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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Following a comparison of nutrient total-tract digestibility estimates in lactating buffaloes using single-point undigestible NDF (uNDF) or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) as internal markers, the potential of fecal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to provide calibration equations for the assessment of the chemical composition of feces and nutrient total-tract digestibility estimated with internal markers was explored. Chemical analyses were performed on 147 fecal samples from lactating buffaloes reared on 5 farms in central Italy (Naples). Each farm fed a silage-based TMR to the buffaloes, and the TMR was sampled in the 2 d before the fecal collection. The TMR and individual fecal samples were collected and analyzed for DM, OM, ash, AIA, ether extract (EE), starch, fiber fractions (amylase-treated NDF without residual ash [aNDFom], amylase-treated NDF inclusive of residual ash [aNDF], ADF without residual ash [ADFom], ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, ADL, uNDF), N, CP and CP bound to aNDF (NDICP) and to ADF (ADICP). The uNDF content was determined through a 240-h in vitro fermentation and employed, together with AIA as markers, to estimate the total-tract apparent digestibility and total-tract digestibility of DM, OM, ash, N, CP, EE, aNDFom, aNDF, NDIP, ADFom, and ADF, ADIN, ADL, hemicellulose, cellulose, starch, NFC, and the B3 fraction of N (NB3). No correlation was found between DM and OM digestibility estimated with AIA and uNDF as internal markers. Weak correlations were detected for all the other nutients digestibilities, and strong correlations were observed for EE, ADFom, hemicellulose, NDIN, ADIN, NB3, NFC, and starch. The sample set (n = 147) was divided in a calibration set (n = 111) and a validation set (n = 36) to "train" and "validate" the fecal NIRS curve through an external validation process. An estimation usable for preliminary or initial evaluation was obtained for N, CP, and aNDF fecal content. An excellent prediction was obtained for total tract digestibility of ADIN (R2 = 0.90) when estimated with uNDF as the internal marker. The NIRS technology was not able to accurately predict all the other traits and the estimated nutrient digestibility of lactating buffalo diets from fecal spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations of chemicals in the groundwater chemical values in the Piedmont Po Plain (NW Italy) show significant temporal variability and need to be characterised due to the lack of regional-scale assessments. The aim of this study was to analyse the trends (period 2000–2020) in the main physicochemical parameters and main ions in 227 wells in the shallow aquifer and to identify the potential causes. The identification of change points (points of sudden change) and comparisons with groundwater level variations were also performed. Results highlight general increasing trends for Na, Cl and HCO3, decreasing trends for SO4 and NO3, stationary conditions for pH and heterogeneous behaviours for electrolytic conductivity, Ca and Mg. Change points occurred in at least 50% of the monitoring wells, mainly during the 2008–2011 period. The comparison between groundwater levels and chemistry highlights a direct proportionality. Superimposed processes that induce an absence of proportionality are shown. The comparison of results with those of previous studies conducted under similar conditions revealed similar variations.. In conclusion, the potential responsible factors (e.g., road-salt dissolution and agricultural practices) and the relevant role of groundwater level variation were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-seven samples of high-quality green jadeite-omphacite jade from Myanmar, Guatemala and Italy were characterised to investigate methodology for geographic origin determination and to establish a workflow suitable for commercial gemmological laboratories. The specimens were analysed using UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as EDXRF and LA-ICP-MS chemical analysis. Statistical processing was applied to the data for feature comparison and discriminant discovery. This integrated approach provided promising and practical results for separating jadeite-omphacite jade from these localities. The most useful elements measured by EDXRF were Ti, Cr, Fe and Ni, and those by LA-ICP-MS were Sc, V, Zn and Au. For origin determination, LA-ICP-MS had excellent differentiation power (100% separation rate) and the other four methods individually showed varying separation power (≥67%). The combination of spectroscopic methods with EDXRF chemical analysis can overcome the limitations inherent in each individual technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most frequent volcanic eruptions are of low-intensity and small magnitude. They produce abundant ash-sized (< 2 mm) clasts, which are too small to establish quantitative links between magmatic processes and eruptive dynamics using classic approaches. This inhibits our ability to study the past behaviour of frequently erupting volcanoes, essential to predict their future activity and mitigate their impact. The Palizzi unit (10–13th century, Vulcano, Italy) includes a prototype sequence of ash deposits resulting from prolonged Vulcanian eruptions punctuated by those of two larger sub-Plinian events. We apply Hierarchical Clustering to chemical analyses of clinopyroxene collected along the stratigraphy to decipher magma dynamics during this eruptive period. We identify periods of magma input and we link deep magmatic processes to eruptive dynamics, also showing that our approach can be used to connect magma and eruptive dynamics in any volcanic sequence. This is essential to track the processes occurring during frequent eruptions and to identify the build-up to larger explosive events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: Forage is the basis of ruminants' diet and its nutritional quality strongly influences the productive performance and the health status of animals. Analyzing forage characteristics in a timely and accurate way is, therefore, critical to formulate an adequate ration that can meet the animal needs. For this purpose, the use of the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology is an excellent alternative method to traditional laboratory analysis. In this trial, more than 400 hay samples collected in the Campania region (southern Italy) were analyzed by using the NIRS technology. Alfalfa hay produced in the Piana del Sele area seems the most promising hay, characterized by high protein levels and low structural carbohydrates. On the contrary, the polyphite and Gramineae hays produced in most of the areas of Campania region showed poor nutritional value due to the low protein content and high structural carbohydrate that significantly reduced its digestibility. Results showed that hay quality strongly differs among different areas, and confirmed the usefulness of the NIRS technology to obtain a fast and accurate analysis of forage quality, thus allowing the nutritionists to formulate adequate animal rations and to reveal and correct a number of management factors in order to achieve the highest feed quality to obtain the best performance ensuring animal health. Since the dietary characteristics of hays can be very variable, it is of great importance for nutritionists to know their chemical composition in order to formulate adequate rations for the animals. Laboratory analyses are time-consuming and expensive while the Near Infrared Spectroscopy offers several advantages, including obtaining information on feeds nutritional characteristics very quickly and in situ at the farm, thanks to portable NIRS. In this trial, over 400 hay samples collected in the Campania region (Italy) were analyzed with portable NIRS device. The final aim was to analyze the differences in hay quality in different production areas, highlighting the possible factors involved and suggesting possible corrective measures. All the analyzed hays (polyphite, Gramineae and alfalfa) were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the area of cultivation/preservation. In particular, the polyphite and Gramineae hays produced in most of the areas of Campania region showed poor nutritional value due to the low protein content and high structural carbohydrate that significantly reduced its digestibility. The use of high-quality forages in the ration represents a pivotal factor to allow the production of high-quality products of animal origin. The use of NIRS seems to be a valuable strategy to select potential treatments that can increase feed digestibility and to avoid long chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Monarda didyma L. essential oil (isolated from the flowering aerial parts of the plant) was examined to characterize its chemotype and to evaluate, in addition to the quali-quantitative chemical analysis, the associated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The plants were grown in central Italy, Urbino (PU), Marche region. Different analyses (TLC, GC-FID, GC-MS and 1H-NMR) allowed the identification of twenty compounds among which carvacrol, p-cymene and thymol were the most abundant. On this basis, the chemotype examined in the present study was indicated as Monarda didyma ct. carvacrol. The antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH assay. Moreover, this chemotype was investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro setting (i.e., LPS-stimulated U937 cells). The decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the increased expression of miR-146a are suggestive of the involvement of the Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway. Although further studies are needed to better investigate the action mechanism/s underlying the results observed in the experimental setting, our findings show that M. didyma essential oil is rich in bioactive compounds (mainly aromatic monoterpenes and phenolic monoterpenes) which are most likely responsible for its beneficial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential utilization of rare earth elements (REEs) for the production of several electronic devices is making the demand for them being increased all the time. This extensive use of these elements has also increased concern about human and environmental health. Previous studies have shown that REE levels are higher in environmental samples near mining sites, and they are highly possible to be transferred to biota. In this study, REE levels were determined in environmental samples collected from three abandoned mining sites of bauxite (Gargano, Otranto, and Spinazzola) in the region of Puglia, Southern Italy. The samples were digested and analyzed by two different techniques, Total X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) to investigate which technique is the most suitable for analysis of the REE content in samples from abandoned mining sites of bauxite. Only 6 REEs could be detected by TXRF, while all REEs were detected in all the samples by ICP-MS. Spinazzola is the richest site and Ce the most abundant REE in all three regions. REE levels are correlated between the soil and biota samples in many cases, although the calculation of the bioconcentration factor showed that REEs are not bioaccumulative. ICP-MS seems to be a more suitable technique for analysis of the whole REE content in environmental samples from abandoned mining sites of bauxite. [Display omitted] • The abandoned mining sites of bauxite in Puglia contain significant amounts of REEs. • The mining site of Spinazzola has a high content of REEs. • Ce is the most abundant REE. • ICP-MS is more ideal than TXRF for determining REEs in environmental samples from abandoned mining sites of bauxite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Clinopodium thymifolium is an aromatic plant species that is widespread in the Mediterranean region. It has been considered as a condiment and is used in cooking. As a promising spice plant, some efforts are being made to introduce this plant as a new crop species and it has been successfully cultivated in northern Italy. RESULTS: Essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of a flavoring species C. thymifolium were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results of a detailed analysis of the chemical composition of the oils showed the domination of pulegone, piperitone, piperitenone and isomenthone, as well as a significant alteration of the pulegone/isomenthone ratio with the developmental stage of the plant. Additionally, a comprehensive chemical analysis of the oils in combination with detailed spectral analyses and chemical synthesis of selected compounds has led to the identification of two new natural products: isomenthyl formate and neomenthyl 2‐methylbutanoate. CONCLUSION: The observed chemical variability at the intrapopulation level appeared to be a phenological variation. In an evolutionary sense, the alteration of the pulegone/isomenthone ratio suggests their possible role in the ecological adaptation of the species to pollinators. Significant quantitative changes in the chemical composition of the oil at different phenological stages may be relevant in the case of plant material intended for edible purposes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Single cultivar 'Olivastro di Bucchianico' extra virgin olive oil is obtained from olives cultivated in a narrow area of the Abruzzo region, Italy. This cultivar is mostly present in the municipality of Bucchianico and in some neighbouring municipalities in the province of Chieti. There is very little research in the literature describing the morphological and chemical characteristics of this cultivar. RESULTS: A morphological characterization of the plant and the fruit was carried out. In addition, we characterized the chemical, physical‐chemical and sensory properties of the extra virgin olive oil. The following analyses were conducted: free acidity, peroxide value, ultraviolet spectrophotometric indices, contents in fatty acid ethyl esters, waxes, tocopherols, fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, alcohols, phenolic substances, volatile compounds and sensory profile. The analysis of the volatile compounds was performed using a headspace‐gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry (HS‐GC‐IMS) instrument connected to a nitrogen generator for carrier/drift gas production. CONCLUSION: The results of the chemical analyses showed good levels of nutraceutical components in the oils, which were found to be organoleptically well balanced with medium values of fruity, bitter and pungent. The HS‐GC‐IMS method based on the analysis of 15 volatile molecules might be a useful tool for a chemometric discrimination of the varietal origin for the oils under investigation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the compositional and structural analysis of a Roman milestone, preserved in the Antiquarium of the archaeological park of Bova Marina, Reggio Calabria, south of Italy, was performed. A combination of spectroscopic techniques was employed for this purpose. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM+EDX) was used for the morphological investigation and quantitative elemental analysis of the investigated samples; Raman Spectroscopy (RS) was employed to identify their crystalline mineral components and to study their microstructure. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify elements and compounds, closely related to the sample preparation, with the aim to investigate about nature and the possible artistic technique, to better understand the original aspect of this late-Empire road system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study discusses the experimental physicochemical results obtained from the historical vaulted ceilings of an ancient church located in central Italy. Infrared thermography (IRT) in the active configuration was used to map subsurface defects caused by a seismic event and to discover buried structures, while the visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) fibreoptics diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) technique was applied to identify the pigments of wall paintings decorating the vault. Historical photographs are useful to readers in order to clarify the state of conservation before and after the earthquake that took place in 2009. The combination of the experimental results can be useful in restoration processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-two Late-Copper-Age decorated cross-footed bowls from the Trieste Karst (north-eastern Italy) and the Deschmann's pile dwellings (Ljubljansko barje, Slovenia), recently investigated using X-ray computed microtomography (microCT), have been studied and chemically analysed using non-destructive prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). The main aim of our research was to determine whether the cross-footed bowls found in the Trieste Karst were locally produced or if they might have been imported from central Slovenia or even from more distant regions. The PGAA results, combined with the microCT ones, have shown that only 1 bowl from the Karst might have been imported from Ljubljansko barje, while other 4 Karst vessels were most probably imported but not from central Slovenia. In more detail, K 2 O contents, higher than values reported from local Karst and Slovenian soils, have been recorded in two of these Italian bowls. The Karst bowls represent, according to their morphology and rich ornamentation manly consisting of cord impressions, a special variant of cross-footed bowls with relevant typological comparisons in the Carpathian basin (Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic). A possible central European origin of some Karst bowls would be in agreement with high K 2 O soil contents in some areas of the Czech Republic. Cross-footed bowls from the Trieste Karst might be considered as evidence of long distance connections, movements of ideas, artefacts and/or even movements of people, triggered by large-scale migrations from the north Pontic steppe region to central Europe, revealed by recent genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the production of secondary metabolites by a virulent strain of Sardiniella urbana, a recently described pathogen originally found on declining European hackberry trees in Italy, was investigated for the first time. Chemical analysis of the culture filtrate extracts led to the isolation of three well known compounds as R-(−)-mellein and (3R,4R)-and (3R,4S)-4-hydroxy melleins which were identified by spectroscopic methods (essentially NMR and ESIMS). The isolated compounds were tested for their phytotoxic, antifungal and zootoxic activities. Among them, only R-(−)-mellein was found to be active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Metals, whether essential (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mn) or non-essential (Al, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Hg) for organism metabolism, occur naturally in the marine environment and their abundance can increase due to the presence of human activities. In this study, fish were used as bio-indicators, to determine a correlation between the bio-accumulation of metals in muscle and gill tissues and the health status of fish. The study area was the Gulf of Tigullio (north-western Italy), which is impacted by various sources of metal contamination. Histopathology served as a significant tool to investigate possible alterations in gills, one of the main organs involved in fish physiology. Results highlighted some correlations between certain metals (e.g. Pb, Ni) and gill alterations (e.g. epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial lifting), providing baseline data from a pool of different fish species, which can be used for comparison purposes in further studies. Highlights • A pool of different sea fish species was used as bio-indicators for metal pollution. • High metal concentrations in gills showed correlation with some gill alterations. • Histopathology is a useful monitoring tool to investigate alterations in gills. • Cd, Hg and Pb values in muscle tissue were often higher than legislation limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Chronic kidney disease (CKD) might predict adverse health outcomes in old age. • Epidemiological data on the association of CKD with functional disability are limited. • We evaluated such a relationship using data from the population-based CARHES study. • CKD independently associated with greater disability in mobility, ADLs and IADLs. • Disability should be considered as a main outcome in the treatment of CKD patients. Abstract Objectives Chronic kidney disease (CKD) negatively impacts aging success. This study evaluates the association between CKD and functional disability, defined as limitations in performing mobility tasks, basic (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), in a population-based sample of older adults. In particular, we examined whether such a relationship extended to mild-moderate CKD stages (G1-G3ab). Methods Data from the Cardiovascular risk profile in Renal patients of the Italian Health Examination Survey (CARHES) study were used.Prevalence of CKD was estimated by means of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) and eGFR (CKD-EPI equation-enzymatic assay of serum creatinine). A validated questionnaire was used to assess functional limitations. Potentially confounding variables, e.g. socio-demographic features, lifestyles, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and prevalent CV diseases, were considered. Results 1309 participants, age 71.4 ± 4.3 years, 53.8% men, were studied. 15.2% of participants were identified as having CKD. Of these, 11.5% were aware of the condition. Prevalence of CKD increased with age, and was similar between men and women. Mild-moderate CKD was found to be significantly associated with disability in mobility (OR = 1.05, 95%CI =1.01–1.09, p =.014) and ADLs/IADLs (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.02–1.12, p =.011) after multiple simultaneous adjustment including socio-demographic variables, CV risk profile, ACR, cognitive impairment and self-rated health. Conclusions Mild-moderate CKD independently associated with functional disability in a population-based sample of older adults. Evidence-based recommendations for disability prevention in CKD are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 24 Rosemary wild populations characterised for both volatile and phenolic compounds. • Relatively large diversity observed in both volatile and phenolic compounds content. • Classification based on chemical composition was consistent with geographic origin. • Enhancement of bioactive compounds may be achieved through selection by population. • Association between non-volatile bioactive and key aroma compounds was observed. Ninety-five rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Schleid.) genotypes, representing 24 wild populations, collected in different geographical areas in Italy and then cultivated under homogeneous environmental conditions, were characterised for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and three main non-volatile phenolic diterpenes (carnosic acid, carnosol) and acids (rosmarinic acid). Cluster analysis of chemical data highlighted the occurrence of three main groups of populations: one with high levels of verbenone, α-pinene, bornyl acetate, carnosic acid and carnosol, a second one with relatively high levels of camphor and a third one with high levels of 1,8-cineole, β-pinene and sesquiterpenes. This clustering was consistent with geographic origin and previous genetic characterisation of the same populations. Correlation analysis suggested that levels of the key antioxidant carnosic acid were associated to levels of the key aroma compound verbenone. The observed diversity may be exploited in breeding programs to develop lines and designing products with improved flavour quality and functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • High dosages of flunixin can cause death to Old World Gyps vultures. • Visceral gout and kidney damage were similar to those of diclofenac toxicity. • The study correlates amount of flunixin in meat and in the dead vultures' tissues. Abstract Among non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diclofenac is considered the main cause for the decline of vulture populations in the Indian subcontinent since the '90 s. Chemical analysis showed high levels of flunixin (31,350 μg/kg) in beef which three captive Gyps vultures fed on, later dying with severe visceral gout. Levels in dead vultures' organs and tissues ranged from 4 to 38.5 μg/kg. The typical lesions and the concentrations found in beef indicate flunixin as the cause of death. This is the first observational study which correlates the concentration of flunixin in the meat ingested with that found in tissues of vultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the abrasion rate on a coarse-clastic beach was evaluated by calculating the volume loss recorded on indigenous pebbles within a 13-month timespan. The experiment was carried out at Marina di Pisa (Italy) on an artificial beach that was built to counteract the erosion processes affecting this sector of the coast. A total of 240 marble pebbles (120 rounded and 120 angular) were marked using the RFID technology and injected on the beach. The volume loss measured after consecutive recovery campaigns was progressively increasing, reaching the maximum value after 13 months (61% overall). The average volume loss is consistent between rounded and angular pebbles at any time (59.3% and 64.2% after 13 months respectively), meaning that the roundness is not a primary control factor on abrasion rate. The pebbles that did not reach such abrasion rates after 8 and 10 months (volume loss less than 20%) were found at heights equal or greater than 2 m above mean sea level, on the crest of the storm berm that formed during the strongest storms. This implies that the highest wearing is achieved in the lower portion of the backshore, which is also the area that underwent major topographic modifications. Here, sea water action might also exert chemical influence on the pebbles, adding to the mechanical abrasion. The main result of this research, indicating an impressive volume loss on beach pebbles in a short timespan, could be of key importance for coastal managers. The optimization of coarse sediment beach nourishments is also relevant, taking into right consideration that the volume loss due to sediment abrasion might exceed 50% of the original fill volume just after 1 year in the most dynamic portion of the beach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of boron within groundwater was undertaken for an area of Central Eastern Italy. Although boron is a minor analyte in groundwater, concentrations can often be above limits set by legislation. A hydrogeochemical study, supported by a statistical multifactorial analysis, was undertaken to investigate the most likely origin of the boron within the groundwater. It was possible to distinguish contamination caused by anthropogenic activities from natural pollution within the study. Hydrochemical analysis has highlighted that anomalous concentrations of boron are only seen in groundwater from the alluvial valley deposits. A strong correlation between high boron concentrations and groundwater with chloride-sodium facies was also identified. The principal components analysis has confirmed the results from the assessment undertaken with hydrochemical analysis. The most important component is characterised by high loading of boron, sodium, chloride and electrical conductivity. The most likely origin of the boron within the hydrogeochemical context of the area appears to be connected to the uprise of chloride-sodium connate groundwaters naturally enriched in boron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the South of Italy, it is common for farmers to burn pruning waste from olive trees in spring. In order to evaluate the impact of the biomass burning source on the physical and chemical characteristics of the particulate matter (PM) emitted by these fires, a PM monitoring campaign was carried out in an olive grove. Daily PM10 samples were collected for 1 week, when there were no open fires, and when biomass was being burned, and at two different distances from the fires. Moreover, an optical particle counter and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analyzer were used to measure the high time-resolved dimensional distribution of particles emitted and total PAHs concentrations, respectively. Chemical analysis of PM10 samples identified organic and inorganic components such as PAHs, ions, elements, and carbonaceous fractions (OC, EC). Analysis of the collected data showed the usefulness of organic and inorganic tracer species and of PAH diagnostic ratios for interpreting the impact of biomass fires on PM levels and on its chemical composition. Finally, high time-resolved monitoring of particle numbers and PAH concentrations was performed before, during, and after biomass burning, and these concentrations were seen to be very dependent on factors such as weather conditions, combustion efficiency, and temperature (smoldering versus flaming conditions), and moisture content of the wood burned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glazed pottery with 'negative decoration' samples, dating back to the twelfth to thirteenth century ad and coming from three sites along the Adriatic coast, Siponto, Egnatia and Trani (Southern Italy) were characterized from physical-chemical, mineralogical and morphological points of view. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy investigations were carried out on ceramic bodies, pigments and glazes of the fragments. We aimed to outline the technological features, define the nature of decorations and coatings-glazes and engobes-and look for clues to hypothesize provenance. Results obtained show clear differences in raw materials and production technology between the impressed ceramic of Islamic tradition and the incised one of Byzantine tradition. Regarding the latter, evidences of a non-local origin can be found in the compositional diversity of raw materials used for the ceramic bodies of fragments decorated with spiral and pseudo-kufic motifs, which stressed the use of clays so far not recorded in Apulia. At the same time, at least in the case of Siponto, the compositional similarity of both ceramic bodies and materials used under the glaze for impressed ceramic and painted polychrome ceramics (RMR and protomaiolica), more likely local production, could suggest that both were produced in the same workshops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Installations for the production of oil and wine are key features for the understanding of ancient Mediterranean economy. The analysis of the organic residues preserved in the vats of production installations has been demonstrated to be a useful tool to identify their function. However, to better understand the spatial distribution of activities, the analysis of the residues preserved in the floors can be performed. In this study, we present the results of chemical analyses of samples taken from the vat and floors of a Roman production installation found in Lecce (southern Italy). The samples were analysed using spot tests aimed at identifying the presence of fatty acids and phosphates. The results of the analyses were plotted in a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform and interpolated with Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to determine the spatial distribution of the residues. A number of the samples were selected for analysis with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to better identify the origin of the fats. The chemical analysis of the residues confirmed the hypothesis that the installation was used for oil production. In one sample, castor oil was identified. This oil could be present either because it was produced there or because it was used in the oil mill for different reasons, possibly for lighting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] GC/MS and GC/FID analysis of Catha edulis vegetable material seized in Italy in 2012. [•] Optimization and validation of the analytical method. [•] Determination of cathinone, cathine and phenylpropanolamine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chemical analyses of the phosphorus (P), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of the soil were applied to an Iron age building located at Rotzo in the Asiago plateau (northeastern Italy). The building was already interpreted as a dwelling with two distinct phases of life. Both total P by ignition and organic P distributions were high in the northeast zone and along the southern wall, where there was an accumulation of organic matter because of the presence of a garbage hole. The clustering of highest inorganic P values along the eastern wall highlighted, for the first phase of life of the building, the contrast between domestic activities in the eastern and western areas, as the highest values of the C:N ratio indicate the accumulation of organic matter. The organic C content and C:N ratio, together with the different forms of P, provided good suggestions about the use of the inner space. In particular, among the P forms, oxalate extractable-P indicated the oldest phase of the house. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: In order to assess sediment quality and to account for the great geochemical heterogeneity of Italian coasts, Local Sediment Quality Guidelines (LSQGs) have to be defined for specific portions of the coastline based on the approach developed by ICRAM-APAT (). This paper describes the application of LSQGs to the harbour of Fiumicino (Rome, Italy). The aims were to evaluate the quality of dredging sediments through an integrated chemical-ecotoxicological approach and to define suitable management options. Materials and methods: Thirty-eight sediment cores, covering the planned dredging depth, were collected in the study area and sliced into 92 sediment samples. Chemical analyses, including inorganic and organic contaminants as well as microbiological parameters, were carried out for all the samples. A bioassay battery composed by the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the alga Dunaliella tertiolecta was applied on one third of the samples. LSQGs were derived from chemical and ecotoxicological data of the harbour area, and were integrated with those from the identified dumping site. The Baseline Chemical Level, corresponding to an absent or unlikely ecotoxicological hazard, and the Limit Chemical Level, corresponding to a probable ecotoxicological hazard, were the LSQGs derived for each chemical. Results and discussion: A gradient of increasing contamination, moving inland due to urban and agricultural effluents, was observed. Ecotoxicological analyses, similar to microbiological ones, confirmed the poor sediment quality, with the exception of a sample located at the port entrance, where hydrodynamics flush sediment away from the site. Principal component analysis allowed a clear discrimination of three areas, each affected by a different contamination degree and influenced by many sources related to industrial, commercial and/or urban activities. Using LSQGs and the results of bioassays, it was possible to classify the sediment quality of the whole harbour area and to define the most suitable management options. It was found that Fiumicino harbour sediment was not suitable for either beach nourishment or for offshore dumping, with the exception of a negligible amount located at the port entrance. In turn, most sediment seemed to be suitable for disposal in a properly sealed confined disposal facility or for mechanical/chemical treatment. Conclusions: This case study provided useful insights for implementing the development of LSQGs for more realistic sediment management and will assist in promoting its application to harbour dredging at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant capacity of a number of balsamic vinegar ( BV) and traditional balsamic ( TBV) vinegars from the districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy) have been assessed using two chemical assays, the Briggs- Rauscher oscillating reaction method and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ( TEAC) method. The total reducing power was also evaluated using the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. The results show that the antioxidant parameters of TBV are significantly better than those of the BV, in agreement with the different manufacturing procedures and product ageing. A good correlation was found between the methods used. Suggestion for an approximate evaluation of ageing based on antioxidant parameters values is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Wine derives its economic value to a large extent from geographical origin, which has a significant impact on the quality of the wine. According to the food legislation, wines can be without geographical origin (table wine) and wines with origin. Wines with origin must have characteristics which are essential due to its region of production and must be produced, processed and prepared, exclusively within that region. The development of fast and reliable analytical methods for the assessment of claims of origin is very important. The current official method is based on the measurement of stable isotope ratios of water and alcohol in wine, which are influenced by climatic factors. The results in this paper are based on 5220 Italian wine samples collected in the period 2000–2010. We evaluate the univariate approach underlying the official method to assess claims of origin and propose several new methods to get better geographical discrimination between samples. It is shown that multivariate methods are superior to univariate approaches in that they show increased sensitivity and specificity. In cases where data are non-normally distributed, an approach based on mixture modelling provides additional improvements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Blackening and disaggregation of exposed surfaces of stone monuments are well-known effects of stone decay taking place in polluted urban environments all over the world. This paper aims to assess the contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources of total suspended particulate (TSP) causing permanent damage (black crusts) to the stone monuments of Catania (Sicily), one of the most popular 'cities of art' of southern Italy. Atmospheric pollution of Catania, a typical Mediterranean coastal town, is mainly contributed by vehicle exhaust emissions rather than industrial ones. Episodically, the city also suffers gaseous and ash emissions (plumes) from the nearby Mount Etna volcano. Thus, to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic contributions to stone decay on Catania monuments, black crusts and TSP were sampled within the urban area and subjected to specific analytical procedures (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry, ionic chromatography and dual inlet mass spectrometry). Mineralogical, chemical and isotopic characterization of black crusts and TSP provided new insights concerning the partition of sulfate sources in this particular urban context. The influence of Mount Etna emissions on both TSP and black crusts compositions was shown. Nevertheless, the key role of anthropogenic sources in the total sulfate budget was confirmed, while sea spray and volcanic emissions were found to make subordinate contributions. Quantitative data useful for the identification of the threshold pollution levels for preventive conservation of Catania monuments were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the ancient bricks of the monastery of San Filippo (Italy) were analyzed and characterized using elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These methods are indispensable tools in order to investigate some special features of ancient pottery, identifying their chemical and phase composition and structure. From the obtained results it was concluded that such characterization of ancient pottery is an essential step for the conservation of pottery. Possible theoretical approaches for the conservation of investigated bricks were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical-mechanical behaviour of the weathered San Giacomo granite, Sardinia, has been investigated using a combination of physical-mechanical tests and microstructural analysis. Fieldwork and microscopy suggest a pervasive microfracture system developed on a pre-existing magmatic quartz anisotropy. Alteration indices, chemical analyses and mineralogy indicate that the yellow staining is produced by the circulation of oxygen-rich rainwater through microfractures in the rock, resulting in the oxidation of biotites. Apart from the obvious modification of the original grey colouring, the precipitation of Fe-oxides and hydroxides has welded fractures together, leading to the partial recovery of the physical-mechanical properties previously compromised due to microfracturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In groundwater vulnerability assessment, it is assumed that groundwater closer to the soil surface is at greater risk of contamination by pollutants, including nitrate. However, this is not always the case, since low nitrogen (N) concentrations and losses from cultivated fields have been measured in shallow ground waters. This study aimed to evaluate the water and N balances in two low plain areas of the Veneto Region (NE Italy), characterized by a shallow water table (<5m) and identified as Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). In each of the two NVZs, three fields were managed with conventional (C), integrated (I) and organic (O) farming systems. Water and N fluxes through the vadose zone were monitored during the years 2004–2006. Water samples were collected from water-table wells and suction microlysimeters, whereas soil moisture and tension were measured with sets of TDR probes and dial-gauge tensiometers installed along the soil profiles. Surface runoff was also collected by gutters and diverted into containers where water volumes were quantified and sampled for chemical analysis. Water was analyzed for total N bound to sediment (only runoff) and total N and nitrate in solution. To evaluate the N in/out fluxes of the root zone (0.9m depth), the upflux/percolation volumes were quantified by applying the water balance method. Upflux was one of the most important items of the water balance. The highest values were observed during summer (>200mm), when upflux contributed an average of up to 65% of the evapotranspiration (ET). Percolation volumes were reduced as a consequence, with a net flux ranging from 118 to 292mmy−1 on average. Upflux also strongly influenced the N balance, reducing potential leaching. We estimated that, on average, 59% of the leached N returned to the root zone by upward movement. Shallow groundwater conditions also affected the proportions of N forms. Nitrate fraction decreased markedly in groundwater with respect to percolation water, most probably due to the enhancing effect of denitrification processes. Following the indications in the EU 91/676 Directive, large areas of the central and low plain of the Veneto Region have been designated as NVZs. However, agricultural impact on water quality does not appear to be very high in many parts of these areas, as evidenced by the N balance of these experimental fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cossaite, ideally (Mg0.5,〈)Al6(SO4)6(HSO4)F6·36H2O, was found in the altered pyroclastic breccia of an active fumarole (Tabout 350ºC) located at the rim of the La Fossa crater, Vulcano Island, Aeolian archipelago, Sicily, Italy. Cossaite is trigonal, space group R3, with a= 22.010(2), c= 9.238(1) Å ,V= 3875.6(6) Å3, Z= 3. It forms stout prismatic hexagonal crystals up to 100 μm in size, terminated by rhombohedral faces, and is associated with thermessaite, vlodavetsite, sassolite and salammoniac. Cossaite is colourless to white, the streak is white and the lustre vitreous. It is not fluorescent in either long-wave or short-wave ultraviolet radiation. The calculated density is 2.075 g cm–33. The mean refractive index nobsis 1.49(1) (589 nm). Chemical analysis gave MgO 1.4, Al2O319.5, SO334.7, F 5.7, (H2O 40.85, from structure refinement), O=F –2.4, total 99.75 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula Mg0.56Al6.19S7.01H73.37F4.85O65.15calculated on the basis of 70 oxygen plus fluorine atoms. The strongest six lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern [dobs(Å) (I) (hkl)] are: 4.15 (100) (140), 3.87 (70) (322), 11.00 (50) (110), 4.58 (25) (131), 2.770 (20) (333), 2.166 (20) (181). The crystal structure was refined to a final Rindex of 0.0349. It contains octahedral [Al(H2O)5F]2+cations and sulphate anions interacting via hydrogen bonds to form channels running along [001], where disordered [Mg(H2O)6]2+cations and hydrogensulphate anions are hosted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the elemental characterization of fine and coarse particles collected at a coastal site of southwestern Italy, in a suburban area of the Calabria region. A chemical tracer analysis was carried out to identify the major emission sources influencing on the atmospheric aerosol levels. Size-resolved particulate samples were collected during three 2-week seasonal sampling campaigns: autumn (19 October to 2 November 2003), winter (19 January to 2 February 2004) and spring (26 April to 10 May 2004). Ambient concentrations of selected elements (Fe,Mn,Mg, Ca, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd) associated to fine and coarse size fractions were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The enrichment factor method was applied, suggesting a prevailing anthropogenic component for all the detected elements, with Fe, Mg, Mn, and Ca as exceptions. Trajectory sector analysis was used in order to discriminate the influence of different airmass origins and paths. Long-range transport from both the continental Europe and the Saharan region proved to be the main influencing factors. African dust outbreaks, whose occurrence frequency was greater during the autumn and spring seasonal monitoring periods, gave rise to a total of eight exceedances of the European Commission (EC) PM10 daily limit value as well as an increase in values of the crustal-derived elements (Fe, Mg, and Ca). Long-range transport from the heavily industrialized area of Central/Eastern Europe contributed to the high levels of Zn, Cd, and Pb that were recorded during the winter sampling campaign. Seasonal trend and comparison with measurements previously performed across the Mediterranean basin were also presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Grain-size, mineralogical and chemical analyses were carried out on fine fraction of sediments collected in the Gulfs of Patti and Milazzo, two borderland basins in the Southern Tyrrhenian extending offshore the northeastern Sicilian coast. Results of granulometric analyses on size fractions smaller than 63 μm showed that the investigated samples can be classified mainly as clayey silts. The coarse fractions (>63 μm), examined by optical microscopy, consist of a terrigenous component, representing in some samples about 98–99% of the total sediment, and by a biogenic component. This latter is mainly made up of benthic Foraminifera. The mineralogical composition of the fine fraction, determined by X-Ray diffractometry, is represented by muscovite, quartz, clay minerals, carbonates (calcite) and, in some samples, by calcium and sodium-rich plagioclases. The method of saturation with K and Mg, followed by ethylene glycol solvation and heating, are used for a qualitative determination of the clay minerals. Clay mineralogical composition is characterized by the dominance of clinochlore and illite, with minor amounts of smectite (especially montmorillonite) and vermiculite. The chemical data reflect the main mineralogical composition showing a uniform quantitative composition, with high Al2O3 and SiO2 values and very few variations in the relative abundance of the other components. The Cr/Th, Th/Sc, Th/Co and La/Sc ratios suggest a felsic nature of the source rocks. Finally the geochemical parameters such as V/Cr, U/Th, Ni/Co and Cu/Zn ratios indicate that examined sediments were deposited under oxic environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mineralogical, petrographic and chemical analyses were carried out on black crusts covering the stone surface of monuments and buildings of the historical city centre of Catania, one of the most beautiful Baroque places in eastern Sicily. Black crusts were studied through the careful and synergic employment of traditional techniques, including polarizing optical microscopy (POM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), and infrared spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR), in combination with an innovative technique, i.e.laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The validity of such an integrated approach to study black crusts has been recently demonstrated by the authors. The main goal of this study was to develop and test the reliability of the LA-ICP-MS method on black crusts in order to evaluate the degree of chemical contamination of examined stones and to determine the role of the different sources of pollution in Catania, both anthropogenic (domestic heating, industrial combustion, vehicular traffic) and natural (emissions by Mt Etna) in the formation of crusts. Results obtained demonstrated that this innovative approach has a double potential in the study of black crusts, since it allows the analysis of alteration and degradation processes induced by migration of specific chemical elements from the crust to substrate, and, at the same time, it represents a reliable indicator of the environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) is a well-established technique for chemical analysis, but it is mainly employed for quality control in the electronics semiconductor industry. The capability to analyze liquid and uniformly thin solid samples makes this technique suitable for other applications, and especially in the very critical field of environmental analysis. Comparison with standard methods like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) shows that TXRF is a practical, accurate, and reliable technique in occupational settings. Due to the greater sensitivity necessary in trace heavy metal detection, TXRF is also suitable for environmental chemical analysis. In this paper we show that based on appropriate standards, TXRF can be considered for non-destructive routine quantitative analysis of environmental matrices such as air filters. This work has been developed in the frame of the EU-FP6 PHIME (Public Health Impact of long-term, low-level Mixed element Exposure in susceptible population strata) Integrated Project (www.phime.org). The aim of this work was to investigate Mn air pollution in the area of Vallecamonica (Italy). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Each European Member State must comply with Directive 2000/53/EC recycling and recovery targets by 2015, set to 85% and 95%, respectively. This paper reports a shredder campaign trial developed and performed in Italy at the beginning of 2008. It turns out to be the first assessment about the critical aspects belonging to the Italian End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) reverse supply chain involving 18 dismantling plants, a shredder plant and 630 ELV representatives of different categories of vehicles treated in Italy during 2006. This trial aims at improving the experimental knowledge related to ELVs added waste, pre-treatment, part reuse, recycling and final metal separation and car fluff disposal. Finally, the study also focuses on the calculation of the effective Italian ELV recycling rate, which results equal to 80.8%, and auto shredder residue (ASR) characterization. According to the results obtained in this work, ASR still contains up to 8% of metals and 40% of polymers that could be recovered. Moreover, physical–chemical analysis showed a Lower Heat Value of almost 20,000kJ/kg and revealed the presence of pollutants such as heavy metals, mineral oils, PCBs and hydrocarbons. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thirty-eight samples of pottery were analyzed for determining chemical composition in order to establish their provenance. The potteries tested in the present research come from Himera and Pestavecchia archaeological sites. After digestion in microwave oven, the samples have been analyzed for fourteen minor elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Tl, and Zn) and six major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Na). Chemical analysis was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES). The most abundant minor elements are Cr, Ba and Ni. Cr concentration ranged from 66 to 3635mgkg−1, Ba concentration ranged from 388 to 2677mgkg−1 and Ni concentration ranged from 35 to 1758mgkg−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the replicates on the concentrations of analyzed metals ranged from 0.07% to 14%. The aim of this study is to assign the local or non-local provenance of the examined potteries, in particular validating and clarifying archaeological hypothesis based on the simple visual examination and stylistic characterization of ceramic objects. Principal component analysis performed on the dataset, together with the application of cluster technique and non statistical analysis, allowed the identification of three main groups of samples and a lonely one (R 97). In particular, sample R 97 shows high Cr concentration (3635mgkg−1) and high Ni concentration (1758mgkg−1), typical of Corinthian pottery. The results of chemical analysis show that the stylistic features are not always sufficient to correctly identify the origin of a ceramic object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since 2002 a non-invasive investigation integrating aerial photography and high-resolution magnetometry has been carried out for reconstructing extensive ancient settlements in Tavoliere lowland (Southern Italy). Relevant magnetic anomalies were detected in all the surveyed sites allowing a precise mapping of the buried structures over more than 150 ha. Next to this research susceptibility measurements, PXRD, XRF and optical analysis were also performed in order to explain the origin of the notable magnetization contrast between the anthropogenic structures and the embedding materials, generating the measured signals. This last study was accomplished, in 2006, in Monte S. Vincenzo site, a vast Neolithic village where the remotely sensed data were also used to guide some direct inspection. Trial archaeological excavations brought to light parts of C-shaped compounds, providing complete information on the geometry and location of the sources of magnetic signals. Profiting by the archaeological feedback, the susceptibility contrast between the soil filling the ditches and the calcareous substratum was assessed in situ. A synthetic model based on this information was created and compared with the experimental data. The infilling material was also sampled for laboratory analysis: the presence of several magnetic minerals (pyroxenes, monometric magnetite, haematite) was ascertained. Furthermore optical analyses showed different types of volcanic and igneous products such as pumices, melanite garnets and lava fragments. Geomorphological and archaeometric evidence allowed us to relate these materials to activity of the Mt. Vesuvius volcano. Eventually their possible spatial distribution was inferred from recent studies on ash transportation and deposition during explosive activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the frame of the MIUR-AEROCLOUDS project (Study of Direct and Indirect Aerosol Effects on Climate), night-time and daytime size-segregated aerosol samples were collected concurrently at five different sites (near-city, urban, rural, marine and mountain background sites). The paper reports on the daily evolution of the main aerosol chemical characteristics as a function of particle size in different environments over the Italian Peninsula, spanning from the Po Valley to the south Tyrrhenian coast. Two 4-day intensive observation periods (IOPs) were undertaken in July 2007 and February 2008, under meteorological conditions typical of the summer and winter climate for Italy. In the summer IOP, under stable atmospheric conditions, at the low-altitude continental sites the diurnal evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), induces an atmospheric dilution effect driving the particulate matter (PM) concentrations, while, at the mountain site, it determines the upward motion of polluted air masses from the Po Valley PBL in daytime. The fine fraction was dominated by ammonium salts and carbonaceous matter (water-soluble organic matter, WSOM, and water-insoluble carbonaceous matter, WINCM). High concentrations of ammonium sulphate and WSOM due to enhanced photochemical activity constituted the background aerosol composition over the whole country, whereas, ammonium nitrate and WINCM were more associated to local emissions (e.g. urban site with concentrations peaking in the finest size range due to strong local traffic-related sources of ultrafine particles). During the winter IOP in the Po Valley, the shallow PBL depths and low wind velocity, especially at night, favoured the condensation of semi-volatile species (i.e. organic matter and ammonium nitrate), causing the high fine PM concentration observed at ground level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. or 'quinoa' is a plant having many uses as a food. Importantly, it offers an alternative to normal cereals in coeliac diets because its seeds are gluten-free. For this reason, it is worthwhile to determine the properties of quinoa and to evaluate the suitability of this crop for the south of Italy. At the CNR-ISAFoM's experimental station in Vitulazio (CE), a 2-year (2006-2007) field trial under rain-fed conditions was carried out to compare the two quinoa genotypes: KVLQ520Y (KV) and Regalona Baer (RB). Comparison was also made between two sowing dates for KV. The results showed that April was the best sowing time for quinoa in our typical Mediterranean region. Of the two genotypes, RB recorded better growth and productivity, apparently being more tolerant to abiotic stress (high temperatures associated with water stress). Chemical analyses reveal the potential of quinoa seed as a valuable ingredient in the preparation of cereal foods having improved nutritional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Childhood traumatic events and functional abnormalities of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been widely reported in psychiatric patients, although neither is specific for any diagnosis. Among the limited number of studies that have evaluated these topics, none has adopted a trans-diagnostic approach. The aim of the present research is to explore the relationship between childhood stressors, HPA axis function and psychiatric symptoms, independent of the diagnosis. Method. A total of 93 moderate to severely ill psychiatric out-patients of Florence and Pisa University Psychiatric Units and 33 healthy control subjects were recruited. The assessment consisted of salivary cortisol pre- and post-low dose (0.5 mg) Dexamethasone, early and recent life events, 121 psychiatric symptoms independent of diagnosis, SCID, BPRS. Results. In total, 33.5% of patients were Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) non-suppressors, compared with 6.1% of controls (p=0.001). Among patients, non-suppression was associated with particular symptoms (i.e. depressive and psychotic), but not to any specific diagnosis. Early stressful life events were significantly associated with higher salivary cortisol levels, with DST non-suppression and with approximately the same subset of symptoms. A recent stressful event seemed to be associated to the HPA response only in those subjects who were exposed to early traumata. Conclusions. Our report suggests a relationship between life stress, HPA axis and psychopathology. A cluster of specific psychiatric symptoms seems to be stress related. Moreover, it seems that an abnormal HPA response is possibly triggered by an excessive pressure in vulnerable individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the influence of landslide dams on surface water drainage and groundwater flow in Scanno Lake and Sagittario River, Italy. It states that the tools used to build a conceptual model of the groundwater flow, and to evaluate the flow through the rockslide debris are piezometric surveys, discharge measurements, pumping test and chemical analyses. It details the study's results, and the relationship between surface waters and groundwater in the area.

The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has dramatically changed over the past 10 y with the emergence of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Recent studies have reported a frequent association of these strains with hospital outbreaks, and an incidence varying over time and by region. In order to evaluate the MRSA lineages circulating in our area of Italy, we performed a molecular characterization of CA-MRSA isolates prospectively collected from April 2006 to July 2007 at the San Paolo Hospital of Milan. We investigated the protein A-encoding gene ( spa-typing), the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette SCC mec, the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and 3 adhesin genes. Twenty-five CA-MRSA isolates cultured from 25 patients were collected; an equal number of healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA strains, from 25 patients hospitalized in various wards, were collected for comparison purposes. SCC mec type IV emerged as the most frequent genotype in both CA- and HA-MRSA. Seventeen different spa types were identified: t515 was the most common (36%), followed by t008 (20%). We detected 3 PVL-positive strains, only among the CA-MRSA. On the whole, our local MRSA epidemiology appears to be heterogeneous, with a predominant t515 spa type, only recently considered to belong to clonal EMRSA-15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents and analyses the results of a street sediments monitoring campaign carried out during dry weather in order to quantify the impact of mechanical street cleaning and rainfall events on the quantity and heavy metals load of street sediments. The study has been carried out in an experimental catchment in a medium traffic street of a residential/commercial area in the city of Reggio Calabria (Italy). Thanks to acquired data, it was possible to assess the amount and the degree of pollution of street sediments, the efficiency of mechanical street cleaning in terms of sediments and pollutants removal, the wash-off of street sediments during rainfall events and the related potential impact on receiving water bodies. The results obtained confirm that street sweeping is generally scarcely effective as a practice for urban storm run-off quality control and that run-off is, on the contrary, quite effective in street sediments removal especially for smaller particles. Moreover, chemical analyses indicate that, although the concentration of heavy metals is higher in sediments particles having a diameter lower than 0.075 mm, the greatest part of the pollutants load is associated to larger particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A total of 599 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains collected in Italy in 2 periods, 2003 to 2005 and 2007 to 2008, were screened for ciprofloxacin susceptibility by Etest. Ciprofloxacin-resistant strains (49.7%) were characterized by i) serovar determination, patterns of mutation in gyrA, and parC genes (38%, randomly selected) and ii) N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (56% of the strains isolated from patients who declared their sexual orientation). The percentage of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains increased from 42 (2003–2005) to 58 (2007–2008); in the second period, strains with MIC value >32 μg/mL have been observed. Mutations in gyrA and parC genes were identified in the majority of strains (88%). Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates among men who have sex with men (MSM) increased from 24% in 2003 to 2005 to 47% in 2007 to 2008. However, sequence types exclusively found among MSM were mostly due to a single strain. This is the first study in Italy combining N. gonorrhoeae ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing with molecular analyses and comparing the results over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An NMR and chemometric analytical approach to classify extra virgin olive oils according to their geographical origin was developed within the European TRACE project (FP6-2003-FOOD-2-A, contract number: 0060942). Olive oils (896 samples) of three consecutive harvesting years (2005, 2006, and 2007) coming from Mediterranean areas were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Olive oil samples from Liguria, an Italian region, were chosen as a case study and PLS-DA and SIMCA modeling analyses were used to build up statistical models both to discriminate between Ligurian and non-Ligurian olive oils and to define the Ligurian olive oil class to confirm the declared provenience. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]