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The affordable transportation industry has been severely compromised in 2022 as a consequence of the unexpected surge in the price of fossil fuels. By 2050, the transportation industry is forecasted to expand twice, leading to a variety of issues, such as fossil fuel depletion and environmental emissions. As a result, worldwide trend toward electrifying transport, with energy production originating from both traditional and carbon-free sources. Therefore, consumers of electric vehicles require convenient access to the services of charging stations around the country. This research investigates existing fuel station rooftops for the deployment of the grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), design, and performance analysis of Pakistan's cities. A mathematical model of the GCPV EVCS under consideration has been described. Three cities in Pakistan: Multan, Lahore, and Islamabad-EVCS powered by photovoltaics and the utility grid have been designed and their comparison of the techno-economic performance indicators have been done through System Advisor Model (SAM) software. To comprehend the impact of uncertainty on the functionality of the GCPV EVCS, sensitivity analyses were conducted at all three designated cities in Pakistan. With this strategy, Pakistan will be able to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to the level required by the Paris Agreement. [Display omitted] • GCPV system for EVCS was designed for installation on existing fuel stations in various cities of Pakistan. • Using System Advisory Model, Photovoltaics modules and utility grid models were integrated. • An annual energy, economic, and technical feasibility study was developed. • LCOE findings were 3.87 cents/kWh, 4.07 cents/kWh, & 3.85 cents/kWh in Multan, Lahore, and Islamabad respectively. • Proposed charging infrastructure would accelerate the sustainable growth in EV adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FPV on the non-utilizable urban lakes in Pakistan have been investigated. • The power potential of solar PV system deployed non-utilizable urban lake turns out to be 4.47 MW. • Cleaning of the FPV systems is much easier and cost effective compared to the on-ground PV systems. • The temperature drops around the water bodies increases the capacity factor yielding more energy and results in Levelized Cost of Energy for a 100 kW FPV system to be 5.64 ¢/kWh. Water bodies like small lakes, canals, and rivers in urban areas serve to be a way forward to deploy photovoltaic technology with no constraints to involve land procurement. This article aims to estimate the potential deployment of a floating photovoltaic system on an urban lake site to assess its scope and compare it with a similar specification on-ground photovoltaic system. System Advisor Model (SAM) has been used for techno-economic analysis of a site in Pakistan. The technical analysis involves observing the effect of real time temperature drop and calculation of water reduction efficiency for FPV systems. The economic parameters like net present value (NPV) and payback period are used to judge the economic feasibility of the floating photovoltaic deployment project. The floating photovoltaic deployment in an urban area is subject to soiling as the water reservoir being used exists in an area close to or within the city boundaries. The required cleaning water costs a one-time extraction rate of $1435, while for a floating photovoltaic system, the extraction cost is estimated to be $1.35. Under standard temperature conditions (STC) one-year capacity factor turns out to be 0.70% more, producing an additional energy yield of 64 kWh/kW for lake scenarios when a 10 °C temperature drop is considered. The total power potential for the entire NUST Lake turns out to be 4.47 MW. A 1 MW FPV system in NUST lake would result in a water reduction efficiency of 11.6%/year. Under standard temperature conditions, the net present value for the on-ground system becomes negative while it remains optimistic for the floating photovoltaic system as no land costs are required. Similarly, once the land cost is included in the feasibility analysis, the payback period for the on-ground system goes beyond 15 years which is only 5.37 years for a floating photovoltaic system signifying the economic feasibility of the floating photovoltaic project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of PV modules is significantly influenced by environmental factors, particularly soiling, which can be exacerbated by the presence of dew. This study aims to investigate the morphological changes caused by dew on dust and proposes a novel automated water-based cleaning system to remove dew-induced dust deposited on PV modules. The experiments were conducted under the climatic conditions of Islamabad, Pakistan, using poly-PV modules. The results revealed that the soiling losses at tilt angles of 23°, 33°, and 43° were 16.20%, 14.12%, and 11.64%, respectively. The newly proposed cleaning system utilizes flat fan nozzles to sprinkle water, and the power recovered after twenty days of effective cleaning was 12.07%, 11.40%, and 9.92% at tilt angles of 23°, 33°, and 43°, respectively. During the cleaning process, an average of 7.325 L of water was necessary to clean a surface area of 1.48 m2 of the solar PV module. Additionally, this cleaning procedure has a cooling effect on the PV modules, resulting in a reduction of the front surface temperature by 0.82 °C, 0.52 °C, and 0.45 °C at tilt angles of 23°, 33°, and 43°, respectively. The back surface temperature was also lowered by 1.2 °C, 0.74 °C, and 0.3 °C at the corresponding tilt angles. Furthermore, a financial evaluation of the proposed automatic cleaning system indicates its feasibility for both domestic and commercial-sized PV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]