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Geoelectric fields are generated at the Earth's surface and can lead to the induction of hazardous geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in infrastructure like power grids, railways and pipelines during geomagnetic storms. Magnitude and orientation of the geoelectric fields, in relation to the infrastructure, are key features needed to determine the intensity of GIC. Here, we developed the first geoelectric hazard map for the island of Ireland, with the aim of providing detailed information that can help stakeholders mitigate the impact of GICs. The hazard map was developed by modeling and mapping the geoelectric field across Ireland for 28 years (1991–2018) using magnetic field data with magnetotelluric transfer functions. The approach for developing the hazard map calculates the probability of exceeding a hazardous geoelectric field threshold (500 mV/km) during large geomagnetic storms, taking directionality and amplitude into account. We found hazardous geoelectric fields to be mostly localized in areas in the west, south‐west and northern coast. We observed that the geoelectric field have a stronger dominant orientation than the orientation of the geomagnetic field, often constraining the hazardous geoelectric field in particular directions only. We demonstrate a seasonal/diurnal effect is present in the geoelectric field time series. The impact of galvanic distortion was also assessed, and we demonstrate that there is a significant difference in terms of amplitude and direction between both models. Plain Language Summary: Variations in the Earth's magnetic field, during geomagnetic storms, can lead to the creation of electric fields at the surface of the Earth called geoelectric fields. Geoelectric fields can drive electrical currents known as geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in infrastructure like power grids, railways, and pipelines. In this study, we created the first geoelectric field hazard map for Ireland. The purpose of this map is to provide a product that can help those people involved in infrastructure planning and management to reduce the impact of GIC. The results of the study indicate that areas along the northern coast, as well as the west and southwest of Ireland are more susceptible to large geoelectric fields. We found that the electric fields have a strong directional component, suggesting that the hazardous effects may occur only if the infrastructure, such as power networks are aligned in the same direction. Key Points: Geoelectric field hazard maps were generated across Ireland to evaluate the potential hazard of space weather to ground‐based infrastructureAmplitude and direction of the geoelectric field are affected by galvanic distortion, with a correction applied to examine its effectPeak geoelectric fields of 3 and 9 V/km are expected respectively for galvanic corrected and galvanic non‐corrected models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the main issues that are present in the field of child and adolescent mental health services with regard to strategic development. It identifies the major themes that have emerged concerning the commissioning and delivery of services, and also highlights the difficulties faced by particular groups of children. The authors present their views of the developments within this field from the perspective of their professional experiences.

Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) driven by geoelectric fields pose a hazard to ground-based infrastructure, such as power grids and pipelines. Here, a new method is presented for modelling geoelectric fields in near real time, to provide valuable information to help mitigate the impact of GIC. The method uses magnetic field measurements from the Magnetometer Network of Ireland (MagIE; https://www.magie.ie), interpolates the geomagnetic field variations between magnetometers using spherical elementary current systems (SECS), and estimates the local electric field using a high-density (< 40 km) network of magnetotelluric transfer functions (MT-TF) encompassing the island. The model was optimised to work in near real time, with a correction curve applied to the geoelectric field time series. This approach was successfully validated with measured electric fields at four sites for a number of geomagnetic storms, providing accurate electric fields up to a 1-minute delay from real time, with high coherence (0.70 – 0.85) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR; 3.2 – 6.5) relative to measured electric field validation time series. This was comparable to a standard non-real-time geoelectric field model (coherence = 0.80 − 0.89 and SNR = 4.0 − 7.0). The impact of galvanic distortion on the model was also briefly evaluated, with a galvanic distortion correction leading to a more homogeneous representation of the direction of the electric field, at a regional scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]