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Objective: To assess the impact of sleep quality and quantity on the academic performance of medical and non-medical students. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Various universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad from Jun to Aug 2022. Methodology: The study included medical and non-medical students of either gender, aged 18-24 years. A structured, validated questionnaire, comprising two sections, was used. The first part consisted of demographic information. The second part comprised the Pitsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a measure of the quality and patern of sleep. Results: A total of 356 participants were divided into two groups: medical and non-medical. Out of 192 medical students, 98(50.5%) reported excelent sleep, 60(30.9%) reported good sleep, and 36(18.6%) reported poor sleep. Out of 194 medical students, 88(45.4%) were excelent in academics, 60(30.9%) were good, and 46(23.7%) had poor performance. Out of 164 nonmedical students, 62(37.2%) reported excelent sleep, 70(42.7%) reported good sleep, and 32(19.5%) reported poor sleep. Among these 164 non-medical students, 84(51.2%) had excelent, 41(25.0%) had good, and 39(23.8%) had poor academic performance. A significant association (p<0.05) was found between the Pitsburgh Sleep Quality Index score and academic performance. Conclusion: The majority of medical and non-medical students slept for less than 7 hours each night. Students who got excelent sleep performed wel in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is a global concern that has economic and health implications. Therefore, proper estimation using precise modeling can help in decision-making to address this externality. In science and engineering, there are a lot of different theories to help deal with the complex frame of the environment. The prime objective of these theories is to impart a plan of action to handle fuzzy data more precisely. Furthermore, humans need a platform that can correctly assign a value to optimize credence in a belief system. The indeterminacy is further classified into contradiction, ignorance, and unknown by a pentapartitioned neutrosophic set. On the other hand, a cubic set characterizes both the combined and the crisp value. The study introduces pentapartitioned neutrosophic cubic set, as it illustrates all of these attributes, allowing credence to be appropriately handled. The study also explained its operational laws and aggregation operators. Finally, this technique is used to develop and evaluate the air pollution models in major Pakistani cities like Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, and Peshawar. It will help the legislators to reevaluate current policies to mitigate this externality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relationships between perceived risk of terrorism, fear of terrorism, and avoidance behaviors among high and low terrorism exposure groups. The two groups consisted of undergraduate business students enrolled in public sector universities in two Pakistani cities, Peshawar and Islamabad. The participants from Peshawar ( N = 277) comprised the high exposure group whereas the participants from Islamabad ( N = 259) comprised the low exposure group, based on the level of terrorist activity in the regions. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling. The multigroup analysis indicated that the magnitude of the relationship between fear of terrorism and avoidance behaviors is stronger in the high exposure group than in the low exposure group. However, the findings did not support differences between the effects of perceived risk of terrorism on fear of terrorism and avoidance behaviors. Thus, the assumption that exposure to continuous terrorism is sensitizing was partially supported. The study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that fear of terrorism can have more detrimental effects on various life activities of individuals who are more vulnerable to terrorism than those who are less vulnerable. A number of practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]