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E. coli is a significant infectious agent that causes nosocomial infections in hospitals all over the world. One of the factors that contributes to the development of drug resistance in E. coli is responsible for the production of ESBls enzymes. In this study, bla TEM was documented for the very first time among E. coli in Iraqi hospitals located in the province of Al-Anbar. 100 of the 141 E. coli clinical isolates tested for resistance to cephalosporins were found in urine samples. The VITEK-2 system was used to analyze antibiotic resistance. All of the isolates have been found to produce the cephalosporins gene, as shown by the positive results of the phenotypic detection of Extended-Spectrum ß-lactamases enzymes by the Modified Hodge test and the mCIM; 25/25 (100%) of the tests yielded a positive result with the mCIM, and 4.87 % with the modefied Hodge test. Traditional PCR was used to detect the bla TEM gene, and the results showed that 56% of the strains were positive for this gene. These findings demonstrated that TEM was present in MDR-E. coli, indicating that ESBLs were prevalent throughout the province of Anbar in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to know and understand electoral and tribal behaviour as an anthropological parameter that weights the modern political life of contemporary Iraqi society and to verify the suitability of tribal political behaviour to understand the paths of change in the electoral and democratic sphere within the local community institutions in Rumaitha district. The functional and the descriptive approach was adopted by the intentional sampling method as a field for research, and the appropriate tools were used for the two approaches as a tool for gathering information. The research found that the election culture in Iraqi society is still characterized by the traditional character, as tribal and tribal factors play an active role in the political body of society. The research recommended conducting anthropological and social studies to help establish a national and democratic electoral system among citizens in the realities of social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]