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This paper presents the meta-theoretical Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) that was adapted to structure a narrative scoping review to inform the evaluation of an Ethical Education (EE) curriculum. The CFIR is a tried and tested implementation science model used effectively within health care settings. To date, it has not been used as a framework in an educational context. The five domains of the CFIR: characteristics of the individual; inner setting; outer setting; intervention characteristics; and implementation process were interrogated and mapped to educational constructs namely: teacher characteristics; school and class settings; wider school community; curriculum characteristics; and curricular implementation, respectively. This paper illustrates how an implementation science approach, using these educational constructs, can inform a scoping review to support the evaluation of a curriculum.

The paper investigates teachers' and principals' experiences of implementing a pilot of an ethical education (EE) curriculum to a senior cycle programme in Educate Together secondary schools in Ireland. The development of this curriculum was informed by the Integrative Ethical Education Model (Lapsley and Narvaez, 2004). Thirteen teachers and two school principals were interviewed about their experiences of this curriculum and its impact on school culture and organisation. An implementation science approach informed a thematic analysis of transcripts that interrogated the perspectives of participants, and revealed the systemic factors that included barriers to, and facilitators of, EE curriculum implementation. Interviews were analysed inductively, by exploring participants' experiences, and deductively, using Narvaez's framework of ethical skills. Results were presented within the domains of school setting, wider school setting, curriculum characteristics and teacher characteristics, reflecting an implementation science approach. Findings suggest that this curriculum nurtured a positive school climate where students identified as having a greater sense of school belonging as a result of access to this curriculum.

This article reports on baseline data gathered as part of an intervention project which aims to enhance academic performance, encourage retention and broaden the educational and career aspirations of senior cycle students in schools which serve socio-economically disadvantaged communities. The experiences and perceptions of 405 students attending 16 DEIS (Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools) schools who are participating in a voluntary after-school tuition programme are reported. Specifically, the article provides a demographic profile of the students in relation to familial education levels and parental occupations; explores whether the students had previously considered leaving school and what specific factors influenced their retention; and reports on the results of two standardised questionnaires, measuring perceived self-efficacy and sense of school belonging. Findings indicate that students reported an overall low level of self-efficacy but a positive sense of belonging in schools, with no differences reported across gender. Differences were observed, however, between those who had considered early school leaving and those who had not, with the former cohort recording lower self-efficacy and sense of belonging scores. This article presents an important, and possibly the first, profile of senior cycle students from DEIS schools who have demonstrated academic resilience in terms of school retention, career ambition, and availing of additional support in their schools through this intervention project.

In Irish classrooms, one option for educating children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves placement in a special class co-located in a mainstream primary school. This study surveyed 125 primary school teachers who taught in these classes. An evaluative framework of teachers' professional development was used to analyse primary teachers' perceptions of the special class model of provision and the teaching practices that they used. While teachers experienced challenges in these settings that included managing challenging behaviour, perceptions of the special class model were positive. Inclusion of students from special classes to classes in the mainstream context was limited for pupils with greater needs. A wide disparity in the delivery of the curriculum taught in these settings was also identified. Results revealed the need for professional development programmes for teachers to alleviate their experiences of stress and isolation and to improve the outcome of children with ASD.

Purpose: To systematically develop a farm safety intervention for farmer peer learning groups, to support safe working practice adoption. Design/Methodology/Approach: An iterative, multi-actor process was used, guided by the Intervention Mapping framework and the Socio-Ecological Model. The target peer learning groups were Irish dairy farmer discussion groups (DDGs). Literature review, semi-structured interviews, surveys, and participant observation informed an initial intervention design, which provided a starting point for collaborative intervention development. The final design comprised two intervention approaches, A and B, differing in frequency and discussion length. In a seven-month cluster-randomised, controlled pilot study, 76 DDGs implemented the design. Findings: The designs were standardised but adaptable to individual group interests and schedules. Pre-pilot feedback from farm advisors (intervention deliverers), and farmer and advisor recruitment, indicated good intervention acceptability initially. Challenges were experienced during implementation, but 52% of DDGs participating in the infrequent, long discussions approach ('A') and 72% of those in the frequent, short discussions approach ('B') completed at least some of the protocol. Practical implications: The multi-actor approach resulted in two flexible, acceptable designs, responsive to group culture and dynamics. Frequent, short discussions were acceptable to a greater number of groups than infrequent, long discussions. Theoretical implications: The Socio-Ecological Model, combined with multi-actor Intervention Mapping, provided a robust framework for the development of acceptable, practical, evidence-based farm safety and health promotion initiatives. Originality/Value: The systematic public health research-driven approach evolved iteratively to a DDG practice-driven approach, through integration of Intervention Mapping with collaborative multi-actor design.

The focus of this paper is on the organisation of inclusive educational provision for pupils with disabilities and special educational needs in mainstream schools. In relation to theoretical context, it outlines the challenges of defining inclusive education, it explores the ideological tensions that characterise the area, including those evident between the Psychology and Sociology paradigms, often reflected in tensions between special education and inclusive education. The paper proposes Organisational Psychology as the obvious meeting point between these conflicting, but also possibly complementary, paradigms. It thus reports the core findings of a study that was informed by the Organisational Psychology paradigm. A combined action research, case study methodology was employed, involving four second-level schools in the Republic of Ireland. The aim of the study was to explore, with school personnel, the issues, opportunities and challenges involved in developing more inclusive policies and practices in schools. A conceptual model of inclusion was developed which was informed by systems thinking, which is at the core of Organisational Psychology, and which emphasises core processes that are essential for the development of inclusive schools.

While the Irish language (Gaeilge) is the traditional language of Ireland, it is spoken on a daily basis by a decreasing minority of people. There is an increasing trend for parents to send children, whose first language is English, to Irish-medium schools, where the language of instruction is Irish. Little research has been undertaken regarding special educational needs (SEN) provision in Irish-medium schools. This paper reports on a study that involved a national survey of two types of Irish-medium schools in Ireland. It examined SEN provision and teaching practices in these schools. It investigated the prevalence of various types of SEN amongst Irish bilingual learners, and the benefits of, and the challenges arising from, bilingual education for these learners. It explored the experiences of teachers in meeting the needs of bilingual learners with SEN and the training needs of these teachers. The study reports on standards of good practice in relation to SEN provision that are in keeping with national guidelines. It also identified advantages and challenges for particular learners with SEN in Irish-medium schools that are likely to be equally applicable to bilingual learners within Ireland and in other jurisdictions.

Students who grow up in disadvantaged areas face more challenges and are less likely to complete their education than peers from non-disadvantaged areas. In response to this inequality, the Irish Department of Education and Skills implemented an intervention called Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools (DEIS) to address it. Before the introduction of DEIS in 2005, the Department of Education and Skills had initiated a pilot project in 2002 called the School Completion Programme (SCP) which aimed to improve the retention of young people at risk of early school leaving. Due to the perceived effectiveness of this intervention, it was incorporated into the DEIS scheme in 2005. This qualitative study examines the effectiveness of the School Completion Programme (SCP) in one Irish primary school situated in an area of low socioeconomic status. This paper reports findings from 13 interviews conducted with a Principal, four teachers, three SCP staff, and five parents of students accessing the programme. Findings indicate that the SCP is perceived as a valuable and effective service for the students and teachers in this school, and parents really benefit having the project workers present in the school and liaising with the community. Some potential improvements to the programme are identified and discussed.

Aims: To undertake a Priority Setting Partnership (PSP), identifying the most important unanswered questions in type 1 diabetes in Ireland and the United Kingdom and to compare these to priorities identified in a 2011 PSP. Methods: A steering committee (including eight individuals with lived experience/charity representatives and six clinicians) designed a survey which asked stakeholders to list three questions about type 1 diabetes. This was disseminated through social media, direct email contact, and printed posters. Following analysis, a second survey asked participants to rank these priorities in order of importance. The top questions were then carried forward to an online, 2 days final workshop where the final top 10 were ranked. Results: There were 1050 responses (64% female, 78% adults living with type 1 diabetes, 9% healthcare professionals, 9% family members) to the first survey and 2937 individual questions were submitted. Sixty‐five summary questions were submitted into a second survey, completed by 497 individuals (76% adults living with type 1 diabetes, 9% healthcare professionals, and 11% family members). Nineteen questions from the interim survey progressed to a final workshop, which identified the top 10 priorities through group discussion. As in 2011, there was emphasis on psychological health, diabetes‐related complications, and hypoglycaemia. New themes prioritised included artificial intelligence and women's health. Conclusions: The research priorities, which have been identified using a robust and proven methodology, highlight the key concerns of those living with type 1 diabetes, their families and representatives, as well as clinicians in Ireland and the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation in sport and exercise has been linked to enhanced academic performance, and though girls' participation in sport is known to decline during adolescence, girls continue to outperform boys academically at school in many Western nations. Drawing on evidence that social identities are linked to a range of health and cognitive benefits, we investigated the potential positive effects of shared group memberships associated with team sports and other extracurricular group memberships on the cognitive performance of a nationally representative sample of adolescents in Ireland. Using the Growing up in Ireland Survey (GUI), we explore the impact of reported participation in group activities on the cognitive performance of 13 year old boys and girls (N = 7525) over and above exercise participation. The findings indicate significant interaction between gender and social group membership on various indicators of cognitive performance, while controlling for exercise. Further, the findings indicate that while exercise underlies the positive effects of group membership on cognitive performance for boys, this is not the case for girls. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Research on the role of teachers in supporting students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in schools in the Republic of Ireland has largely focused on primary and special schools rather than secondary school settings. This study examined the theoretical and practical knowledge base of Irish secondary teachers regarding the inclusion of learners with ASD using an ecological critical discursive perspective. Findings revealed teachers' strong desires to include students with ASD in their classrooms. Teachers' discourses exposed their sense of low self-efficacy in relation to pedagogical skills required to meet the needs of learners with ASD. At a school level, teachers positioned themselves outside the dominant school discourse on special education needs. Using critical discourse analysis (CDA), teachers' narratives re-focus the spotlight on issues such as ineffective legislation and inadequate policies at national level, and identified the impact that these have at a micro-analytical level on teachers' practices in relation to inclusion.

Purpose: Understand the emergence of new potential career trajectories in the liberalised Irish dairy farming sector through analysis of the narratives of students of a Professional Diploma in Dairy Farm Management. Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature highlights that entry to a working life in agriculture has been characterised by protracted farm succession processes; a strong association between being a farmer and owning land in the family name; lingering male identities esteeming manual labour; and a pragmatic need at farm level for manual work. The abolition of milk quota in 2015 was predicted to catalyse expansion of production on dairy farms with an increase in milk production; accompanied by a demand for qualified personnel. The BNIM method was employed. Findings: Results confirm that agricultural education is perceived and experienced as offering new pathways for young farmers to enter the occupational category of 'farmer', helping to manoeuvre around the constraints of non-inheritance. The students' narratives evidenced managerial identities, being strongly influenced by encountering management approaches through their agricultural education. All students desired to eventually own a farm someday and to be to employed as a professional dairy farm manager was a perceived as an intermediary goal. Practical implication: Discontinuation of the traditional family farming model based on family farm/land ownership is not imminent even among a cohort qualified to become employed dairy farm managers. Theoretical implication: This paper contributes to theoretical framework which highlights the shift in farmer masculine identity and the career trajectory of graduates of specialised agricultural education programmes.

Purpose: This article examines the reach, the amount, the content and the quality of agricultural extension in County Laois in Ireland as reported by farmers. It seeks to better understand extension interaction in an Irish county case. Design/Methodology/Approach: A structured questionnaire on personal, farm and farming practices was administered to 270 farmers in three farm districts in Laois with registered farm holding being the farmer identification determinant. A systematic approach to finding all farmers in the selected districts was adopted. Findings: Almost one-third of farmers were not using extension services. A little more than one third had contracts with private sector advisors and a similar proportion contracted with public sector advisors. There were no significant differences between public and private services in both the frequency and type of extension services received. Regarding quality (merit) of services as perceived by farmers, defined as independence, reliability, usefulness and value for money, farmers rated the private extension service higher than the public service. Practical Implications: Highlights the differences in both usage of and farmers perceptions of public and private farm advisory services and can guide the promotion of these services. Theoretical Implications: Comparison of farmers' perspectives on pluralised advisory services and how farmers rate these services has received little attention in academic research. In the context of services associated with the AKIS, the implication points to the need for greater appreciation of how farmer clients view services. Originality/Value: Pluralised extension provision has been subject to little in-depth scrutiny to date. This article advances new information in the area.

West Syndrome is a severe, early-onset epilepsy syndrome, with significant implications for subsequent neurological and cognitive development. While most children with a prior diagnosis of West Syndrome initially follow a normal developmental trajectory, there is evidence of subsequent emergence of clusters of difficulties, including autism features, behavioural problems and specific learning difficulties. A multiple case study approach was adopted to investigate the cognitive, academic, adaptive and behavioural functioning of five children, aged 8-13, with a prior diagnosis of West Syndrome, who were attending mainstream schools. A striking similarity across psychological profiles was observed. Despite generally functioning within the low average or average range, participants presented with delays in aspects of literacy, numeracy, and adaptive and behavioural functioning. The findings of this study indicate long-term neurological sequelae of a previous diagnosis of West Syndrome which need to be considered by educational psychologists when supporting such children in the education system.

Research and recent policy developments in Eire highlight that there is a growing number of children in Irish schools presenting with special educational needs, leading to an increased need for Educational Psychology services. This research utilised case studies of children who were presenting to teachers with academic, social, emotional or behavioural difficulties. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the perceived effectiveness of consultation as a model of delivery for Educational Psychologists (EPs). Each case comprised a teacher, parent and psychologist, (n = 9) from three different case studies. This research found potential benefits of consultation particularly for children and parents, although the results from this study are difficult to generalise, given the small sample size. This study has practical implications for EPs: by understanding parents' and teachers' perspectives this can help EPs in future planning for consultation. Further research should explore children's perceptions of consultation.

Purpose: Research on young farmers traditionally focused on the future of the agricultural sector or else compared the innovativeness, efficiency or entrepreneurialism of young to older farmers. By contrast, this paper examines the differences in innovation within young farmers. Methodology: Innovativeness is defined here as the adoption of processes and practices more likely to result in higher farm performance and profitability. Using Principal Component Analysis, an innovation profile of young farmers in the Republic of Ireland is developed. The profile identifies themes of grassland, financial and breeding management practices. Findings: The results demonstrate the differences between actual on-farm innovation by young farmers and what would be considered 'important' by subject matter specialists. Young farmers were found to differ in their innovativeness score, which was related to different areas of farm management, whether that was overall efficiency, breeding, information technology or performance monitoring. Theoretical Implications: Given the relatively low numbers of young farmers in many European countries including Ireland, research and extension organisations can develop programmes, tailor discussion groups and focus subject learning to particular types of young farmers instead of the current generalised approach, which fails to differentiate their interests from those of the older generation. Agricultural education providers need to consider these differences to ensure comprehensive and focused course programming to stimulate innovation. Originality: This paper adds value to young farmer research as it focuses within the young farmer population in contrast to the traditional view of old farmers compared to young farmers and innovation.

This study explored the benefits of using preferred interests to model social skills in a peer-mentored environment for students with special educational needs (SEN). Research suggests that in order for true inclusion to take place, students must participate socially with their peers, outside the classroom space. However, funding and availability of resources are the main barriers to inclusion being fully implemented in Irish schools. This research sought to assess how a peer-mentored social skills club could facilitate an inexpensive approach of including students with SEN, outside the classroom. The group agreed on a technology-based club. Senior students were encouraged to take a lead role in the organisation and participation of the group and to support junior students via modelling of good social and leadership skills. Results revealed that students with SEN reported that a social group facilitated them to make new friendships while also allowing them to develop their social skills. The findings suggest that the addition of a student without an SEN, who took a lead role in this group, had a positive effect on this club and facilitated the inclusion of students with SEN into the wider school environment.

Set against the backdrop of an absence of agricultural extension in the curriculum of agriculture degree programs in Ireland between 1990 and 2010, this paper examines the knowledge exchange skills needed by the next generation of farm advisors and presents the case of a practicebased postgraduate program in Ireland that seeks to address the competency gap created. It reviews an Irish post graduate program that has been designed to equip graduates with the competencies to work effectively in advisory roles. It combines student, graduate, and manager survey results on their experience and assessment of professional development with this program. The evolving role of front-line farm advisors to facilitators of knowledge exchange and innovation is recognised while a range of essential competencies are highlighted. The value of this postgraduate education for early career farm advisors is evidenced through building competencies in a range of areas and gaining a deeper understanding through applied research of the complexities of innovation adoption and the barriers to change for farmers and their families. The paper concludes that greater attention is needed to developing core competencies of farm advisors to build strong relationships of trust and influence with farmer clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disadvantage to students of beginning a module with no prior knowledge or inaccurate knowledge is well documented. For learners, the development of the necessary prior knowledge to facilitate their learning is essential. The use of screencasts, whether prior to or during class, is becoming more widespread. There is a need, however, to better understand how these are used and whether or not there is any impact on overall learner engagement and academic achievement when a component with instantaneous feedback (such as a multiple choice quiz) is embedded into the pre-lecture screencast activity. In this study, pre-learning activities consisting of screencasts and multiple choice quizzes were introduced to improve student engagement with the topic, gauge common misconceptions and give timely feedback to the students. An examination of screencast usage indicated that students did not predominantly nor exclusively employ the resources as originally intended, that is, in advance of lectures. Rather, students continued to access the activities across the module and often after the associated lecture. Implications are discussed with an acknowledgement of the importance of taking into account how learners prefer to use resources when designing and introducing new activities to modules.

It is envisaged that small-group exercises as part of a large-group session would facilitate not only group work exercises (a valuable employability skill), but also peer learning. In this article, such a strategy to facilitate the active engagement of the student in a large-group setting was explored. The production of student-led resources was facilitated through introduction of a group project into an established core module. Whether this initiative enhanced student engagement with the module material and fostered the additional benefit of promoting a peer learning culture was examined. Student feedback was analyzed to determine the perceived benefits and challenges of small group exercises. Albeit on a small scale, this has given rise to recommendations pertinent to large group modules in the university setting. A key recommendation is the introduction of university group assignments, when appropriate to the module type and inclusion of a peer assessment element.

An aging farming population and a decline in younger farmers are global issues of concern in the pursuit of sustainable agriculture. A gradual transition to collaborative farming through alternative business structures, which will facilitate generational renewal is underway. However, little is known about the prevalence of such alternative business structures internationally as a dearth of academic research exists in this respect. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of the prevalence of alternative farm business structures in Ireland and to compare the Irish case to selected European countries (France, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom). A desk-based research approach is adopted to analyse data from various sources including, agricultural bodies, government departments and international agencies. The findings highlight that the prevalence of alternative business structures across case countries is not uniform, and that potential for growth in collaborative farming exists in Ireland to meet the generational renewal challenge. Gathering accurate and comparable data regarding the prevalence of alternative business structures has been challenging. Consequently, a more uniform classification of the various types of alternative business structures and a more accurate and comparable dataset detailing the prevalence of these business structures, across European countries is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a limited understanding about how an association with those that download Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM), a highly stigmatized crime, impacts the lives of their innocent family members. Non-offending family members are often considered a valuable protective resource for offender desistance and in safeguarding children from abuse. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the lived experiences of female family members of CSAM offenders in Ireland and the United Kingdom to both identify and target areas for intervention thus ameliorating their ability to protect. A qualitative research design was adopted, and data analyzed via reflexive thematic analysis. Fifteen individuals self-selected for participation and interviews resulted in the identification of three key themes: Shattered Worldview, The Injured Self; Contamination by Association. The analysis highlighted how non-offending family members experienced considerable shame, trauma, and stigma with consequences that reached into every aspect of their lives. The findings are discussed in the context of the limited available literature along with research implications and recommendations for both policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how an artwork might play a role in the political, legal and aesthetical 'working-through' of historical injustices. With specific reference to Sarah Browne and Jesse Jones' participatory performance project, The Touching Contract (2016), we consider how traumatic affects from Ireland's past continue to shape the present. Drawing primarily on the work of Jacques Rancière and Bracha L. Ettinger, we argue that The Touching Contract has the capacity to transform participants' relation to legal history in two ways. First, by juxtaposing unspoken histories of female bodily vulnerability in relation to law with legal form during an encounter with participatory performance, this art project generates 'mystery', producing a productive 'interval' (Rancière) between the common sense of legal history and its potential re-calibration. Second, in its production of a relational 'affectosphere' (Kinsella), The Touching Contract provokes participants' capacity to engage with that interval, to be genuinely affected by the transmission of legal history and respond to it in new ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Ireland--one of Europe's most rapidly changing societies--as a case study and examines progress towards an inclusive education system. It explores policy and progress on developing an inclusive system under a number of key headings: social class, ethnicity, gender and disability. On the basis of analysis of official statistics and of research evidence from a study of the inclusion of children with disabilities and special educational needs, this paper assesses whether the impact of recent state policy and legislative change has significantly increased the degree of inclusion in the education system under the four headings. There is a particular focus on the area of disability. The particular questions explored in this paper are whether the unprecedented changes which have taken place in Ireland since the mid-1990s have resulted in a more inclusive system, an increase in equality, and an increase in inclusive practices in schools. On the basis of the available evidence, the results appear to be mixed.

This paper emerges from an ongoing study which involved, firstly, key informant interviews with strategic personnel within the Irish education system, such personnel representing both service providers and service users. The first part of this paper provides a brief summary of the findings of that aspect of the study in relation to the key characteristics of an inclusive school. A conceptual model of inclusion is proposed, outlining three interrelated core constructs of inclusion, namely Expertise, Structures and Processes. A second empirical aspect of the study involves working intensely with a small number of mainstream schools with a view to exploring, in conjunction with school personnel, the challenges of, and the opportunities for, developing and evaluating more inclusive practices in these schools. The methodology for this phase of the study is theoretically placed within the organizational psychology paradigm, adapting a systemic approach to school development and incorporating the concept of schools as learning organizations. The application of the organizational psychology to schools and the notion of schools as learning organizations are explored in the second part of this paper. (Contains 1 figure and 2 notes.)

Despite the key role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in both international markets and domestic economies, there is no consensus on their impact on their host economy. In particular, do MNEs stimulate new domestic firms through knowledge spillovers? Here, we look at the impact of MNEs on the entry and exit of domestic industries in Irish regions before, during, and after the 2008 Financial Crisis. Specifically, we are interested in whether the presence of MNEs in a region results in knowledge spillovers and the creation of new domestic industries in related sectors. To quantify how related an industry is to a region's industry basket we propose two cohesion measures, weighted closeness and strategic closeness which capture direct linkages and dense inter-industry links between local industries respectively. We use a dataset of government-supported firms in Ireland (covering 90% of manufacturing and exporting) between 2006 and 2019. We find that domestic industries are both more likely to enter and less likely to leave a region if they are related to so-called 'overlapping' industries containing both domestic and MNE firms. In contrast, we find a negative impact on domestic entry and survival from cohesion to 'exclusive MNE' industries, suggesting that domestic firms are unable to 'leap' and thrive in MNE-proximate industries likely due to a technology or know-how gap. Finally, the type of cohesion matters. During the economic recovery (2015–2019), it is strategic rather than weighted closeness to overlapping industries that is associated with both domestic industry entry and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase 'in it together' has been used liberally since the outbreak of COVID‐19, but the extent that frontline workers felt 'in it together' is not well understood. Here, we consider the factors that built (or eroded) solidarity while working through the pandemic, and how frontline workers navigated their lives through periods of disconnection. Semi‐structured interviews with 21 frontline workers, across all sectors, were conducted in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The qualitative data were analysed systematically using reflexive thematic analysis. The three themes identified in the data were: (1) Solidarity as central to frontline experiences; (2) Leadership as absent, shallow and divisive: highlighting 'us‐them' distinctions and (3) The rise of 'us' and 'we' among colleagues. Our research offers insights into how frontline workers make sense of their experiences of solidarity and discordance during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic, with relevance for government and organizational policy‐makers shaping future conditions for frontline workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapidly developing innovation culture in higher education heightens the importance of policies regarding intellectual property rights. Irish universities are beginning to develop such policies, using examples from the United States. (SK)

Identification of occupational workplace injury risk factors is dependent on gaining sufficient and reliable data on both injury occurrence and associated workplace factors. Assessing workplace injury risk factors associated with farming is challenged by non-collection, non-reporting, or under-reporting by farmers, particularly those operating family farms in a self-employed manner. A supplementary (or add-on) farm operator (FO) workplace injury survey was undertaken in association with the Irish National Farm Survey (NFS), which is responsible for provision of Irish farm-level data to the European Commission (EC) Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Data from this add-on survey were analyzed in association with farm and socio-economic data routinely collected by NFS as a component of the FADN. The combined data-set was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques including multivariate logistic regression to identify risk factors for occurrence of farm operator workplace injuries (FOWI). FOWI levels were significantly higher on farms where both the FO and their spouse engaged in Off Farm Employment (OFE). More generally, FO injury levels were associated with farm workload and investment levels. The study demonstrates how FADN farm and socio-economic data can be combined with additional FO workplace injury data to identify workplace injury risk factors. The study identifies a risk factor for FOWI occurrence where both FO and spouse engaged in OFE. More generally, it indicates that farm workplace injuries are associated with farm management-related factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining natural capital accounting tools and ecosystem restoration approaches builds on existing frameworks to track changes in ecosystem stocks and flows of services and benefits as a result of restoration. This approach highlights policy‐relevant benefits that arise due to restoration efforts and helps to maximize opportunities for return on investment. Aligning the System of Environmental Economic Accounting–Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) framework with risk assessment tools, we developed a risk register for peatlands in two contrasting catchments in Ireland, based on available information relating to peatland stocks (extent and condition) and flows (services and benefits), as well as knowledge of pressures. This approach allowed for identification of areas to target peatland restoration, by highlighting the potential to reduce and reverse negative trends in relation to provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, flows relating to non‐use values, as well as abiotic flows. We also highlighted ways to reduce and reverse the effects of historical and ongoing pressures through restoration measures, aligning our approach with that outlined in the SER International Principles and Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration. Building on the synergies between the SEEA EA and the SER Standards is highlighted as a means to develop transdisciplinary collaboration, to assist in setting and achieving targets set out under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration as well as integrating regional policy targets set under the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and the related EU Habitats and EU Water Framework Directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Encouraging safe work practices (SWPs) is challenging in agriculture. Group-based social learning has effectively promoted SWPs and health behaviors in other occupations, and could be applied in agriculture (e.g., through farmer discussion groups (DGs)). In Ireland, dairy DG members are more likely to adopt novel technologies and practices, a relationship that might extend to SWPs. The extent of SWP adoption among Irish dairy farmers is unknown. This paper evaluates a 2018 baseline study of SWP implementation, conducted as part of a dairy DG-based intervention study. Method: A paper-based survey of SWP implementation and safety self-perception was distributed to 1,220 farmers from 84 dairy DGs. For eight SWPs, associated with high-risk farm hazards (livestock, slurry, machinery, or tractors), farmers were asked how frequently they implemented these practices in the previous year, and how frequently they intended to do so next year (0: never, 1: rarely, 2: sometimes, 3: most of the time, 4: all of the time). Results: Surveys were completed by 460 farmers. For the previous year, three SWPs, related to slurry, machinery, and tractor hazards, scored a median frequency of four. Four SWPs, related to livestock, slurry, and machinery hazards, scored a median frequency of three. The lowest median score (two) was for tractor exit behavior. Median intention scores matched or exceeded past frequency for all SWPs, while 73% intended to increase implementation of at least one SWP. Most (96%) considered themselves a "safe farmer." Conclusions: Farmers generally perceived themselves to be safe at work, which is reflected in their SWP implementation. Most farmers intended to increase SWP implementation, suggesting awareness of safety shortcomings and a desire to farm more safely. Practical applications: This study can inform farm safety promotion initiatives. The disconnect between farmers' safety self-perception and SWP implementation merits further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal workload associated with pasture-based dairy farms, combined with increasing herd sizes, has led to a renewed focus on labor time-use and efficiency on dairy farms. The objective of this study was to examine labor time-use on pasture-based dairy farms in the spring and summer seasons. A total of 82 spring-calving Irish dairy farms completed the study from February 1 to June 30, 2019 (150 d). Each farmer recorded their labor input on one alternating day each week using a smartphone app. Any labor input by farm workers not using the app was recorded through a weekly online survey. Farms with data for each month (n = 76) were classified into 1 of 4 herd size categories (HSC) for analysis: farms with 50 to 90 cows (HSC 1); 91 to 139 cows (HSC 2); 140 to 239 cows (HSC 3); and ≥240 cows (HSC 4). Total hours of labor input was similar on HSC 1 (1,821 h) and HSC 2 (2,042 h) farms, but predictably as HSC increased further, total hours of labor input increased (HSC 3: 2,462 h, HSC 4: 3,040 h). On a monthly basis, labor input peaked in February (15.4 h/d) and March (15.7 h/d). The farmer worked on average 60.0 h/wk over the duration of the study period. Hired labor and contractors completed a greater amount of work as HSC increased. Labor efficiency, as measured by hours/cow, improved as HSC increased (HSC 1: 26.3 h/cow, HSC 2: 17.7 h/cow, HSC 3: 14.3 h/cow, HSC 4: 10.9 h/cow), though there were large variations in labor efficiency within HSC. Milking was the most time-consuming task, representing 31% of farm labor input making it an important focus for potential improvements in efficiency. The next 5 most time-consuming tasks were calf care (14%), grassland management (13%), cow care (10%), repairs and maintenance (10%), and administration/business (8%). This study contributes to the understanding of labor use during the busiest (most labor demanding) time of the year on pasture-based dairy farms and points to areas where labor efficiency improvements can be made on farms. The considerable variation in farm labor efficiency observed within HSCs emphasizes the necessity for a greater focus on knowledge transfer of methods to achieve improved labor efficiency and a better work–life balance on many dairy farms. As the 2 busiest months on most dairy farms, February and March require the most focus for identification of potential labor savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontline workers have shown extraordinary resilience and sustained efforts since the outbreak of COVID-19. The present study used semi-structured interviews with 38 frontline workers in the UK and Ireland to explore the psychological impact of working through COVID-19. The qualitative data were analysed systematically using thematic analysis. Four themes were interpreted: 1)) "I've stopped turning the telly on. I've had to because the news was making me ill": An ecosystem of influence; 2) "Dead, dead, dead": The emotional and psychological toll: 3) "It's shone a light on what we're failing on as well": Injustices, hierarchies and heroes: and 4) "I definitely think COVID happened for a reason to stop us in our tracks and to slow us down": Unexpected positives. This research offers insights into how frontline workers make sense of their experiences during periods of enormous societal and occupational stress. The learnings generated have relevance for government and organisational policy-makers who have opportunities to shape future conditions for frontline workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To apply the iceberg model, quantifying absolute and relative incidence, to the four main causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in Ireland: haemorrhage, hypertension, sepsis and thrombosis. Design: Secondary analysis of national data on maternal morbidity and mortality. Setting: Republic of Ireland. Population or sample: Approximately 715 000 maternities, 1 200 000 maternal hospitalisations, 2138 cases of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and 54 maternal deaths. Methods: Incidence rates and case‐fatality ratios were calculated. Main outcome measures: Maternal death, SMM and hospitalisation. Results: At the 'tip of the iceberg', the incidence of maternal death per 10 000 maternities was 0.09 (95% CI 0.03–0.20) due to thrombosis and 0.03 (95% CI 0–0.11) due to haemorrhage, hypertension disorders or sepsis. For one death due to thrombosis there were 35 cases of pulmonary embolism and 257 thrombosis hospitalisations. For one death due to eclampsia, there were 58 eclampsia cases, 13 040 hospitalisations with pre‐existing hypertension and 40 781 hospitalisations with gestational hypertension. For one death due to pregnancy‐related sepsis, there were 92 cases of septicaemic shock and 9005 hospitalisations with obstetric sepsis. For one maternal death due to haemorrhage, there were 1029 cases of major obstetric haemorrhage and 53 715 maternal hospitalisations with haemorrhage. For every 100 maternities, there were approximately 16 hospitalisations associated with haemorrhage, 12 associated with hypertension disorders, three with sepsis and 0.2 with thrombosis. Conclusions: Haemorrhage and hypertension disorders are leading causes of maternal morbidity in Ireland but they have very low case fatality. This indicates that these morbidities are managed effectively but their prevention requires more focus. Study shows that haemorrhage and hypertension are main causes of #maternalmorbidity in Ireland. Timely interventions for #maternalhealth and focus on prevention of severe and non‐severe morbidities are needed. @NPEC #maternityservices #clinicalaudit #qualityimprovement. Study shows that haemorrhage and hypertension are main causes of #maternalmorbidity in Ireland. Timely interventions for #maternalhealth and focus on prevention of severe and non‐severe morbidities are needed. @NPEC #maternityservices #clinicalaudit #qualityimprovement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on physical activity programming for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is scant. The aim of this study was to assess the nature of physical activity programming conducted in ASD units in Irish primary schools, in addition to assessing the perceived benefits and challenges among teachers. An online questionnaire was sent to every primary school with an ASD unit in Ireland (n = 380). Questions pertained to the amount and type of physical activity being conducted, in addition to questions on physical activity facilities, training, and the teachers' perceived challenges and benefits. Data were gathered on 69 ASD units. In the majority of units (74.24%), physical education classes were held daily, with the most frequent duration (45.45%) being 10-20 minutes. The most common types of activities performed included walking (92.42%), running (81.82%), and jogging (60.61%). This study gives an insight into the nature of physical activity for children in ASD units in Irish primary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Irish Government Pensions Reform proposals, from the perspective of the self-employed community and specifically the farming community. It investigates whether the proposed changes to the State Pension System set out in the Governments "Roadmap for Pensions reform 2018–2023" will, in the context of farmers and the stated objectives of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, keep pensioners above the poverty line and help ensure the survival of rural Ireland or whether, the family interdependencies which currently exist and the vulnerabilities that arise as a consequence, will remain largely unaddressed. This paper illustrates the stark reality that under the current State Pension System, low-income farmers can fail to qualify either for the State Pension (Contributory) or the State Pension (Non-Contributory) leaving them faced with working long into their retirement years or financially dependent on family members in their old age, and that proposed changes to the State Welfare System do not alleviate this predicament. This has subsequent consequences for the sustainability of generational renewal in the agricultural industry and consequently could have far reaching societal impacts. Conscious of the view that farmers should "pay their way" as far as state pensions are concerned, we recommend a model for achieving undisputed entitlement for all farmers to the Contributory State Pension, going forward. • There are huge concerns about the sustainability of an aging farming population in Ireland and in many OECD countries. • Under Irish pension policy low income farmers may not qualify for the State Pension leaving them financially vulnerable. • Pension policy is important for the sustainability of generational renewal in agriculture with significant societal impact. • Irish pension policy reform fails to alleviate an asymmetry between succession planning, retirement income and generational renewal. • We recommend a model for achieving undisputed entitlement for all farmers to the Contributory State Pension, going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), the only modifiable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma (OAG), is important for the preservation of vision and slowing of disease progression. Preservative-free tafluprost (0.0015%)/timolol (0.5%) fixed combination (PF Taf-T FC) is an approved combination therapy for OAG treatment. The VISIONARY study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of PF Taf-T FC in real-world clinical settings. Here, we present the results from the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland.Methods: This observational, multicentre, European, prospective study recorded data during routine clinic appointments on the use of PF Taf-T FC for the treatment of OAG and ocular hypertension (OHT) in patients whose disease was insufficiently controlled on a prostaglandin analogue (PGA) or beta blocker monotherapy or who did not tolerate these medications. Mean change in IOP, symptom severity, changes in clinical signs, and tolerability were investigated over 6 months.Results: Eighty-two patients were recruited in the UK and Ireland. After 6 months of PF Taf-T FC treatment, mean IOP was significantly reduced from 22.0 to 16.2 mmHg in the UK group and from 18.6 to 14.1 mmHg in the Ireland group. In the UK (65 patients), 49 adverse events (AEs) were reported, of which 3 were serious. No AEs were reported in the Ireland group (17 patients). Overall, 91.9% of UK physicians reported PF Taf-T FC treatment to be the same or better than prior medication for improving clinical signs; 90.0% of UK patients reported PF Taf-T FC treatment to have good or very good tolerability.Conclusions: Treatment with PF Taf-T FC resulted in significant reductions in mean IOP over 6 months. Patients and physicians reported that treatment was well tolerated. These data demonstrate real-world efficacy of PF Taf-T FC for the treatment of OAG and OHT in routine clinical practice in the UK and Ireland.Trial Registration: European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies (EU PAS) register number, EUPAS22204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The context of Covid-19 has offered an unusual cultural landscape for examining how workers view their own position relative to others, and how individuals respond to prolonged exposure to workplace stress across different sectors and cultures. Through our recent work tracking the well-being of frontline workers in the UK and Ireland (the CV19 Heroes project), we have uncovered additional psychological factors that have not been accounted for in previous models of occupational stress or burnout. In recent months, frontline workers have worked to protect the community from the threat of SARS-CoV-2 and, simultaneously, have evaluated their perceptions of collective efforts of others as either congruent or incongruent with collective goals (e.g., lowered mortality and morbidity): we call this novel aspect solidarity appraisal. These frontline workers have been hailed as heroes, which we argue has led to the creation of an implicit psychological contract (the hero contract) between frontline workers and the public. Here, the heroes are willing to "go above and beyond" for the greater good, with the expectation that we (the public) do our part by adhering to public health guidelines. Where frontline workers perceive incongruence between the words and actions of others in working toward collective goals this drives negative affect and subsequent burnout. In this perspective article, we evaluate the cultural context of the pandemic in the UK and Ireland and suggest important socio-cultural factors that contribute to perceptions of solidarity, and how this may relate to burnout and worker welfare during and beyond the pandemic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ireland suffers from very low levels of farmland mobility by European standards. This paper examines the role of attitudes in farmers' openness toward land transactions using a nationally representative survey of Irish farmers across the major farm systems. The results show that attitudinal factors are a significant predictor of openness to land mobility, both on the supply and demand side of the market. Additionally, there appears to be a greater demand amongst farmers for temporary land transactions such as land leasing arrangements than is currently seen in at market level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Occupational safety and health (OSH) interventions emphasizing regulation or education have had limited success in reducing agricultural accidents and fatalities. There is a growing interest in sociocultural approaches to OSH promotion amongst farmers, such as peer learning groups (PLGs). The level of OSH engagement within farmer PLGs (e.g. dairy discussion groups (DDGs)) is unknown. This study evaluates Irish DDG engagement with OSH in 2016 to better understand how DDGs contribute to OSH promotion. Methods: A mixed-mode (online, postal, and telephone) retrospective survey of 121 DDG representatives (i.e. chairperson or long-term member) assessed voluntary OSH engagement in 2016, including the location, frequency, duration, and content of OSH discussions. Results: Representatives of 96 DDGs participated in the survey and met the survey criteria. Most DDGs discussed OSH to some extent in 2016 (96%), including sharing personal experiences of accidents and illnesses (89%) and close calls (82%). For 76 DDGs, at least one meeting in 2016 addressed specific hazard and risk management topics. Groups were diverse with respect to discussion frequency, duration, and topics discussed. Conclusion: Farmers actively engaged with OSH in most DDGs surveyed, suggesting dairy farmers value OSH discussions. The findings illustrate the role of DDGs in OSH promotion, as a space for farmer-led, peer-to-peer knowledge-sharing. Farm advisory (extension) services and OSH professionals can strengthen OSH engagement through tailored resources that reflect contemporary OSH knowledge and popular discussion approaches (e.g. experience-sharing). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has necessitated extraordinary human resilience in order to preserve and prolong life and social order. Risks to health and even life are being confronted by workers in health and social care, as well as those in roles previously never defined as "frontline," such as individuals working in community supply chain sectors. The strategy adopted by the United Kingdom (UK) government in facing the challenges of the pandemic was markedly different from other countries. The present study set out to examine what variables were associated with resilience, burnout, and wellbeing in all sectors of frontline workers, and whether or not these differed between the UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI). Individuals were eligible if they were a frontline worker (in health and social care, community supply chain, or other emergency services) in the UK or RoI during the pandemic. Part of a larger, longitudinal study, the participants completed an online survey to assess various aspects of their daily and working lives, along with their attitudes toward their government's handling of the crisis, and measurement of psychological variables associated with heroism (altruism, meaning in life, and resilient coping). A total of 1,305 participants (N = 869, 66.6% from the UK) provided sufficient data for analysis. UK-based workers reported lower wellbeing than the RoI-based participants. In multivariate models, both psychological and pandemic-related variables were associated with levels of resilience, burnout, and wellbeing in these workers, but which pandemic-related variables were associated with outcomes differed depending on the country. The judgment of lower timeliness in their government's response to the pandemic appeared to be a key driver of each outcome for the UK-based frontline workers. These findings provide initial evidence that the different strategies adopted by each country may be associated with the overall wellbeing of frontline workers, with higher detriment observed in the UK. The judgment of the relatively slow response of the UK government to instigate their pandemic measures appears to be associated with lower resilience, higher burnout, and lower wellbeing in frontline workers in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Knowledge of outcome in psychotic illness is limited by the paucity of very long-term epidemiologically representative studies of incidence first episode psychosis (FEP) cohorts that measure and compare outcomes reflecting modern clinical practice, mental health policy and research agendas. Our study aimed to address this gap. Method: iHOPE-20 is a prospective 20-year follow-up study of a FEP incidence cohort (N = 171) conducted between 2014 and 2017 in Ireland. Data from previous studies and medical records were used to recruit cohort members. We assessed remission, clinical recovery, personal recovery and resilience at 20 years; explored the relationships between these outcomes and examined the predictive value of baseline characteristics in determining them. Results: At follow-up, 20 out of 171 cohort members (11.70%) were deceased. We assessed 80 out of 151 alive cohort members (53% recruitment rate); 65% were in remission; 35.2% were in Full Functional Recovery and 53.7% confirmed they were fully recovered according to their personal definition of recovery. A complex array of relationships between outcomes was found. Outcomes were better for people who had a short duration of untreated psychosis, displayed higher premorbid social adjustment (between the ages of 5–11) and at baseline, were older, not living alone, in full-time employment, given a non-affective diagnosis, and had lower Global Assessment of Functioning scores. Conclusion: Among participants, full remission of psychotic symptoms and personally defined recovery was not just possible but likely in the very long term. However, attaining positive functional outcomes and building resilience in FEP remain key challenges for mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background According to the 2016 CSO figures the age category of 65 and older saw the largest increase in the Irish population since 2011, rising by 102,174 to 637,567, a rise of 19.1%. This remains a major concern for a North Dublin teaching hospital as its catchment area has a 20% higher proportion of > 65's and > 85's than the national average. This catchment area profile has the potential to impact on the profile of the in-catchment admissions while the National profile will impact on the national specialities including neurosurgery. Aim To profile the geriatric neurosurgical population and provide insight that facilitates future service planning and delivery. Methods To accurately capture the data, all ward lists for the month of June and July 2017 were reviewed to identify appropriate patients. All patients on any ward within the hospital, under the care of a neurosurgeon, were included in the data collection. Patients in intensive care that did not transfer to the wards were excluded. Data points including age, sex, consultant, co-morbidities, mobility status and surgical intervention were captured. Results 120 patients ≥ 65 years were admitted to the neurosurgical service between June and July 2017; 45 (38%) between 60-69, 60 (50%) 70-79, 13(10%) 80-80 and two (2%) ninety years or older. The two most common reasons for admission were non-traumatic cerebral bleeds (N= 40; 34%) and cerebral tumours (N= 38; 32%). Patients had on average four co-morbidities, with cardiac being the most common. 17 patients were admitted post a traumatic event; 13 low impact falls, 3 high impact falls and one assault. The average LOS for these patients was 11.3 days. Conclusion This profile highlights the complex needs of this population and the increasing burden on existing neurosurgical resources as the population continues to age. Future resource allocation and service development, including the National Trauma Strategy, needs to consider the needs of the aging neurosurgical population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research and recent policy developments in Eire highlight that there is a growing number of children in Irish schools presenting with special educational needs, leading to an increased need for Educational Psychology services. This research utilised case studies of children who were presenting to teachers with academic, social, emotional or behavioural difficulties. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the perceived effectiveness of consultation as a model of delivery for Educational Psychologists (EPs). Each case comprised a teacher, parent and psychologist, (n = 9) from three different case studies. This research found potential benefits of consultation particularly for children and parents, although the results from this study are difficult to generalise, given the small sample size. This study has practical implications for EPs: by understanding parents’ and teachers’ perspectives this can help EPs in future planning for consultation. Further research should explore children’s perceptions of consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have investigated the role of disenfranchisement and denial of agency in women’s sexual health. To address this, a cross-sectional study of disenfranchisement, control (general and reproductive control) and health was conducted in Ireland, where abortion is severely restricted. Multiple mediation models (N = 513 women) indicated that general but not reproductive control mediates the association between disenfranchisement and psychological well-being. Additionally, serial mediation shows disenfranchisement is associated with lower sense of control, which is linked to poorer well-being and risky sexual behaviour. Disenfranchisement arising from socio-political contexts may have important implications for women’s sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two memorials to Arthur Grey, fourteenth baron of Wilton, Lord Deputy of Ireland (1580–82) and employer of Edmund Spenser, survive in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin. They have received little attention for over a century. Among the few early modern monuments to survive in Ireland, they consist of a heraldry-decorated stone mural tablet and a remarkable memorial in brass, the only such pre-Victorian example in the cathedral and one of only eight surviving pre-1700 brasses in Ireland. Embellished with a rich display of heraldic quarterings, this possibly locally-made brass includes traces of colored enamel as well as a rare record of the two sons of Grey’s second wife, who died during their time in Dublin. This article brings these monuments to wider notice and casts light on the wider cultural interests of an English Tudor governor of Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This article describes levels of implementation of occupational health and safety (OHS) controls on a sample of Irish farms following completion of a risk assessment document (RAD) made available as part of a statutory code of practice (COP) for the agriculture sector. The article describes the legislation mandating the COP and the operation of a prevention initiative (PI) among key stakeholders to develop and promote farmer use of the COP and RAD. Methods: RADs were collected for farmers (N = 475) and the number and type of OHS controls listed for action were tabulated. A farm audit of OHS standards and of implementation of controls listed for action in the RAD was undertaken among a randomly selected sample of farms (N = 94) where the RAD was completed. Results: The study data indicates that farmers used the RAD to a limited extent, and that their focus in its use was on identifying physical rather than organizational controls. An association was found between farmers who actively implemented controls and positive OHS standards. Farm OHS standards were also associated with farmer attitude to OHS, farm enterprise, farmer age category, and work time needed to operate the farm. Conclusions: Overall, the study data suggests that standards of farm management are a crucial determinant of OHS standards. The study data also indicates that having knowledge of required OHS controls does not ensure implementation. Development of social learning in groups is considered as a significant means of increasing OHS farm adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Metals occur naturally in the environment and as constituents of the Earth’s crust. They have many uses, and metals such as iron, copper, and zinc are widely used in industries. Elevated levels of metals in the environment also occur as a result of human activities (municipal, residential, and traffic–related activities). A list of 15 metals chosen for this study included priority substances and those listed in the European Union Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. The concentrations of heavy metals in the environment are affected by several factors that must be taken into account when monitoring heavy metals released into the environment through wastewater treatment plants (WWPTs). This work examines the concentrations of metals found in WWPTs and the effects of treatment type on dissolved metal concentrations. Effluent samples were collected from the outflow of nine WWPTs in Dublin and Cork, Ireland from July 2009 to June 2011. All samples were found to contain priority metals that exceeded environmental quality standards in several cases. We present the frequency of occurrence and concentrations of metals in effluents of studied WWPTs and discuss relationships between the occurrence of heavy metals, the influence of factors such as industrial inputs, levels of treatment at WWPTs, and percentage urban area in an agglomeration. The results of this study are an indication that WWPTs may be contributing to the high levels of heavy metals found at discharge points back into river systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the issue of the increase of long term unemployment of young people in Ireland. It states that the sharp rise in unemployment is due to the on-going economic crisis in the country. It mentions that it is the most damaging impact of the crisis and the main constraints on the process of rebuilding the Irish economy.