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Argues that language shift appears to correlate highly with the development or nondevelopment of political movements based on language issues. Three major Celtic languages are described to illustrate this: Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh. Degree of politicalness of language issues seems to correlate inversely with the rate of language shift. (Author/PJM)

Among the principal Celtic languages, Irish is conspicuous for the paucity of printed production between the seventeenth and the nineteenth centuries. Various explanations have been advanced for this by Irish scholars and historians. Among them number suggestions that, since printing was an urban phenomenon, and since towns in Ireland were largely English-speaking, printers therefore lacked the necessary language skills. This paper evaluates such explanations through an exploration of printing in Ireland of texts in Celtic languages other than Irish. More was printed in Welsh than in Irish in Dublin in the 1740s and 1760s, while two substantial collections of poetry in Scottish Gaelic were printed in Cork and Galway around 1800. The paper concludes that Irish printers could work in different languages, and their supposed lack of linguistic skills was not therefore a major factor in preventing the production of printed Irish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Orientalism and James Joyce. It mentions that in a speech delivered by Joyce, he explained his view on Irish language and traditions as a native oriental. According to the author, Joyce believes in the Scytho-Celtism theory, which conceives Irish as descendants of the Oriental organizations. Moreover, different authors and critics like John Mackenzie and Nigel Leask define Orientalism. The works of Joyce like "Ulysses" that depicts the image of the East to the Irish are also presented.

Focuses on the possibility that the language of Irish playwright John Synge, a literal translation from Irish to English, was Western Anglo-Irish. Reason behind the rejection of the early history of the Irish National Society by Irish nationalists; Personal background of the playwright; Factor that prompted the teaching of Irish at Trinity College in Dublin.

The article reports that tall stones bearing odd markings, the earliest signs of written Celtic language have been found in many places in Ireland and Scotland. The Irish for centuries believed these so-called Ogham Stones named after the language to be ceremonial objects carved by pre-Christian pagans. Some 400 Ogham stones have been found, ranging in size from meter-long ones to 2-ton stones up to 5 meters long. Damien McManus, a professor of Irish studies at Trinity College Dublin has been scrutinizing a large collection of 28 newly cleaned and restored stones held at University College Cork. According to McManus, like other Ogham stones these have Celtic crosses etched onto them and the words have Latin endings. McManus, who completed his analysis recently, believes the stones were carved not for rituals but to mark territory and burial sites. Eamonn Kelly, keeper of antiquities at the National Museum of Ireland said that the new readings by McManus should convince most people that the stones are certainly associated with the origins of Christianity in Ireland.

Brings together the Census data from 1891 to 1991 on the numbers of Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh speakers in all part of the British Isles, with the exception of England. Concentrates on changes in the age structure of the Celtic-language-speaking populations as well as on the percentage of people speaking the language. (Author/JL)

Copyright of Language Problems & Language Planning is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As one of the Celtic languages, Irish is among the few languages in the world that employ word initial mutations (IMs) in order to express grammatical functions. IMs express grammatical information by a way of systematic alternation of minimal phonological contrasts, which closely links segmental phonology to grammatical morphology (Irish also employs final consonant palatalization as a grammatical marker, but this will not be the focus of our paper). The overwhelming majority of Irish speakers are bilingual (with English), and virtually all Irish-speaking children grow up with varying degrees of exposure to and use of English in the home. Irish is undergoing rapid language change at present, and the system of IM is affected by this process of shift such that many fluent Irish speakers show inconsistent use of IM in their spoken language. Given inconsistency in the use of a grammatical system in the adult language, the question arises whether it will be possible to identify developmental norms for the use of IM in child language. This in turn has clinical implications, in terms of the presence (or absence) of clinical markers of language delay or disorder. The data we report on consist of narrative samples from typically developing children (aged between 3 and 6) and a group of parents, who completed the same task (telling a story from a wordless picture book). We plot consistency and accuracy IM use in the language of children and parents. A key finding is that inconsistent IM use by parents is mirrored by inconsistent use by children. We discuss clinical implications for language sampling for diagnostic purposes, and the importance of individualized assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article discusses issues relating to territorially-differentiated community language development policy in the Scottish Gaelic and Irish contexts, and evaluates recent contributions to debate on the topic. The historical backdrop to current provision for Gaelic community development is explored within the wider context of Gaelic governance structures and funding streams. The article analyses current developments in the Scottish Government's policymaking process in relation to Gaelic, including proposals relating to the establishment of a geographical Gàidhealtachd, and argues in favour of a new framework for Gaelic community development based on the model of Ireland's Gaeltacht Act (2012). This would address both the 'heartland' and urban contexts, create a more localised level of language planning with greater community control and input, and establish the principle that Gaelic community development should be an elaborated policy area in its own right, with a clear statutory basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We apply insights from the political economy of secession to analyse the early years of the Irish Free State (IFS). The IFS was fortuitous in a debt settlement that enabled it to begin its existence debt free while also receiving financial assistance to quell civil unrest. Yet the IFS was unable to continue to provide the welfare spending inherited from the old regime thereby exacerbating inequality. The IFS also maintained a sterling peg, which led to a milder experience of the depression era. Ultimately, however, the benefits of independence were not forthcoming in the early years of the IFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article engages with the Digital Humanities as they relate to the field of early medieval textual analysis in Ireland. The starting point for this piece is the Irish Research Council New Foundations "Early Medieval Digital Humanities" Project, coordinated by the author in 2019. These workshops fostered discussion and collaboration between two IRC Laureate Projects, "Ireland and Carolingian Brittany: Texts and Transmission", led by Dr. Jacopo Bisagni (Classics, NUIG), and "Irish Foundations of Carolingian Europe", led by Dr. Immo Warntjes (History, TCD), and numerous international scholars and experts in the field of early medieval DH. In addition to reporting some of the outcomes and insights of this project, this article also offers a selective survey of ongoing work in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural languages with their speech communities tend to compete for speakers, very much like firms compete for market shares. As a result, some languages suffer a shifting pressure which might lead them to their extinction. This work studies the dynamics of language shift in the context of modern bilingual societies like the Basque Country, Ireland and Wales. They all have two official languages, linguistically distant: A, spoken by all, and B, spoken by a bilingual minority. They also have a bilingual education system that ensures a steady flow of new bilinguals. However, a decay in the use of B is observed, signalling that shift processes are at work. To investigate this apparent paradox, we use a novel approach in the literature of language competition. We build a behavioural game model with which bilinguals choose either language A or B for each interaction. Thus, they play repeatedly the game. We present a theorem predicting that under reasonable assumptions, any given population of bilinguals will converge into a linguistic convention, namely into an evolutionary stable equilibrium of the game, that always embeds a proportion of bilinguals shifting to A. We validate this result by means of an empirical version of the model, showing that the predictions fit well the observed data of street use of Basque and daily use of Irish and Welsh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilinguals appreciate that the language they choose expresses themselves differently; thus, we should never delude ourselves we are the same person in another language. Although Irish Gaelic is legally and constitutionally the bun-teanga – the foundational national language of Ireland – because of un/conscious historical determinations it has not been the daily spoken language for 150 years. This paper explores how the Irish Gaelic language might yet in/form an Irish unconscious differently, not only in terms of linguistic theories but through un/conscious relationships with fantasmic ideals, mythologies, and independence, and also, in Lacanian terms, an all too Real traumatic legacy of starvation and death. As such, it is argued, Irish Gaelic is a true object of a desire never really apprehended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical assumptions regarding language planning applied to populations bilingual in English and in a second, minority language are realised in an epidemiological system dynamics model. These assumptions are shown to fail to consider the overwhelming and growing influence of English-language media, both passive (entertainment) and active (especially social media). This influence is subsequently modelled as an English-speaking population of high connectivity, attracting actual and potential bilinguals to effective unilingualism. The flow and loop structure of the model is demonstrated to entail long-term English language dominance. The model is applied to bilingual populations in the United Kingdom, Eire, and New Zealand. Recent trends are duplicated and projections given. Threshold values of parameters critical for survival and for the attainment of published goals are found, and current language planning criticised with reference to these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oceánide is the property of Spanish Society for the Study of Popular Culture (SELICUP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the 'grades' of comparison is a familiar term, it is argued in this paper that a more thorough-going appreciation of a metaphor which originally had to do with steps allows us better to understand the development of the terminology of the grades of comparison as it moved from the Latin grammarians, especially Donatus and the commentators on his original work, into the medieval vernacular Irish and Welsh grammars. The architectural basis of the terminology, then, once identified, may help to clarify the use of such terms as Old Irish etargaire and how in Welsh grwndwal (lit.) 'ground-wall' came to be used of the positive form of the adjective. Abbreviations: CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum; eDIL: The Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language (www.dil.ie); PL: Patrologia Latina [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In seeking to understand the political projects underlying pedagogical choices, this article studies the reasons for and situated dynamics of the implementation of the "Rule of Irish" (or Riail na Gaeilge), which prohibits the use of English in Irish immersion language camps ("summer colleges") set in Ireland's officially designated Irish‐speaking regions, the Gaeltacht. Despite the great difficulty imposing this rule on learners represents, its implantation has remained unquestioned since the development of the first summer colleges at the beginning of the 20th century. Combining ethnographic observations, the study of press articles published between 1901 and 1916, and the analysis of contemporary language policies, I show that the implementation of Riail na Gaeilge aims to provide students with an experience of the monolingual Irish place that the Gaeltacht has long been popularly and officially imagined as being. Riail na Gaeilge is thus not just a pedagogical tool but it also has a social function of consecrating the Gaeltacht as Irish‐speaking Ireland. The article traces how the Gaeltacht was created and has been maintained through Riail na Gaeilge and explores the political reasons underlying this institutionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interview narrators reflect on living their cultural connections to Ireland and Scotland while living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Among the questions they focus on are whether the experience of colonisation in the northern hemisphere has influenced relations with Maori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa. These co-created, layered and complex narratives are viewed as "lived and told stories'', with the reader seen as a co-participant in the narrative. Applying the narrative analysis lenses of time and place left the researcher with a sense of the passage of time and the constant change that it bought for her own family and for interview narrators. These narratives are offered with a sense of celebration for the strength of cultures which can remake themselves across hemispheres and generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ireland the supernatural sí (loosely translated as 'fairies') were strongly associated with thousands of archaeological monuments and natural places in the landscape, and many prehistoric artefacts were regarded as material culture of the sí. Such artefacts assumed an important role in popular religious practices, folk medicine and magic, most frequently to invoke cures for farm animals, but also to protect the homestead. Though little discussed in archaeological literature, the interpretation of prehistoric artefacts as potent objects fromthe supernatural world, and their ability actively to influence the well-being of livestock and the household, illustrates the rich and complex lives many archaeological artefacts assumed several thousand years after their initial manufacture, use and discard. The folk use of such artefacts as active agencies contrasts with the contemporaneous antiquarian collection and display of archaeological material as relics of ancient cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the last twenty years of the life of one of Ireland's most controversial scholars, the polymath John Pentland Mahaffy. Mahaffy's name still has wide resonance in Irish historiography owing to his interventions in Irish cultural politics in the decades before 1919. He is frequently seen as an 'anti-Irish' figure. This article places Mahaffy in the wider context of international scholarship of the late Victorian era, arguing that he was a cosmopolitan whose overriding concern was not Ireland, or even Britain, but the fracturing of the republic of letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the regional, Cork-based sporting newspaper, the Cork Sportsman, for its lifespan of 3 years, when it was published weekly from 1908 to 1911. The article seeks to place this sporting newspaper in the context of the development of a specialist sporting press in Ireland from the late nineteenth century as well as in the context of the development of sporting coverage in the traditional newspaper trade developing simultaneously both nationally and regionally. Moreover, this article seeks to address why the newspaper had such a short lifespan at a time when coverage of sport in newspapers was growing and expanding in scope in the region. In so doing, this article argues that close examination of sporting newspapers is an important element of understanding the way in which sports history is written, given the significance of newspapers as a source in the methodology of many historians of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One function of prosodic phrasing is its role in aiding in the recoverability of syntactic structure. In recent years, a growing body of work suggests it is possible to find concrete phonetic and phonological evidence that recursion in syntactic structure is preserved in the prosodic organization of utterances (Ladd , ; Kubozono , ; Féry and Truckenbrodt ; Wagner , ; Selkirk , ; Ito and Mester ; Myrberg ). This paper argues that the distribution of phrase-level phrase accents in Connemara Irish provides a new type of evidence in favour of this hypothesis: that, under ideal conditions, syntactic constituents are mapped onto prosodic constituents in a one-to-one fashion, such that information about the nested relationships between syntactic constituents is preserved through the recursion of prosodic domains. Through an empirical investigation of both clausal and nominal constructions, I argue that the distribution of phrasal phrase accents in Connemara Irish can be used as a means of identifying recursive bracketing in prosodic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay is a reflection on the significance of Irish language teaching outside of Ireland and the challenges which Irish teachers abroad face. With a focus on the significance of Irish teaching in Poland, it opens up debate about the proper contextualisation of Irish language programmes within Irish Studies courses. It also makes recommendations about future directions for Irish language teaching outside of Ireland and suggests the establishment of a professional network for Irish teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study, situated in the area of variational pragmatics, contrasts tag question (TQ) use in Ireland and Great Britain using spoken data from the Irish and British components of the International Corpus of English (ICE). Analysis is on the formal and functional level and also investigates formfunctional relationships. Findings reveal many similarities in the use of TQs across the varieties. They also point, however, to a lower use of TQs in Irish English and in a range of variety-preferential features on both the formal and functional levels. The paper shows how an in-depth analysis of form-function relations together with a fine-tuned investigation of sub-functions gives an insight into formal preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines and discusses the profiles of applicants and entrants to the DGO (Dioplóma Gairmiúil san Oideachas) initial teacher education programme between 2000 and 2011. The DGO is the only initial teacher education programme in Ireland that is specifically designated to prepare student teachers for the second-level Irish-medium (SLIM) school sector. It is delivered entirely through the Irish language. This study examines data collected from all DGO applicants (N = 1002) between 2000 and 2011. Results show that demand for this programme has increased over the past decade. The academic quality of applicants has risen dramatically in recent years and 75% of successful applicants are female. The data show that a significant proportion of DGO applicants are native Irish speakers from Gaeltacht (areas in Ireland where the Irish language Gaeilge is the vernacular). There has been a severe shortage of applicants with qualifications in certain subject areas, in particular in Sciences, Mathematics and European languages. Drawing on findings from this study as well as on national statistics and educational policy documents, this paper discusses how changes to the DGO selection process may contribute to better meeting the staffing demands in SLIM schools in Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English is a product of contact with other languages (Hickey, 2010a). This essay explains the major effects of language contact on the languages or dialects involved, using examples from Shetland Scots, which has been influenced by contact with Norn, and from Southern Irish English (S.I.E.), which has been influenced by contact with Irish Gaelic. The focus is on the borrowing of lexical items between Norn and Shetland Scots and of grammatical features between Irish Gaelic and S.I.E. The essay begins with a brief overview of language contact in general and then give examples of the effects of contact from each dialect. Throughout the essay the claim is made that language contact is an ongoing and fluid process and that the examples given merely illustrate the effects of contact necessitated by the particular situation in question, not universal effects of language contact. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The past two decades have seen an expansion of archaeological activity on the island of Ireland that has transformed our knowledge and understanding of most periods in Irish prehistory and history. However, Iron Age sites and artefacts remain rare finds and are often ephemeral, particularly in the case of settlements. It is now clear that the peculiarly sparse record of the Irish Iron Age is genuinely representative of the surviving archaeology. It is also clear that this evidence does not fit the traditional ' Celtic' picture of warrior elites, druids and tribal hierarchies imported from other regions and later insular texts. This paper proposes an alternative model for the Irish Iron Age of the first millennium BC, one that centres on nomadism and heterarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the case of Ireland as an ante-litteram postcolonial context. Within this context, a main concern is that of the relationship between language and identity. Irish English (the variety of English spoken in Ireland) enjoys a unique position within the constellation of world-wide English varieties. Various factors led to the emergence of Irish English, it may well have developed as a resistance to the (contrasting) forces of colonialism and has been perceived as a different vehicle for communication when compared to received colonial English. Scholars now generally believe that Irish people, at a certain moment in time, decided to use a language which offered better possibilities for work. Via the analysis of some postcolonial issues, such as the linguistic crisis of the colonial subject, the paper will first illustrate the circumstances that led to the emergence of Irish English and then list the main features of this variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinction is drawn between Crystal's bucket theory of language processing and an overflow of effects between different linguistic levels in language production. Most of the examples are drawn from Welsh (a language of mutual interest to the author and the honoree of this issue). For that reason, it is proposed that this effect is termed the rhaeadr effect (from the Welsh for waterfall). The rhaeadr effect is illustrated with the initial consonant mutation systems of Welsh and Irish, and with data from both normal phonological (and morphophonological) development and disordered speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the correlation between clothing in Ireland and the country's Celtic Revival art movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a focus on cultural identity as expressed through women's dress. Topics include the political aspects of Irish national costume; "The Way We Wore" costume exhibit at the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin, Ireland; and efforts by the Gaelic League and Cumman na mBan Irish cultural organizations to promote Irish industries.

The article discusses the Welsh influence on the Irish cultural revival and Irish cultural nationalism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The role that the restoration of the Welsh language had on efforts to revitalize the Irish language, including the non-governmental organisation the Gaelic League's efforts in the latter, is discussed. An overview of the Irish nationalist Eoin MacNeill is provided.

The article discusses the conception of the world's largest collections of oral traditions in Ireland by the folklore organization Irish Folklore Commission (1935 to 1970). It states the decline of the spoken vernacular Irish language and exertion of independent Irish state to revive that language. It also outlines the criticisms of writer and intellectual Máirtín Ó Cadhain on the work of the Irish Folklore Commission.

The article focuses on the way in which nationalism in Ireland before famine of 19th century depended on literature and the interaction of literacy and orality for repealing the Act of Union of 1840s.

The article focuses on the objectives and scope of the Cnuasach Bhéaloideas Éireann: The National Folklore Collection of University College Dublin in Ireland. Topics discussed include the collection of materials relevant to traditional vernacular culture and the archive's accessibility to online researchers. The contribution of ethnographic field work to the archival expansion and the digitization of materials compiled are also mentioned.

This paper describes the complex and sometimes ambiguous attitudes of Gaeltacht Irish speakers towards the intergenerational transmission of Irish. It focuses on first language speaker data that was gathered as part of a larger field-based project among fluent, habitual speakers of Irish in the Múscraí Gaeltacht region in County Cork, Ireland, and compares the findings to Ó Riagáin's study of the more strongly Irish-speaking Corca Dhuibhne Gaeltacht some 20 years beforehand. It concludes by describing a contemporary in-group initiative to encourage Irish-language socialisation and some of the challenges faced in persuading Irish speakers of the merits of an all-Irish household approach to language retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Irish verb faigh 'get, find' displays a range of colloquial uses that resemble in part the polysemy of English get; accordingly, they are commonly assumed to be the result of English influence, despite almost no study of the verb's history. However, caution is called for in assuming transfer whenever nonstandard forms show similarities between the two languages, as recent research on Irish English suggests. Scholars of the English dialects in Ireland have shown that features previously assumed to result from contact with Irish can be attributed at least in part to other causes. Similar questions should be raised for changes in Irish. This paper examines several use patterns of faigh in contemporary Irish, and traces the history of their development from the early modern Irish period, to establish both the plausibility of English influence and the possibility of language internal mechanisms in the development of the new meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the Irish Free State was founded in 1922, the Irish language was a substantial feature of the politics that led up to this event. Subsequently the language was recognised as the national and first official language of the Irish Free State. Since then, the de jure position of Irish appears to have evolved. Most recently, legislation was introduced in the Republic of Ireland, and statutory duties were placed upon certain public bodies with regard to the Irish language in Northern Ireland. This article examines this historical shift in the status of Irish in the two political jurisdictions in Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland [as a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( UK)], and explains its significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the studies regarding pre-Christian cosmogonic lore in Medieval Ireland. It says that scholars identified assumed traces of pre-Chiristian mythology and cultic practices in early Irish literature as the result of antiquarianism tolerance on the part of the medieval Christian authors. It says that pre-Christian cosmogonic lore is a conscious excision of all belief and practice judge with Christian theology and origin stories. According to the study of John Carey, there was a substantial body of Irish writing committed to the ordering of the universe in accordance to a Christian perspective.

The Centre for Applied Language Studies (CALS), founded in 1997, is a research centre within the School of Languages, Literature, Culture and Communication. It brings together researchers and postgraduate students from several disciplines within the School, which includes six languages: English (English Language Teaching and English Literature), French, German, Irish, Japanese and Spanish. The Centre provides a focus for research in applied language studies within the University and a focal point for national and international links. It also promotes the interaction of research and the application of language activities in areas such as language learning, corpus linguistics, language in society, and language planning and policy. CALS also has a number of associate members from other Irish and European universities who make an important contribution to the work of the Centre by co-supervising Ph.D. theses and collaborating in publications and events. The Centre currently has 65 members, including 21 Ph.D. students. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the religious and political identity of the Irish language in Northern Ireland (NI). It explores how the English conquest of Ireland during the 17th century and subsequent colonization had a strong religious connotation, as well as a major role in decreasing the prevalence of the Irish language. Particular attention is given to how the acquisition of English language was connected to social status and economic advancement while the Irish language became more associated with nationalism and Catholicism in the 19th century.

The purpose of this article is to examine how struggles over language ownership are played out in a minority language setting, focusing on the case of Irish in the Republic of Ireland. The article examines the more or less serious struggles that emerge between so-called native, or L1, and nonnative, or L2, speakers of Irish in a language learning environment and the effect of these struggles on language acquisition and language choice. The discussion of these issues is based on a qualitative study of language ideologies held by 33 undergraduate students pursuing an Irish language degree. The study highlights some of the social and cultural differences that exist between these native speakers of Irish and second language learners and the need to find ways in which the two groups can work more productively together. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Through the analysis of three important texts-Gerald of Wales's Topographia Hibernica, the poem known as both The Song of Dermot and the Earl and The Deeds of the Normans in Ireland, and the 1367 Statutes of Kilkenny-this article seeks to demonstrate that characterizations of the Irish by the English during the first centuries of conquest and settlement established the Irish as differently gendered from the English. This is shown through the use of terms that define the Irish as sexually, socially, and culturally deviant, as unmanly and emasculated, and as legally and culturally inferior even to English women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2003 Irish short film called Yu Ming is Ainm Dom (My name is Yu Ming) by director Daniel O'Hara describes the experiences of a young Chinese man called Yu Ming who comes to Ireland in search of work. As he prepares to leave China he reads in a travel guide that Gaeilge (or Irish) is the first official language of Ireland and therefore sets out on an intensive learning course. On his arrival in Dublin Yu Ming is delighted to see public signage in Irish that he can understand. At the airport he finds his bealach amach (Way Out) and catches a bus to an lár (the city centre). However, his initial communication with local people in perfect Irish is met with strange looks and confusion with many Dubliners under the impression that they are listening to Chinese. Yu Ming eventually begins a conversation in Irish with an old man in a pub who explains to a perplexed Yu Ming that “Ní labhraítear Gaeilge anseo, labhraítear Béarla anseo – ó Shasana!” (“Irish isn't spoken here – English is spoken here, from England!”). Yu Ming leaves Dublin and finds work in rural western Ireland where the old man has suggested he should go. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]