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Background: Animal data suggest that remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) can improve blood flow in ischemic limbs and, consequently, may benefit claudication patients. Supervised exercise is the preferred first-line intervention for patients with intermittent claudication (IC) but is constrained by limited availability and logistical issues, particularly in rural settings. The aim of this study is to evaluate remote ischemic pre-conditioning in the management of intermittent claudication patients., Methods: We undertook a randomized clinical trial to evaluate RIC's effect in claudication patients. Stable IC patients were randomly allocated to receive RIC alone, structured exercise (SE) alone, RIC plus SE, or to a control group which received standard advice and risk factor modification. Patients received their intervention over a 28-day period. RIC patients attended an RIC clinic every 3-4 days to undergo 4 cycles of 5-min upper limb ischemia followed by 5-min reperfusion induced with a standard blood pressure cuff., Results: Forty-five patients were randomized, of whom 40 completed the trial (10 patients per group). The RIC alone, SE alone, and RIC plus SE groups all demonstrated significant improvements in pain-free walking distance and ankle-brachial pressure indices at 30 days. There were no differences in the magnitude of improvements between the groups., Conclusions: Compared with standard care RIC is promising as a home-delivered intervention. It appears to be equivalent to SE in the treatment of IC, with no apparent additive benefit to combining the 2 interventions in this small size sample. Large-scale randomized controlled trial is needed for validation., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A pilot randomized controlled trial that evaluated the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on clinical outcomes following major vascular surgery was performed. Eligible patients were those scheduled to undergo open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, carotid endarterectomy, and lower limb revascularization procedures. Patients were randomized to RIPC or to control groups. The primary outcome was a composite clinical end point comprising any of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, new-onset arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, congestive cardiac failure, cerebrovascular accident, renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy, mesenteric ischemia, and urgent cardiac revascularization. Secondary outcomes were components of the primary outcome and myocardial injury as assessed by serum troponin values. The primary outcome occurred in 19 (19.2%) of 99 controls and 14 (14.1%) of 99 RIPC group patients (P = .446). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes. Our trial generated data that will guide future trials. Further trials are urgently needed., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Background: Patients undergoing vascular surgery procedures constitute a 'high-risk' group. Fatal and disabling perioperative complications are common. Complications arise via multiple aetiological pathways. This mechanistic redundancy limits techniques to reduce complications that target individual mechanisms, for example, anti-platelet agents. Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) induces a protective phenotype in at-risk tissue, conferring protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury regardless of the trigger. RIPC is induced by repeated periods of upper limb ischaemia-reperfusion produced using a blood pressure cuff. RIPC confers some protection against cardiac and renal injury during major vascular surgery in proof-of-concept trials. Similar trials suggest benefit during cardiac surgery. Several uncertainties remain in advance of a full-scale trial to evaluate clinical efficacy. We propose a feasibility trial to fully evaluate arm-induced RIPC's ability to confer protection in major vascular surgery, assess the incidence of a proposed composite primary efficacy endpoint and evaluate the intervention's acceptability to patients and staff., Methods/design: Four hundred major vascular surgery patients in five Irish vascular centres will be randomised (stratified for centre and procedure) to undergo RIPC or not immediately before surgery. RIPC will be induced using a blood pressure cuff with four cycles of 5 minutes of ischaemia followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion immediately before the start of operations. There is no sham intervention. Participants will undergo serum troponin measurements pre-operatively and 1, 2, and 3 days post-operatively. Participants will undergo 12-lead electrocardiograms pre-operatively and on the second post-operative day. Predefined complications within one year of surgery will be recorded. Patient and staff experiences will be explored using qualitative techniques. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of patients who develop elevated serum troponin levels in the first 3 days post-operatively. Secondary outcome measures include length of hospital and critical care stay, unplanned critical care admissions, death, myocardial infarction, stroke, mesenteric ischaemia and need for renal replacement therapy (within 30 days of surgery)., Discussion: RIPC is novel intervention with the potential to significantly improve perioperative outcomes. This trial will provide the first evaluation of RIPC's ability to reduce adverse clinical events following major vascular surgery., Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02097186 Date Registered: 24 March 2014.