in a dynamic general equilibrium model to simulate the macroeconomic effects of the reforms. Microeconometric estimates indicate that the reforms imply a sizeable increase in TFP and a reduction in service markup. Structural model–based analysis shows that, accounting for estimation uncertainty, the increase in the level of GDP at the end of the current decade would be between 3.5% and 8%, with non-negligible effects on the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chosen arbitral seat is one of the most important features of an arbitration clause, and dozens of jurisdictions around the world are competing to be the seat of choice for international arbitrations. The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) has provided parties and legislators a loose framework to determine what is (and what is not) a "safe" arbitral seat, referencing factors that concern the domestic legal framework for arbitration, the competency of the courts and matter of party convenience. Italy has never been able to position itself as a preferred arbitral seat for various reasons, but this is starting to change. In late 2021 Italy modernized its arbitration law, reforming key elements of its Code of Civil Procedure that govern domestic and international arbitrations. While these efforts bring Italy in line with other, more preferred arbitral seats, it remains to be seen whether these efforts will improve the perception of Italy as a "safe" seat. To be sure, however, it is a positive step in the right direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) - in the forms of arbitration, conciliation and mediation - has been increasingly adopted in trade and commerce to resolve conflicts. As this method of settling commercial disputes is commonly considered an efficient, economical and effective alternative to litigation, the language used in arbitration documents is usually deemed to differ from that of litigation texts. However, in recent years, there has been a narrowing between the two practices as litigation processes and procedures have increasingly been seen to influence arbitration practices. Drawing on documentary data, the paper investigates the extent to which the integrity of arbitration discourse is maintained in the Italian context, pointing out the phenomena of contamination by litigation practices and exploring the motivations for such an interdiscursive process. An additional issue investigated concerns the relationship between the professional identity of the arbitrators and the kind of language used in their texts; the analysis focuses in particular on the use of legal discourse both by legal and non-legal experts. It may be mentioned that although some of the data is based on Italian cases, the process and procedures, and the trials themselves are conducted in international contexts, where participants come from different international backgrounds, and have the freedom to use any of the varieties of world Englishes. Most of these arbitration practitioners from Italy practice internationally and often participate in trials conducted in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian firms delay payment to banks weakened by past loan losses. Exploiting Credit Register data, we fully absorb borrower fundamentals with firm‐quarter effects. Identification therefore reflects firm choices to delay payment to some banks, depending on their health. This selective delay occurs more where legal enforcement of collateral recovery is slow. Poor enforcement encourages borrowers not to pay when the value of their bank relationship comes into doubt. Selective delays occur even by firms able to pay all lenders. Credit losses in Italy have thus been worsened by the combination of weak banks and weak legal enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals for Istrian & Mediterranean Studies / Annales: Series Historia et Sociologia is the property of Historical Society of Southern Primorska of Koper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting the choice between joint ventures and non-equity alliances, when firms enter foreign markets. Design/methodology/approach – Using a database of Italian firms compiled by the authors with 879 observations, the paper tests the possible effects of firm specific characteristics, host country institutional characteristics and cultural distance on alliance mode choice. Findings – Using both transaction cost analysis and the resource based view, the findings demonstrate the crucial role played by firm size as well as by institutional and political features of host countries. The results concerning the role of functional activities involved and the industrial sector are mixed. Originality/value – Overall, the analysis shows that it is necessary to develop a more integrated approach to understand this complex choice made by firms when expanding abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrument of mediation is a growing phenomenon. The EU legislation leaves the individual states the definition, articulation and differentiation of the various types of alternative dispute resolution. In Italy the mediation procedure in the health sector has still to be invented since at the moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses issues related to the history of mediation in Italy. It states that legal profession in Italy is facing a challenge with the introduction of nationwide compulsory mediation and with bar associations as mediation agents. It explores the Decree No. 28 which incorporates preexisting mediation programs designed for disputes in banking, financial services, and telecommunication.

The article focuses on the concept of mediation law adopted in various countries. It mentions that in China, People's Mediation Law is used for institutionalizing people's mediation committee as legal organization to resolve everyday disputes within local communities. It informs that in Italy, all civil disputes are proceeded to mediation before going for trial on courts. It highlights that cases of labor dispute and law resolved by Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA).

The article presents an exploration into the diplomatic dragomanate class within the turn of the 17th-century Ottoman-era Istanbul, Turkey and their manifestation of pluralism and diplomatic and cultural transnationalism. Introductory comments are given contextualizing the paradigmatic challenges between Eastern and Western cultures in the Mediterranean during the era. The Venetian diplomatic accomplishments of the dragomans are then examined extensively concerning their existence as effective points of contact between both cultures.

This article sets Italy in the context of three primary approaches to promoting mediation use in Europe: cultural, pragmatic, and legalistic. Despite the fact that Italy could be considered a “front-runner” in the latter category, the actual number of cases going to mediation to date has remained low. Drawing on both data from a recent CPR European Committee survey and aspects of the broader Italian legal and social context, this article explores reasons for this apparent contradiction and concludes by suggesting general principles that can be extrapolated from the Italian experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the importance of diplomacy in the management of Roman relations with Italy as they established an empire. Details on the procedure of diplomacy developed by Romans; Principles important in the evolution of diplomatic method; Information on the use of offensive diplomacy through threats of Rome's powerful Army.

The article looks at the implementation of the law on mediation in commercial and civil matters in Italy in March 2010. It emphasizes that the law introduces mandatory pre-trial and pre-arbitration mediation for claims related to alienable rights including contract rights, estate rights and property rights. It mentions that mediators are required to be accredited by professional dispute resolution institutions that will be listed in a special registry created by the Ministry of Justice.

The content of chlorides, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and sulphates was used to classify 45 donkey's milk samples collected from different Italian regions. A method employing ion exchange chromatography with conductivity detector and chemical suppression was used. The quantitative results indicated phosphates (569.4-1304.4 mg kg(-1)) and chlorides (545.9-1757.9 mg kg(-1)) as being the most abundant anions, followed by sulphates (109.5-200.7 mg kg(-1)). The concentrations of nitrites and nitrates were found to be lower at 5.6 and 5.5 mg kg(-1) respectively. The data set was subdivided into three groups according to the region of origin of milk, and was statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Concentrations of chlorides and nitrites showed a significant difference among farms (p < 0.001). In a first discriminant analysis procedure, functions based on linear combinations of the log(e)-transformed element concentrations of anions were generated to classify donkey's milk samples from different regions. In an alternative approach, a three-step discriminant analysis procedure to classify a milk sample was tested. The results obtained led to a correct classification of donkey's milk samples based on their anions content with 91-98% of the samples being correctly classified. The procedure proved to be very simple, so it could be used as an evaluation method for the traceability of donkey's milk, thus defending this unique product against fraud or commercial disputes.