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In Italy, the selenopid spider Selenops radiatus Latreille, 1819, was hitherto only known from the Aeolian Archipelago (northeastern Sicily), with a record from the island of Alicudi and plausible sightings from the island of Filicudi. In this paper, we present twentysix new records from Sicily sensu stricto and its satellite islands, consisting of observations gathered from online naturalist networks and one adult specimen collected from the area where most observations were made. Nearly all records were made in buildings or similar artificial habitats, supporting the hypothesis that occurrences of S. radiatus are mainly limited to synanthropic environments in Sicily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A great deal of ethnobotanical knowledge, passed down from generation to generation by oral tradition, is still preserved in the Mediterranean basin. Over the years, efforts have been made to collect this information to avoid losing this heritage. This work is a contribution towards the ethnobotanical knowledge of Calabria (southern Italy) through a survey on the Tyrrhenian side of the Aspromonte Massif in the metropolitan city of Reggio Calabria, an area that has been little studied from the ethnobotanical point of view. For this purpose, several semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants on the current and past use of spontaneous and cultivated plants in this study area; the data were collected in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet and then processed. Fifty-nine people were interviewed. Results show that the most frequently used plant family is Asteraceae, the most mentioned taxon is Anethum piperitum (22 interviews), and the most recurrent use is use is culinary, for the preparation of side-dishes. This work highlights the presence of cultures that have used plants in the past and represents a further contribution to the ethnobotanical knowledge of this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological invasions are one of the major constraints worldwide because of the economic and environmental consequences they may pose. Root mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Rhizoecidae) are continuously transported worldwide with plant soil because of their cryptic behavior. In this study it was reported the presence of Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen in Sicily for the first time and discussed the presence of R. maasbachi (Jansen) and R. hibisci (Kawai & Takagi) in Italy. A key is provided to identify the species of Rhizoecidae currently known in Italy. The species were identified by morphological features and characterized molecularly by using a partial COI mitochondrial gene. Our report alerts the presence of alien root mealybugs in Italy. R. hibisci is a quarantine species listed in Annex IIA of EU Regulation 2019/2072. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen science initiatives have been increasingly used by researchers as a source of occurrence data to model the distribution of alien species. Since citizen science presence‐only data suffer from some fundamental issues, efforts have been made to combine these data with those provided by scientifically structured surveys. Surprisingly, only a few studies proposing data integration evaluated the contribution of this process to the effective sampling of species' environmental niches and, consequently, its effect on model predictions on new time intervals. We relied on niche overlap analyses, machine learning classification algorithms and ecological niche models to compare the ability of data from citizen science and scientific surveys, along with their integration, in capturing the realized niche of 13 invasive alien species in Italy. Moreover, we assessed differences in current and future invasion risk predicted by each data set under multiple global change scenarios. We showed that data from citizen science and scientific surveys captured similar species niches though highlighting exclusive portions associated with clearly identifiable environmental conditions. In terrestrial species, citizen science data granted the highest gain in environmental space to the pooled niches, determining an increased future biological invasion risk. A few aquatic species modelled at the regional scale reported a net loss in the pooled niches compared to their scientific survey niches, suggesting that citizen science data may also lead to contraction in pooled niches. For these species, models predicted a lower future biological invasion risk. These findings indicate that citizen science data may represent a valuable contribution to predicting future spread of invasive alien species, especially within national‐scale programmes. At the same time, citizen science data collected on species poorly known to citizen scientists, or in strictly local contexts, may strongly affect the niche quantification of these taxa and the prediction of their future biological invasion risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records and status changes from casual to naturalized for Italy or for Italian administrative regions. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrections are provided as supplementary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A recent outbreak of the mosaic leafhopper (MLH), Orientus ishidae, in an apple orchard in Trentino made it urgent to assess the actual capability of this insect to cause damage to this crop. During the biennium from 2020–21, experiments were conducted both in field and semi-field conditions to ascertain whether MLH can (1) Complete the entire life cycle on cultivated apple trees; (2) Cause direct damage by feeding; and (3) Acquire the phytoplasma responsible of the Apple Proliferation (AP) disease. Our results proved that apple trees are suitable host plants for MLH, and that severe direct foliar damage is associated to its trophic activity. Such damage consists of diffuse chlorosis followed by necrosis that eventually take to leaf fall. The ability of MLH to acquire AP was confirmed in field trials. Our conclusions are that MLH is potentially a new pest of apple, although its role as a vector of AP must be confirmed with transmission bioassays. It will also be important to monitor this species in the apple orchards of other regions to prevent future outbreaks and consequent damage to production. The mosaic leafhopper, Orientus ishidae (Matsumura), is an Asian species widespread in Europe that can cause leaf damage in wild trees and transmit disease phytoplasmas to grapevines. Following an O. ishidae outbreak reported in 2019 in an apple orchard in northern Italy, the biology and damage caused by this species to apples were investigated during 2020 and 2021. Our studies included observations on the O. ishidae life cycle, leaf symptoms associated to its trophic activity, and its capability to acquire "Candidatus Phytoplasma mali," a causal agent of Apple Proliferation (AP). The results indicate that O. ishidae can complete the life cycle on apple trees. Nymphs emerged between May and June, and adults were present from early July to late October, with the peak of flight between July and early August. Semi-field observations allowed for an accurate description of leaf symptoms that appeared as a distinct yellowing after a one-day exposure. In field experiments, 23% of the leaves were found damaged. In addition, 16–18% of the collected leafhoppers were found carrying AP phytoplasma. We conclude that O. ishidae has the potential to be a new apple tree pest. However, further studies are required to better understand the economic impact of the infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alien species are species that are introduced into an area where they are not naturally present. Some of them may exert negative ecological impacts, thus being defined as invasive. The aoudad or Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia is a north-African ungulate commercialised and introduced for game hunting to Europe, South Africa, and America. As a generalist herbivore, the aoudad has a high capacity to adapt to new habitat conditions, possibly representing a threat to local biodiversity. We studied the aoudad population present in the Beigua Natural Regional Park in Liguria, northwestern Italy. By using historical data and camera trapping data, we reconstructed the colonization process and current distribution, estimated minimum abundance, assessed population trends over the years, and investigated habitat selection and activity rhythms. Aoudads most likely escaped from a game reserve in Ponzone Municipality, Piedmont, and settled in the park at least since 2009. The minimum number alive doubled in 10 years, from 9 to 23, and the population shows an increasing trend. Aoudads showed a preference for steep, rocky and woody areas in the southern and warmer part of the Beigua massif, especially at intermediate elevations. Some observations have recently occurred in the northern part of the Park, potentially due to geographical expansion. Aoudads show mostly diurnal activity, unlike native ungulates such as roe deer Capreolus capreolus and wild boar Sus scrofa which were most active at dawn, dusk and during the night, possibly reflecting anti-predator behaviour towards wolf Canis lupus. Our results are in line with other studies, though births occurred across a wider period of time compared with native populations. As the potential ecological impacts of this alien species in the study area have never been investigated, it will be important to monitor the population and evaluate its ecological effects to provide the most appropriate management solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological restoration is one of the most promising strategies to combat historical wetland losses caused by land use changes. Restored areas are ideal sites to study plant succession and changes in ecosystem functions over time. However, little is known about the influence of restoration on plant succession along environmental stress gradients. Knowing the processes and mechanisms driving the succession over time in contrasting abiotic conditions might provide new insight into the ultimate success of an ecological restoration.Relying on long‐term vegetation monitoring, we studied the community succession of 4 plant communities along a restored waterlogging gradient in North‐East Italy (from high to low soil saturation level): (i) Cladium fens, (ii) low alkaline fens, (iii) Molina wet meadows and (iv) dry meadows. We monitored 23 permanent plots distributed along the gradient, spanning from 1 to 21 years since restoration, and 4 plots as target vegetation (natural habitats). We analysed the changes in plant communities in terms of functional traits, diversity and species composition.We found that exotic and annual species decreased in mature stages of restoration while leaf dry matter content increased over time. Nutrient indicator value and leaf area showed opposite trends at the extreme points of the gradient. Across the successional stages, species richness decreased in Cladium fens and increased in alkaline fens and meadows. Species composition moved toward target vegetation showing contrasting dynamics between different restored habitats.Synthesis and applications. During succession waterlogging stress acts as main abiotic filter, triggering contrasting trajectories of plant communities. This filter seems to be stronger at the extreme points of the gradient generating opposite but faster dynamics than at intermediate conditions. Time and waterlogging promoted a continuous selection of species consistent to target vegetation in terms of richness, functional traits and composition. The evidenced trajectories suggest the need to develop habitat‐specific protocols concerning the selection of restoration site and subsequent management decisions, with particular regard to plant communities at intermediate ecological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Predicting species distribution is a fundamental step for setting up opportune control actions. The suitability of the environment for the establishment of the species is even more important in case of invasive insects, such as Toumeyella parvicornis (Hemiptera, Coccidae). This species is a soft scale insect native to North America recently introduced in Italy and in France, where it established and spread, causing harmful infestations on stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) plants. Some aspects of its biology, such as the several overlapped generations and the high fecundity, may contribute to make it a successful invasive species when in a suitable environment. This is supported by the observations carried out in Central Italy, where the climate and environmental conditions seem suitable for the species to develop. To prevent further spread across the Mediterranean basin, it would be helpful to identify the most suitable areas by considering bioclimatic variables, as is commonly carried out in case of invasive species. We prepared potential pest distribution maps of European areas by utilizing Species Distribution Models. This information adds further detail to the report recently published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The areas with the highest suitability for the species are located along the coasts, where most Mediterranean pines occur. This correspondence suggests a high risk of widespread dispersal and provides useful information for implementing management strategies of this damaging pest. The pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis, is an insect native to the Nearctic region that is able to infest several Pinus species. It can cause weakening, defoliation and, at high infestation levels, tree death. After its first report in Italy in 2015, the pest spread rapidly over the surrounding areas and was reported in France in 2021. Due to the threat that this pest poses to pine trees, the suitability of European Mediterranean basin areas for T. parvicornis at different spatial scales was estimated by constructing species distribution models (SDMs) using bioclimatic variables. Our results showed that several coastal areas of the Mediterranean basin area could be suitable for T. parvicornis. Based on performance assessment, all the SDMs tested provided a good representation of the suitability of European Mediterranean non-native area for T. parvicornis at different spatial scales. In particular, most of the areas with a medium or high level of suitability corresponded to the geographical range of distribution of different Pinus spp. in Europe. Predicting the suitability of European Mediterranean areas for T. parvicornis provides a fundamental tool for early detection and management of the spread of this pest in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sorghum aphid Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald) is recorded for the first time in mainland Italy (Florence, Tuscany region, Italy) and Spain (Vinalesa, Valencia Region, Spain) on Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Data on its biology, worldwide distribution and notes on its pest behaviour are given. Melanaphis sorghi had previously been recorded from Greece (in 2008), Cyprus and Israel. The records of this species in Iran and Turkey need confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present contribution reports the current distribution of the Asian scolytine beetle Anisandrus maiche Kurentzov (Curculionidae: Scolytinae, Xyleborini) in Italy. Previously, in the entire European Union, this species was known only from a single specimen collected in the Treviso province of Northeast Italy in 2021. The data presented here considerably increase the distributional range of A. maiche in Italy, and clearly show that this ambrosia beetle species is established and widespread in at least two northern Italian regions, namely Lombardy and Veneto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Marketed globally, freshwater turtles are popular pets. However, the introduction of non-native species can pose a serious threat to biodiversity as well as to human health as carriers of potentially zoonotic pathogens. This update reports the distribution of two species of the Chelydridae family, i.e., the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii). Their potential impact on human health and biodiversity is also discussed. Marketed globally, freshwater turtles are popular pets. Two species of the Chelydridae family are increasingly reported in Italy: the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) and the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii). Both pose potential threats to public safety and habitat biodiversity. This update reports on their distribution and impact on biodiversity and human health. The recent increase in the number of C. serpentina in urban and rural areas suggests illegal importation into the country. Findings are reported for the north (35% and 100% for C. serpentina and M. temminckii, respectively) and the central-northern regions (60% for C. serpentina), predominantly Umbria and Latium, and the Tiber River catchment area in particular. Because omnivorous, Chelydridae species can affect native biodiversity; because they are carriers of pathogens, they endanger public health. Monitoring plans need to take account of this neglected threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive models of species distribution, including several parakeets, may be very useful for understanding the actual and potential distribution of alien species. The Ring-necked Parakeet and the Monk Parakeet are two alien species found in the Veneto region (north-east Italy) that are well-suited for conducting potential distribution studies to identify suitable areas of occurrence. In this paper, I use the MAXENT algorithm to predict the potential distribution maps of these species in the Veneto region, which finds the probability distribution of maximum entropy that is constrained by the ecological parameters considered. The authors of the Veneto photo-sound atlas kindly provided presence data for the two species. The potential distribution models for the two parakeets performed very well overall (AUC = 0.966 for Ring-necked Parakeet and AUC = 0.987 for Monk Parakeet) and indicated that high suitability areas correspond primarily to areas near known occurrences of the species. Overall, the study found that the presence of the species in provinces other than those with large populations is highly unlikely. The distribution maps produced can aid in the selection of monitoring areas for these two alien species' populations and potential expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, and status changes for Italy or for Italian administrative regions. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrections are provided as Suppl. material 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring and management of alien coypu (Myocastor coypus) is a key issue in Europe since this species has been included in the EU Invasive Alien Species Regulation 1143/2014. Thus, controlling the population of this rodent is considered as imperative by wildlife managers. Coypu management in urban areas is crucial considering potential conflicts with human activities. The aim of this study is to investigate citizens' knowledge, perceptions and opinions towards the presence and management of coypu in a case study in Central Italy (the Serravalle urban park, Tuscany). The survey was administered to a subset of municipal residents and garnered responses from 281 park visitors. The outcomes showed a high level of knowledge of respondents: 99.3% of total respondents had heard of coypu before this survey, and 93.9% were able to distinguish the coypu from the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber). Despite the importance of coypu control in invaded countries, our results highlight that most respondents are against the removal of coypu, with the exception of most young, highly-educated and upperclass men, but favouring sterilization over capture and population control. Findings of this study could assist managers in enhancing the efficacy of management efforts via an information initiative involving the general public. Achieving this goal may entail improved communication by wildlife managers, which is imperative for optimizing management strategies regarding alien species., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Sphaeralcea bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb. is here reported for the first time as alien species in Italy and in the Mediterranean area. It is a perennial shrub native to Southern America, where it is often considered a ruderal species frequent in cultivated areas. It was found in a population of a few individuals within Opuntia ficus-indica groves of Rocca Palumba territory (Western Sicily). Actually, due to short-term observational period and the low number of plants, Sphaeralcea bonariensis should be considered as a casual species in Italy. The ecological characteristics of the growing stand and the consistency of the population, as well as the possible causes of its introduction, are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae), species native to North America, is a saproxylophagous species and is known to feed on decaying tissues within conspicuous galls and on vegetal decaying organic material such as dried fruits or small wood shavings and insect excrements in galleries made by other woodboring species. A few years after the first record in 2011, its naturalization in Italy is here reported. The insect was found as successor in galls of Psectrosema tamaricis (Diptera Cecidomyiidae), Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum, Andricus multiplicatus and Synophrus politus (Hymenoptera Cynipidae). The galls seem to have played an important ecological role in speeding up the naturalization process. The lowest proportion of galls used by O. cornutus was recorded for P. tamaricis (23%), the only host belonging to Cecidomyiidae, while the percentages recorded for the other host species, all Cynipidae forming galls on oaks, were higher: 43.6%, 61.1% and 76.9% in A multiplicatus, S. politus and P. gallaeramulorum, respectively. Although O. cornutus is able to exploit other substrates like dried fruits and vegetables, for which it could represent a potential pest, it prefers to live as a successor in woody and conspicuous galls, which thus can represent a sort of natural barrier limiting the possible damages to other substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aedes koreicus is a mosquito species characterized by marked anthropophilic behavior, and a potential vector of nematodes and viruses. It is native to East Asia, but its presence has recently been reported in many regions of Europe. In Italy, these mosquitoes had been detected in the northeast since 2011 and are now spreading towards the southwest of the country. Methods: In 2020, during a surveillance program for invasive mosquito species in the district of Bergamo (Lombardy Region, Italy), about 6000 mosquito larvae were collected. Emerged adults were assigned to mosquito species according to morphological analyses, followed by amplification and sequencing of genetic markers (COI, ND4, ITS2 and D2). Results: According to the morphological and genetic data, about 50 individuals belonged to the species Ae. koreicus. Conclusion: We report the presence of Ae. koreicus in the district of Bergamo, which confirms the spread of this species in the north of Italy and raises concerns about its possible role as a vector of diseases in the Alpine area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is an emergent aquatic and semi-aquatic species native to Asia, where it grows in tropical and subtropical areas. This species is widely cultivated for its edible corm and is considered as alien in various parts of the world, becoming sometimes invasive (e.g., in Spain), and in these areas eradication should be carried out. As part of ongoing studies on Araceae, in 2015 a population of C. esculenta was discovered in Rome (central Italy), where it grows along ditches. This is the first record of a naturalized population in Italy. A comprehensive view of this species in Italy and Europe was given, with clarifications about its occurrence in the Balkans, where C. esculenta was excluded from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. A morphological description based on the population found and considerations of its ecology and the climatic conditions at the Roman site are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the presence of the alien freshwater teleost Gymnocephalus cernua in the volcanic lake of Bracciano in central Italy. The contribution of local citizens was essential for this finding, particularly the interviews with local professional fishermen made it possible to report the presence of this species. To confirm this datum, some specimens were collected and identified at the species level by morphological characteristics. Biological parameters were collected (standard length, mass, sex, mass of gonads and of digestive tracts) from each specimen. From the observation of gonads, we confirm the presence of mature individuals in Lake Bracciano during autumn 2020. This report represents the southernmost data for this species in the European distribution range. For this reason, this population may be further studied to evaluate the adaptability and invasiveness potential of this species in southern habitats, particularly in volcanic lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reesa vespulae (Milliron, 1939) is a parthenogenetic synanthropic subcosmopolitan dermestid pest native to the Nearctic region. The chronology (1942--2020) of its spread outside its native range, its general distribution and ecology are summarized and discussed. Its spread is likely to be the result of multiple introductions into the different zoogeographic regions, and secondary translocations therein; the oldest records from outside its native range are: 1942 (Australian region), 1946 (Neotropical region), 1957--1958 (Palaearctic region) and 1986--2010 (Oriental region). Reesa vespulae is excluded from the Afrotropical fauna, since the sole available record was based on a misidentification, while it is recorded from central Italy for the first time, moreover its oldest Algerian and Austrian records are provided. The need for preventive measures against dermestid infestations in natural history collections is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, exclusions, and status changes for Italy or for Italian administrative regions. Nomenclatural and distribution updates published elsewhere are provided as Suppl. material 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2013, the olive landscapes have gradually degenerated due to the spread and establishment of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (hereafter Xf) in Apulia, southern Italy. From 2013 to 2019, a total of approximately 54,000 hectares of olive orchards in the south of this region have been seriously damaged, and their restoration will progressively regenerate the economic, social, cultural and environmental nonmarket benefits. Since there is a willingness to restore the affected landscape in the best interest of the local citizens, this research aims to predict their preference heterogeneity and willingness to pay (WTP) to improve this landscape and continue research and experimentation in relation to Olive Quick Decline Syndrome Disease by the bacterium. For this purpose, a choice experiment method is used. The social field survey includes a representative sample of 683 respondents in three major cities (Foggia, Bari and Lecce) of Apulia region. The results reveal that for the local citizens interviewed, the most appreciated olive landscape services are cultural heritage and aesthetic values. In addition, the findings revealed citizens' positive appreciation of improving the damaged olive landscape, while respondents are not willing to pay a premium for research The results show that the average value that Apulians are willing to pay for landscape restoration is about 5.7 million of € per year. Further, this research has implications for land use planners in the study area, which faces issues of harmful pathogen management and land revival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV) is an emerging virus in Mediterranean countries, responsible for severe disease in tomato and pepper crops in the field and protected cultivation. The principal wild reservoir of PMoV is Parietaria officinalis, and only few additional wild plants have been described as natural reservoirs of the virus. During field survey in southern Italy, several plants of Phytolacca americana showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Serological and molecular assays showed that these plants were infected by PMoV. Sequence comparison of the movement protein gene of the PMoV isolate from P. americana showed the greatest similarity to the corresponding sequence from tomato plants growing nearby. These results indicate that P. ameriacana is a new natural host of PMoV, and further investigation is warranted to establish the potential of this host as reservoir of the virus in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of exotic fish species into Italian river systems presents an additional threat to freshwater native fish species, a wildlife group already under conservation pressure from myriad other anthropogenic factors. Few large-scale and long-term monitoring programmes exist that adequately describe the impact of exotic fish species on native fish. To fill this gap, we analysed the bulk of available data (1985–2014) on fish collected at a national level within the BioFresh Project with the aim of investigating the effects of human-introduced exotic fish species on native species. The results showed that both the Continental and Mediterranean biogeographic regions are home to fish communities which, in conservation terms, are a cause for concern, while Alpine Regions are less so. Generally, the richness of exotic species is still growing in Italy, with about 50% of them having a positive trend while native species' trends are in the opposite direction – that is, the spread of many exotic species is positively correlated with the decline in many co-occurring native species. Worrying increase in the richness of exotic species between the 1985 and the 2014. A large segment of the current exotic fish contingent is self-sustaining. Common bream, Black bullhead, Goldfish, Largemouth bass, Rainbow trout, Roach, Pike perch and European catfish negatively affect the presence probability of at least 50% of co-occurring native species over time. The restoration of habitat characteristics and native fish assemblages as well as more rigorous controls during population reinforcement for recreational fishing are needed to prevent or counteract the further spread of exotic fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vespa velutina is an invasive hornet species that is colonising Europe, generating considerable impacts on honeybees, beekeeping and biodiversity. Control and early warning strategies for this species are mainly based on monitoring plans and procedures of nest detection and destruction. Technological tools (harmonic radar, radio‐telemetry) have been developed to increase the probabilities of nest detection in new outbreaks. Since hornets are able to regulate nest temperature, thermography may represent an additional technique that may be used, both alone or in support to other techniques. In this study, the viability of thermal imaging in detecting nests of V. velutina was evaluated in controlled conditions. The influence of different environmental and operative variables (time of the day, presence/absence of leaves covering the nest, distance between the nest and the operator) were tested on three nests detected during August 2018 in Italy. All the nests were detectable by thermal imaging, but environmental and operative variables affect their detectability. The temperature difference between the nests and the surrounding reaches its maximum before sunrise and without a tree canopy covering the nests. Although nests were visible in some cases from 30 m, the detectability was higher at shorter distances, even if this variable may also depend on infrared camera resolution. An increase in the environmental temperature also generates a decrease of nest detectability. Although some limitations could occur, these results show the applicability of thermography in detecting V. velutina nests before the beginning of the reproductive phase, and consequently its potentiality in control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accidental introduction of alien plants through contaminated seed is a source of new incursions and subsequent invasions that can impact natural habitats, agriculture and forestry. While seed lots for agricultural crops are often well regulated through a certification process, the trade of many other types of seeds is largely unregulated. Here, we evaluate the risk of seed lots trade as a pathway for invasive alien plant species in Sardinia (Italy), by identifying and quantifying the presence of contaminant species. The study included uncertified commercial seeds as well as the ones sold as pet feed. We randomly sampled 39 seed packets, from multiple sources, including novel forage crops under experimental testing (Fc), flower mixtures (Fm), recreational lawn mixtures (Lm) and pet feed (Pf). Germination and viability were analysed on the seed commodity of Pf. A total of 231 contaminant species was found, belonging to 88 genera and 34 families. Moreover, among the contaminants, the non-native invasive agricultural weeds Amaranthus sp. pl. and Echinochloa sp. pl. were found. Our results showed that unregulated seed contaminants are associated with a high risk of non-native plants entry and their potential establishment in Sardinia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most severe pests for sweet and hot varieties of pepper (Capsicum spp.; Solanaceae). The species is distributed widely, principally in Central America, but in 2013 it was detected for the first time in the Lazio region of Italy. Modelling plays a key role in reducing chemical treatments used on Capsicum spp., but reliable predictions of pest populations require adjusted tools, as well as intense knowledge of the insect's biology and its typical environment. The main goal of this work is to describe the life cycle of A. eugenii with a physiologically based model, which links the population dynamics with the environmental parameters. More specifically, this analysis focuses on the different response of the age-structured model in relation to the development rate function in input. Two methodologies to determine the best representative development rate function suitable for simulations are proposed; the first is "a priori analysis," whereas the second is the "a posteriori analysis." Simulations were compared with semi-field data, collected in a controlled experimental greenhouse where A. eugenii developed in varying temperature conditions. Results showed that the model used is adequate to describe A. eugenii population dynamics and highlighted how the a posteriori analysis can be essential to (i) analyze the simulation outputs, and (ii) determine the best representing development rate function, if the a priori analysis does not provide this information sufficiently clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-indigenous mud crab Dyspanopeus sayi (Smith, 1869), native to the western Atlantic, was recorded for the first time in a Sardinian lagoon. The first three specimens of this crab species were collected in the central area of the Santa Gilla lagoon on December 2013. Occurrence of the species was also recorded on December 2018 (102 specimens) and their main morphometric features were quantified. Although there are no certainties regarding the precise arrival date of this alien crab in Sardinia, its presence in the Santa Gilla lagoon might be related to the import of mussels for aquaculture purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of vascular flora alien to Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, exclusions, and status changes for Italy or for Italian administrative regions. Furthermore, three new combinations are proposed. Nomenclatural and distribution updates published elsewhere are provided as Suppl. material 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the relationships between exotic freshwater fish invasions, environmental factors and ecofunctional diversity (i.e. the combination of ecological traits in communities) in streams. We used data from 335 stream sites, belonging to 105 watersheds and 3 basins in Italy, to test whether the exotic species invasion was dominated by species with generalist traits and whether the environment-ecofunctional trait relationships of exotic and native species would differ from each other. We also tested the hypothesis that ecofunctional uniqueness patterns between exotic and native species would be substantially different. We found that generalist traits were widespread in nearly all areas where exotic species occurred, but not all generalist traits were equally abundant in exotic communities. Only temperature tolerant, low oxygen tolerant and eurytopic traits were typically more dominant in exotic communities than native ones, suggesting that not all generalist traits are equally important in the invasion process and that more complex mechanisms of trait selection could take place. Environment-ecofunctional trait relationships of exotic and native species partly differed both in direction and magnitude, suggesting that invasion dynamics could decouple the linkage between environment and biotic communities, but also that this decoupling might decrease at later invasion stages (i.e. > 30 years after major invasions). Finally, site and trait ecofunctional uniqueness differed between exotic and native species. Exotic species ecofunctional diversity hotspots were located in human-disturbed areas, suggesting that human disturbance might play a strong role in invasion patterns. We advocate for a wider use of ecofunctional approaches in conservation studies in the future, as they could be a key to understand complex ecological processes such as exotic invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing globalisation and ongoing introduction of alien species specifically regarding European freshwater ecosystems, native and already present alien species will be confronted with competitors with unknown outcomes. One such case is the situation of the European catfish Silurus glanis introduced in the Arno River (Central Italy), a species sought after by anglers, which is facing competition from the later introduced alien North American channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Large catfish species are highly valued among anglers, but their interspecific interactions and potential ecosystem‐level impacts are still poorly known. We used stomach contents and stable isotope analyses to study niche partitioning between these two alien catfish species, coexisting in the Arno River. The results suggest partial niche segregation, with immature S. glanis showing a narrower dietary and isotopic niche and a slightly higher trophic position than I. punctatus. Monitoring the catfish population sizes, trophic niches and effects on lower trophic levels are essential for future management and mitigation of their potential impacts on invaded freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ehrharta erecta (Poaceae, Ehrhartoideae) is a neophyte native to South Africa and it is considered as one of the most invasive plant species in the world. The aim of the present work, based on bibliographic, herbarium and in the field researches, is to update the distribution of Ehrharta erecta in Italy. As long as the present researches were carried out, we eventually discovered the first population of the species in Sicily. Notes on taxonomy, relations with Ehrharta delicatula, features of the environment in which it was found and the status of naturalization of the species are here presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A citizen science initiative was launched in the province of Trieste, aimed at mapping the distribution of Ailanthus altissima, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Senecio inaequidens. The reliability of citizen data was tested against control data obtained by trained personnel with a stratified random sampling. In spite of the lack of a strict sampling strategy, citizen data were highly correlated with control data. This was mainly due to: 1) the easy identification of the species and 2) the instructions given to citizens for selecting their observation areas and for avoiding duplicate records. The three species tend to be most frequent in disturbed areas; Ailanthus is highly concentrated in the urban area, Senecio is widely distributed but avoids the city centre, with the highest frequency in the industrial area and along the railways, Ambrosia has a similar pattern, but is most frequent in areas with calcareous substrata. The interpretation of the distribution patterns in terms of land use and ecological factors proved to be quite easy when the three species are considered together (higher frequency in disturbed areas), less so when they are considered separately, most probably because of historical and sociological factors, such as incomplete migration into the survey area, and "gentrification effects". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specimens of Amnestus pusillus were collected in Veneto, Italy, at light. The species is of American origin and, outside its natural range, has been recorded previously from Iran and Asian part of Turkey. The present record is the first for Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American mink Neovison vison has been introduced to Italy for fur farms in the 1950s. Since the 1970s, free-ranging individuals are present in north-eastern Italy, where an expanding population still occurs. In our work, we aimed at assessing the seasonal diet of invasive American mink introduced to north-eastern Italy. Thus, a total of 195 mink scats (N = 73, June 2007; N = 57, September 2007; N = 65, February 2008) were collected. Scats were washed and food remains isolated and classified through comparison with reference collections and atlases. Absolute and relative frequencies, as well as the estimated volume of each prey category were computed. The endemic Italian water vole Arvicola italicus represented the staple of the diet of the American mink in June (relative frequency: 20.4%, total volume in diet: 38.1%) and September (relative frequency: 22.7%, total volume in diet: 52.0%). Other small mammals, amphibians (Rana spp. and Pelophylax spp.) and the invasive red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were mostly consumed in cold months, when water voles are not available. Differently from other study areas, wading birds and fish were rarely consumed, possibly because of their low local availability, if compared with small mammals. No law currently protects the endemic water vole, which may be furtherly threatened by the potential range expansion of invasive minks. Therefore, eradication of this alien carnivore should be recommended before local population decline of water vole become irreversible, and before minks reach populations of native riverine mustelids, i.e. the western polecat and the Eurasian otter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nectar is a main resource harvested by foraging honeybees: their ability in selecting among flowers is the key to optimize resource collection. This ability is expected to be the result of co-evolutionary traits between the plant and the pollinator visiting it; notwithstanding, novel interactions may occur between native and invasive species. Analysing foraging efforts, flexibility and individual constrains has to be taken into account. The foraging pattern of the ubiquitous honeybee on Robinia pseudoacacia , a North-American species widely naturalized in European countries, grounds a perfect case study. The plant shows papilionate flowers especially reach in nectar, but their tripping mechanism is difficult for the small/light-weight honeybee. Yet Apis mellifera is known to pay frequent and constant visits to them: in fact, one of the most appreciated unifloral honey is produced out of R. pseudoacacia. The aim of this study was to understand when and how the bees overcome physical constraints to succeed in flower visits, and to what extent this flexibility extend from the individual to the species. Data were collected in Italy, through focal observations of foraging individuals, nectar content measurements and experiments with manipulated inflorescences. Results clearly indicate that nectar content changes accordingly to the state of flowers (visited or unvisited), which also show slight changes in appearance. Foraging individuals, able to detect these differences, perform active choices preferentially selecting already-visited flowers: lower in nectar content but easier to manipulate. Even if the choice is primarily driven by handling constraints, individual experience and strength of stimuli are prompting visits also to unvisited flowers, notwithstanding a higher risk of failure in resource collection. Behavioural plasticity matching a satisfactory compromise grounds the decision that maximizes the intake of resource balanced with the effort to gain it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf miner Coptodisca lucifluella and the carpophagous Rhagoletis completa, of American origin, are two non‐native walnut (Juglans spp.) pests in Italy. For the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (FVG) (N‐E Italy), C. lucifluella is not yet listed, while R. completa has been present for over 25 years. During 2015, samples of leaves and fruits were collected from 219 single old common walnut trees (Juglans regia) placed at different altitudes (0–1,073 m a.s.l.) in FVG to detect the distribution and abundance of both pests. Samples of leaf miner larvae and their parasitoids were subjected to mitochondrial DNA analysis for identification. C. lucifluella has been found in 55 out of 219 sites. The species has been identified by typical leaf symptoms and by its DNA barcode. This is the first report of the species for FVG. The leaf miner distribution was negatively correlated with altitude. The species has not been observed at sites over 600 m a.s.l. Larvae were parasitized by native parasitoids identified as belonging to the genus Chrysocharis by morphological features and by DNA barcode. R. completa has been found in 89 out of 165 sites on walnut trees with fruits. The infestation level was very high in lowland localities. At sites over 700 m a.s.l., no infestation was found. Both species are widespread in the region, and their occurrence is significantly affected by altitude. Data suggest that walnut trees could be cultivated in some mountain areas without the need to control R. completa with insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoological gardens host large numbers of wild species and domestic forms, mostly not indigenous to the place where the zoological garden is located. Escapes (or releases) from zoological gardens are recognized as a pathway of introduction of alien species, leading in some cases to a naturalized population. Although previously reported worldwide, scientific accounts of escapes from zoos are rare and often anecdotal. In this note, we document, for the first time in Europe and, to our knowledge, in an area outside its native range, a case of introduction and establishment of a feral population of Llama (Lama glama), originating from a group of animals living in captivity at the Zoological Park of Cavriglia (Tuscany, central Italy). We reconstruct in detail the story of the population since 1974, also reporting preliminary data on abundance, distribution and diet. Finally, we critically evaluate the causes of this introduction, highlighting how unsafe the management of a zoological garden can be, and we discuss the implications for conservation and management perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian chestnut gall wasp was accidentally introduced in Italy in 2002 and spread across Europe in the following years, becoming a serious threat for chestnut cultivations and rural economies of many countries. Exploring the variation in susceptibility of the host genetic resources is crucial to face the spreading of this pest. We used an experimental approach for testing the differential susceptibility within and between populations of European chestnut. For doing this, we compared both the infestation level and the rate of immune individuals in trees from populations of Spain, Italy, and Greece. We found that the level of infestation is not significantly different in the different provenances but that a higher rate of immune trees occur in Greece. Our results suggest that two different contingents of trees compose Greek populations: one major group of trees with the same susceptibility as the other populations and a second minor group of trees resistant to gall wasp infestation. Our data lay the basis for improving the currently adopted measures to mitigate gall wasp impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The establishment and spread of invasive alien species may be influenced by several mutually interacting factors, whose understanding is paramount to develop effective biosecurity policies. However, studies focused on modelling spatially explicit patterns of future invasion risk have so far focused on species response to climate change impacts, while land‐use change has been neglected. We investigated how the interplay between climate and land‐use change could affect the future potential distribution and dispersal corridors of four alien squirrels introduced to Europe (Sciurus carolinensis,Callosciurus finlaysonii, Callosciurus erythraeus and Eutamias sibiricus). Location and Methods: Our study was conducted in Italy. We used Species Distribution Models and circuit theory methods to test whether future scenarios based only on climate change predict a different effect on range and connectivity of alien squirrel populations, compared to scenarios that include both climate and land‐use changes. Results: Scenarios based only on climate change predicted a range increase and a high geographic stability (>50%) for most species, with different, yet limited, effects on connectivity corridors. Conversely, scenarios based on both climate and land‐use change showed a loss in range extent and a low geographic stability (<50%) of both range and dispersal corridors for most species. Main conclusions: Scenarios considering both climate and land‐use change provide predictions on invasion risk that overturn those including only climate change. The effect of global warming alone would lead to a considerable range expansion of all species. Conversely, when land‐use change is added, a potential loss in suitable habitat and dispersal corridors is predicted for alien squirrels, hence limiting their range expansion. We recommend using multiple drivers in models to obtain reliable predictions for implementing biosecurity policies related to invasive alien species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), native to eastern Asia, has become one of the most serious pests of fruit orchards worldwide. This invasive species is highly polyphagous and capable of moving across the agricultural matrix at long distances. However, comprehensive studies exploring how landscape characteristics influence H. halys colonization of orchards are still lacking. Here, we investigated the impact of landscape composition on the trap captures of H. halys in 113 orchards of different fruit tree crops (i.e., apple, pear, peach, walnut and kiwi) in northern Italy. We found that landscapes rich in semi-natural habitats and vineyards and poor in annual crops supported a higher abundance of H. halys juveniles in traps. This pattern became more evident towards the end of the growing season as the abundance of juveniles increased. Adults were instead not affected by the landscape. The invasive stink bug best responded to landscape processes at large spatial scales (3000 m) confirming its high dispersal ability. Moreover, H. halys did not display a strong preference among fruit orchards, although fewer individuals were caught in walnut orchards. Our findings suggest that the habitat composition of agricultural landscapes is a key factor driving the dynamics of this pest in agroecosystems and that semi-natural habitats might be important in supporting H. halys populations and crop colonization. These effects are however limited to juveniles while adult density was similar even in landscapes with very contrasting structures. • We studied the impact of landscape composition on H. halys populations in 113 orchards. • Landscapes rich in seminatural habitats and vineyards supported higher abundance of H. halys juveniles. • Adults were not affected by the landscape. • Landscapes composition is a key factor driving the dynamics of H. halys in agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early stages of fouling development on artificial substrates were examined for spatial-temporal variation in the commercial and touristic harbours (use destinations) of the port of Livorno (Tuscany, Italy). The experiment was carried out by submerging two types of experimental ropes with different surface textures, considering three times of submersion. Particular attention was paid to the colonization dynamics of non-indigenous species (NIS). The type of rope did not significantly affect fouling development. However, when the NIS assemblage and the whole community were taken into account, the colonization of ropes varied depending on the use destination. The touristic harbour exhibited a degree of fouling colonization higher than the commercial one. NIS were observed in both harbours since the beginning of colonization, eventually achieving higher population densities in the touristic harbour. The use of experimental ropes represents a promising quick cost-effective tool for monitoring of NIS presence in port environments., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Question: Does dispersal mode and/or disturbance intensity affect the spread of exotic species across agricultural landscapes? Location: Friuli Venezia Giulia, NE Italy. Methods: We analysed α‐ and β‐diversity of native and exotic plants in 128 plots distributed in four habitats (viz. woods, hedgerows, field boundaries and meadows), in four agricultural areas in northeast Italy, along a gradient of increasing cover of arable land in the landscape. We used a multi‐model inference approach to explore the relationships between species diversity and landscape variables (i.e. agricultural disturbance), testing the role of dispersal mode (i.e. biotic, abiotic) for both native and exotic plants. For each habitat and plant trait combination, distance‐decay of similarity was assessed by regression on distance matrices. Results: Species diversity of exotic and native plants was related to the degree of disturbance (cover of crop) and proximity to disturbance (distance to crop), with different responses according to dispersal mode and habitat type. In most of the habitats, the number of species dispersed by biotic vectors decreased when disturbance was higher. We further found that in woods and hedgerows the interaction between disturbance and dispersal mode drove the exotic richness. Exotic species were less dispersal‐limited than native species showing a weaker distance‐decay of similarity. Conclusions: The spread of exotic species in semi‐natural habitats was driven by agricultural disturbance at the landscape scale. The effect of disturbance on exotic species richness was further shaped by species dispersal mode. Most initiatives related to preventing and controlling invasions are conducted at the local scale, whereas the influence of the land‐use dynamics in the landscape is seldom explored. Our contribution provides useful information to identify the most susceptible semi‐natural habitats to exotic plant invasions according to intrinsic local resistance and large‐scale processes such as invasiveness from the surrounding landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several specimens of the alien polychaete Chaetozone corona were encountered at sites along the Italian coasts of the Adriatic Sea between 2006 and 2015, indicating its successful establishment in the area. Morphological variability between specimens from the North Adriatic and the South Adriatic was detected. Methyl Green staining patterns revealed further minor differences suggesting the presence of two slightly different populations. Chaetozone corona does not appear to be invasive in natural conditions, but it appears more abundant in polluted port sediments, what may represent the main source of introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patterns of the occurrence and distribution of alien freshwater turtle species in an urban pond archipelago (Rome, Italy) were analysed, with the aim of exploring the role of a set of factors (type of ponds, landscape context, size area, distance from the nearest road) with a generalized linear model approach. A total of 311 ponds subdivided in three types (fountains, small basins, lakes) embedded in different landscape contexts (public parks, private parks, urban areas) at differing distances from the nearest road were sampled. Six non-native freshwater turtle species in 31 sites were recorded (9.97%). Lakes exhibited the highest occurrence rates of alien freshwater turtles, compared to small basins and fountains. Freshwater turtle species in urbanized areas were only observed in parks (both public and private). In both the public and private parks, the lakes exhibited the highest percentage of occupied sites, with fountains being the lowest. A direct and significant relationship was observed between pond size and species richness. The distance from the nearest road did not appear to affect species richness. A first interpretation of the data from this study facilitated the postulation of two a posteriori hypotheses that should be tested, as follows: (i) the causal process of turtle release is random, and the rate of extinction (and recapture) is higher in smaller ponds, thus producing the observed pattern; and (ii) the turtle release is not random, and people actively select the ponds they consider more suitable for their pet animals. In this study, it appears the lakes were perceived by those who abandon their pets as the most ecologically suitable habitats among other pond types to accommodate the different species of turtles. Knowledge of people's attitudes in regard to releasing pet animals also might assist managers of public green spaces to develop strategies aimed to preserve local biodiversity, and to educate the public about the conservation issue represented by the alien species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic alterations in show caves are well documented in scientific literature. One of the main sources of perturbation derives from visitors, acting as carriers of propagules and organic matter in the cave ecosystems. Such perturbation generally results in a significant alteration of the natural subterranean microbiota. In this study, we characterize the mycobiota of the superficial alluvial sediment (0-5 cm) of the Bossea show cave (Nw-Italy) over two sampling seasons, aiming to investigate whether anthropogenic rather than natural factors contribute to the colonization and proliferation of alien mycobiota in the cave environment. we placed eighteen sampling plots at different distances from the touristic pathway that crosses the cave. The distance from the touristic pathway was used as proxy to sort the sampling plots in three groups according the degree of anthropogenic disturbance (high: 0-2 m; intermediate 2-40 m; low: >100 m). Moreover, in order to elucidate the potential effect of other factors, we introduced in our analysis the distance from the subterranean river and the distance from the cave entrance. In each plot, we collected two samples of alluvial sediment, in winter and summer. Fungi were isolated from each sample and identified by means of an integrated morphological approach. we observed a rich and diversified fungal community -- 63 taxa of Zygomycota and Ascomycota plus several unidentified yeasts -- consisting of both native and alien species. Regression analysis points out a decrease of the abundance and the diversity of viable propagules at increasing distances from the touristic pathway rather than the cave entrance or the subterranean river. Accordingly, the exogenous organic materials passively conveyed by tourists, possibly explains the higher proliferation of alien species in the proximity of the touristic pathway. There was also a seasonal variation in the diversity and abundance of propagules, which we interpreted in light of the peculiar microclimate of the cave. In a second step, we used Indicator Species Analysis to identify the most representative species of the different levels of anthropogenic disturbance. In particular, Aspergillus spelunceus was found to be indicator of low disturbance, whereas mucor corticola and A. asperescens were found to be indicators of intermediate and high disturbance, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first infestation of a museum entomological collection in Italy by Anthrenus (Anthrenops) coloratus Reitter, 1881 is recorded; it was detected in Rome (Lazio Region) in 2014. General distribution and biological data on this pest are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological pollution, caused by the negative impact of alien species, also known as non-indigenous species (NIS), is regarded as one of the greatest threat to marine ecosystems. The recent upsurge in the number and spread of these species drew attention to putative vectors such as shipping and shellfish importation for culture and consumption. The port of Taranto in Southern Italy is a hub for several vectors as it serves commercial and military shipping, fishing and recreational boating, in addition to shellfish importation. An analysis of anthropogenic activities and possible vectors in Taranto Seas was recently carried out within the framework of the RITMARE Project, involving local stakeholders. Different categories of stakeholders answered dedicated questionnaires with a high degree of reticence, and this highlighted a general lack of awareness of the problems associated with alien species. Consequently, there is a strong need to instil a truly ecological awareness among the general public and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alien species are considered a cause of biodiversity loss throughout the world. An important but often overlooked form of competition with native species is the parasite-mediated one. Introduced species may bring their own parasites from their native ranges (spillover) or get native parasites from native species, thus increasing the parasites' spread and transmission risk (spillback). Thus, a complete knowledge of parasites hosted by introduced species is important to assess and to possibly prevent impacts. Ring-necked and monk parakeets have been introduced in many European countries, where they established a number of alien reproductive populations. We sampled 21 ring-necked parakeets and 7 monk parakeets from Italy and identified 35 arthropod ectoparasites belonging to five species. Amongst those, one species was native to India ( Neopsittaconirmus lybartota), where alien populations of ring-necked parakeet may have been originated, and one species from South America ( Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatus), which is typically found of the monk parakeet in its native range. The other three species of arthropod parasites were native to Italy and commonly found on native species, suggesting the possibility of spillback processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]