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This study combines three of the most common bird species in both Iraq and the rest of the globe. This type of study demonstrates the degree of genetic convergence between these species. Blood samples from chicken, Guinea fowl, and quail were used in this study. The Four hundred and fifty birds are divided into 150 birds per species. Blood from a bird was sampled. The DNA samples' purities varied from 1.8 to 1.9. the (22) Gen Script USA primers are used. Overall, all of the primers produced (340) bands, 95 of which were polymorphic, with the maximum number of bands belonging to the OPA-20 and the lowest number of bands to the OPA-13. OPA-12 had the highest percentage (50.0), though. Primer OPA-20 has the widest molecular weight range (100- 1500 bp). Guinea fowl have a greatest number of bands overall (131), while quail reported the highest polymorphic bands overall (12) and polymorphism percentage (11.8). The maximum genetic similarity is found between chicken and quail (0.608), it is obvious that the genetic differences between the three groups are greatest between the Guinea fowl, quail and smallest between the quail and the chicken [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research included studying the genetic markers for nineteen cultivars of apricot, comprising: Khudrawi1, Heshari, Sharika, Saboni, Labibi, Zaghini, Zingili, Herfi, Aisha, Tariq1, Tariq2, Al-Mostafa, Pigeon eggs, AlQaissi, Laozi, Khudrawi2, Khawki, Khairi and Orange Hashari. Hereditarily, it was employed one of the markers that depend on PCR, was Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), in order to detect the genetic variation among cultivars and to find genetic distance and cumulative analysis for nineteen samples. DNA was isolated from the plant leaves, then the RAPD reactions were employed by using sixteen primers; the products then were electrophoresed on a 1.5% agarose gel. It was noticeable that the primer which gave more bands is OP D-18, it gave 154 bands; its efficiency was 10.9, while its differentiation capacity was11.1. The variety rate of the cultivars by using this primer was 100%. On the other hand, the less producible primer was OP H-16, it produced only 29 bands and had less efficiency (2), while its differentiation capacity was 2.1. The variety rate of the cultivars by using OP H-16 was100%. It must be mentioned that the summation of the unique bands that appeared by using primers was 28 bands distributed among the studied cultivars. Khudrawi2 was butter luck, it owned 12 unique bands. It’s clear that the genetic markers had a role in the morphological variation, isolation of apricots’ cultivars and classifying them. The genetic tree which depended on RAPD primers showed that the most relative cultivars were Tariq1 and AlMustafa from Al-Alam; their relative rate was (0.9209 ), so they are regarded as the most relative variety. Whereas, the maximum genetic distance was 0.3220, which appeared between Zengili and Khudrawi2. The next was 0.3446 between Sharika and Khudhrawi2, then 0.3672 between Khudhrawi2 and Tariq2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolation of the genomic DNA from leaves of the species under study belonging to different genera with concentrations ranging between (210 - 648) ng / microliter and a purity of 1.8) which was estimated by a Bio drop device at the wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was carried out to prepare the genetic signature of 8 species of the grass family belonging to different tribes. The discrepancies between the replicated pieces of each species (their numbers and molecular sizes) were detected after the replication products of the samples were migrated onto the acarose gel and stained. With the stain of ethidium bromide. (9) primers were chosen, which showed different multiplication products among the studied species, as those prefixes showed (34) polymorphic bands out of (82) total main bands. Each selected primer produced between 24 (OPY-04) to 88 (OPU-03) bands. The size of the multiplicons (amplicons) ranged from 100 base pairs (OPM-18) to 1525 base pairs (OPC-09). The largest number of disparate bands (heterogeneous) (6) bands produced by the prefixes (OPC-09) and (OPJ-08) while it appeared that the least number of varying bands (0) bands were produced by the primer (OPY-04). The prefixes differed in their ability to find different types of patterns between the studied species, the polymorphic RAPD profile, in which it was possible to find the genetic fingerprint of the species under study from the grass family(Poaceae) that belonged to different tribes and that reflects various individual features specific to the DNA (fingerprints). The primers efficiency ranged from (0) in primer (OPY-04) to (0.09) in primer (OPW-01), primer (OPJ-08) and primer (OPF-05). It was found in this study that the primers (OPJ-08) and (OPC-09) had the least ability to distinguish reached around (17.64%). The primer (OPY-04) had the highest ability to distinguish is (0%) while the primers (OPF-05) has the highest value for polymorphism (57.1%), while the primer (OPY-04) has the highest value for polymorphism (0%). The lowest genetic dimension was(0.053) between the species S. divaricatus and A. palaestina, while the greatest genetic dimension was (0.61146) between the species L. hirsutus and S. arabica. The meta-analysis revealed an unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA), that is, based on the evolutionary tree of relationships into two major genetic groups or two major genera that included the first clade species L. hirsutus and C.pakeri, either. The second clad included two subgroups. The first one included S.barbatus species with a single clade alone. The secondary subgroup was divided into 3 subgroups, (3subclades). The species S. arabica descended into a secondary subclade alone and coalesced with it with the second subclade 2 subclade that combines the two species P.incurva and A. donax, while the two species included S. divaricatus and A. palaestina within asecondary subclade. The isolation of the species in groups or clusters from each other indicates the reliability of the genetic traits in separating the species. As for the similarity that some species came with this results from the fact that they have a common ancestral origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Current study identified sand fly species (Phlebotomus papatasi), using both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, in a region where cutaneous leishmaniasis tends to be endemic in Iraq. • We have found for the first time Leishmania major parasite in sand fly females in an area of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks. • We identified Leishmania major using nested polymerase chain reaction. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is transmitted by Phlebotomine sand fly vectors, among which Phlebotomus papatasi is prevalent in Western Asia, Northern Africa and Southern Europe, and it is known as a vector for Leishmania major parasite in the world. However, in Iraq, morphological studies showed that P. papatasi is a predominant sand fly species and hypothesised to transmit CL causing Leishmania species including L. major and L. tropica. Few studies have found Leishmania species in sand flies in mixed pools of samples in this country. Accurate identification of sand flies as vectors of Leishmania species is required in Iraq. The current study aims to identify sand fly species, using both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, in a region where CL tends to be endemic. Furthermore, molecular phylogenetic analysis has also used to confirm Leishmania species in the sand fly samples collected in 11 villages between Diyala and Sulaymaniyah Provinces. For the first time, we have found L. major in three individual sand flies, one engorged (with fresh blood meal) and two non-engorged (without visible fresh blood meal) P. papatasi females in an area of CL outbreaks since 2014-till now due to civil wars and internal conflicts happen in the region. Further study should be performed on sand fly population and Leishmania reservoirs in this region. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]