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As cryptic diversity is being discovered, mostly thanks to advances in molecular techniques, it is becoming evident that many of these taxa display parapatric distributions in mainland and that they rarely coexist on islands. Genetic landscapes, haplotype networks and ecological niche modeling analyses were performed for two pairs of non-sister cryptic butterfly species, Aricia agestis-A. cramera and Polyommatus icarus—P. celina (Lycaenidae), to specifically assess non-coexistence on western Mediterranean islands, and to test potential causes producing such chequered distribution patterns. We show that the morphologically and ecologically equivalent pairs of species do not coexist on any of the studied islands, although nearly all islands are colonized by one of them. According to our models, the cryptic pairs displayed marked climatic preferences and ‘precipitation during the driest quarter’ was recovered as the most important climatic determinant. However, neither dispersal capacity, nor climatic or ecological factors fully explain the observed distributions across particular sea straits, and the existence of species interactions resulting in mutual exclusion is suggested as a necessary hypothesis. Given that the studied species are habitat generalists, feeding on virtually unlimited resources, we propose that reproductive interference, together with climatic preferences, sustain density-dependent mechanisms like “founder takes all” and impede coexistence on islands. Chequered distributions among cryptic taxa, both sister and non-sister, are common in butterflies, suggesting that the phenomenon revealed here could be important in determining biodiversity patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Unpartitioned dissimilarity indices such as the Sørensen index (βsor) tend to categorize areas according to species number. The use of turnover indices, such as the Simpson index (βsimp), may lead to the loss of important information represented by the nestedness component (βnest). Recent studies have suggested the importance of integrating nestedness and turnover information. We evaluated this proposition by comparing biogeographical patterns obtained by unpartitioned (βsor) and partitioned indices (βsimp and βnest) on presence data of western Mediterranean butterflies. Location Western Mediterranean. Methods We assessed the regionalization of 81 mainland and island faunas according to partitioned and unpartitioned dissimilarity by using cluster analyses with the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages ( UPGMA) combined with non-metric multidimensional scaling ( NMDS). We also carried out dissimilarity interpolation for βsor, βsimp, βnest and the βnest/βsor ratio, to identify geographical patterns of variation in faunal dissimilarity. Results When the unpartitioned βsor index was used, the clustering of sites allowed a clear distinction between insular and mainland species assemblages. Most islands were grouped together, irrespective of their mainland source, because of the dominant effect of their shared low richness. βsimp was the most effective index for clustering islands with their respective mainland source. βsimp clustered mainland sites into broader regions than clusters obtained using βsor. A comparison of regionalization and interpolation provided complementary information and revealed that, in different regions, the patterns highlighted by βsor could largely be determined either by nestedness or turnover. Main conclusions Partitioned and unpartitioned indices convey complementary information, and are able to reveal the influence of historical and ecological processes in structuring species assemblages. When the effect of nestedness is strong, the exclusive use of turnover indices can generate geographically coherent groupings, but can also result in the loss of important information. Indeed, various factors, such as colonization-extinction events, climatic parameters and the peninsular effect, may determine dissimilarity patterns expressed by the nestedness component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]