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The heavy metal mercury is a toxic metals that can accumulate in plant organs in large quantities and is toxic to humans. Hornbeam, Carpinus betulus, is a species from Caspian hyrcanian mixed forests. In this research, it was studied how much mercury hornbeam absorbed from the environment. Twenty five trees were randomly selected, and the distances between trees were 10 to 15 m in industrial park North of Iran. From each tree selected, 15 g leaves and 15 g root were harvested using horticultural scissors and 15 g of soil from 30 cm depth. Four stations were selected near steel factory. A control station located 2 km from the steel factory was selected and three stations were located near the steel factory. Samples of leaves, soil and roots are prepared after coding, placed in paper envelopes and transferred to the lab. The amount of mercury in plant samples was prepared by dry digestion with atomic absorption spectroscopy. To compare the effect of mercury concentration on leaf and root, Tukey's test was used. The average concentration of mercury in soil was 0.96 mg/kg, in root 0.551 mg/kg and leaf 0.28 mg/kg. It was observed that as mercury increases, the leaf chlorophyll content decreases. Results allowed concluding that Carpinus betulus tree accumulation amount is suitable for absorbing the contamination of mercury in soil pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma fungus species are highly populations of fungi in world that they can colonize roots as plant symbiosis. Various types of Trichoderma are free-living fungi that are, generally, saprophytic on the remains of soil. In addition to its role in biological control, this fungus increases plant yield and growth. So far, many studies have been conducted to examine the ability of this agent to reduce biological tensions and biological control of plant pathogens. Thus, this study was conducted to isolate and identify species of Trichoderma fungus from rapeseed fields in Golestan and Qazvin province from Iran, and also to study isolated species on germination percentage and growth parameters of rapeseed seedlings in a randomized complete block design with three replications in vitro. Based on the results, three species of T. harzianum, T. virens, and T. atroviride were identified, which the isolate of T. harzianum Ta19 showed a significant effect on the control group and other treatments in increasing germination percentage, root length and stem; whereas, the seeds treated with the isolate T. atroviride Ta11 showed no significant difference with the control group in spite of the increase in seed germination rate in comparison with the control and other treatments. According to the results, the use of Trichoderma fungus as a seed treatment like other researches on different products is recommended for increasing the growth of rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Many studies have explored the prevalence of dental anomalies, with conflicting results, possibly attributed to differences in the ethnicities of the populations evaluated. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies, using panoramic images, in an Iranian population. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, panoramic radiographs of patients aged 18 years or more, between 2015 and 2017 from three private clinics in Babol and Sari, were evaluated for presence or absence of anomalies (tooth shape, number, structure, and position). Data were analyzed using the chi square test, Student's ttest, and analyses of variance. In this study, p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of 8018 cases examined, anomalies were found in 2250 cases (28.06%), with 95% confidence intervals of 27.08 - 29.0; one, two, and more than two types of anomalies were observed in 1968 (24.5%), 267 (3.3%), and 15 (0.2%) cases, respectively. Root dilaceration was the most prevalent anomaly (7.7%), followed by dens invaginatus (3.8%). Impaction was observed with a prevalence of 15.2%. Impaction, dens invaginatus, and missing teeth were significantly more prevalent in women than in men, whilst supernumerary teeth and hypercementosis were more common in men than in women (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the relatively high prevalence of dental anomalies such as root dilacerations and dens invaginatus, it is essential to consider these anomalies carefully in treatment decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp. with the dominant species, Meloidogyne javanicaare is considered as the important plant pathogens of agricultural products globally. In this study, chemical management was carried out RKN, M. javanica to investigate the efficacy of Iranian Abamectin insecticide product [acaricideabamectin (Vermectin® 1.8% EC, Gyah Corp., Iran)] verses normal Abamectin available in the market each at the rate of 8 L.ha, on cucumber "Viola" and the controls (infested to RKN and without any chemical pesticides treatments) at the two highly infested-RKN farmer greenhouses in Isfahan, Iran. The results indicated a highly significant reduction in RKN population and increase in biomass parameters at 1% level of significance, respectively. Parameters of RKN in the soil and plant root revealed that the number of nematode larvae, second instar larvae (J2) in the soil was reduced by 95% by the normal Abamectin and 93% by the Iranian Abamectin product in comparison to the initial population, respectively. The number of J2 and eggs in the root was also reduced by 89% in the normal Abamectin followed by 91% in the Iranian Abamectin; gall-index reduction was 56% and 58%; and egg-mass index with 79% and 74% reduction in the roots; and the lowest percentage of reproduction rate was 5.4% and 8.3% in the respective treatments accordingly. The same trend was almost followed for the growth factors parameters (biomass), BGPs. The highest stem fresh and dry weight was recorded in the normal Abamectin followed by Iranian Abamectin. The longest stem and root length and root fresh and dry weight was recorded in the Iranian Abamectin followed by normal Abamectin. In total, the results showed that Iranian Abamectin insecticide is competitive as a nematicide for the management of cucumber RKN compared to normal Abamectin, and is a suitable alternative in RKN management, and could be extended to other agricultural crops accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Root morphology is of utmost importance to endodontic sciences. Since there are a few studies on the morphology of mandibular second molars' roots, and some anatomical variables are not evaluated before, the aim of this study was to investigate thoroughly radicular anatomy of this tooth. Materials and Methods: This ex vivo study was performed on 150 intact mandibular second molars. After access cavity preparation and ensuring canal patency, Indian ink was injected into root canals from the orifices. The teeth became transparent using methyl salicylate storage. Then, they were inspected by an endodontist under a x|0 stereomicroscope regarding numerous root morphological variables. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: About 86.7% of teeth had two roots and 1 3.3% were single-rooted (P = 0.0001), of which, 50% were C-shaped (6.7% of all teeth, P = 0.0001). 86.7% of mesial roots were double canalled, whereas 75.3% of distal roots were single canalled (P = 0.0001). 71.45% and 95.3% of the mesial and distal roots had one apical foramen, respectively (P = 0.0001).Apical foramens were mostly central followed by lingual in most cases. Distances between apical foramen and apical constriction ranged between 0.27 and 0.40 mm (P = 0.0545). Distances between apical foramen and root apices ranged between 0.30 and 0.47 mm (P = 0.0001 ). Vertucci classifications of mesial canals were Type II in 62.6% and Type IV in 37.4%. 86.2% of single-canal distal roots were Type 1.66.7% of double-canal distal roots were Type II and 33.3% were Type IV (P = 0.0001).The mean root lengths from cervical to apex of mesial, distal, and single roots were 14.02 ± 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.87-14.17), 13.35 ±0.91 (95% CI = 13.19-13.50), and 14.25 ± 0.72 mm (95% CI = 13.91-14.58), respectively. The extents of canal curvatures varied between 20° and 31° buccolingually (P = 0.0000), and between 19° and 27° mesiodistally (P = 0.0000). Conclusion: There was a considerable rate of eccentric apical foramen in mandibular second molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drought is one of the major challenges in rice production in Iran where it is the second most important crop after wheat. Hence, there is an increasing need to develop rice genotypes with drought-tolerant background. Determining drought tolerance mechanisms would be the first priority in order to have a successful rice breeding program. In the present study, three popular rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars including Neda, Amol3, and Sang-tarom having contrasting features against drought stress were tested in two water-deficit treatments at both vegetative and reproductive stages. Some important morphological and physiological characteristics related to the drought tolerance mechanism such as ABA content in leaves, size of stomatal apertures, and root length in vegetative phase as well as root volume and weight of panicles in reproductive phase were evaluated. Further, the expression profiles of four important transcription factors involved in drought tolerance regulatory networks, MYB3R-2, ZFP252, AP37, and AP59, were examined by means of quantitative RT-PCR. The data showed that the responses of Neda to drought stress conditions are closer to Amol3 than to Sang-tarom. In Neda, no reduction was observed in stomatal aperture size while the maximum dry and fresh weights of panicles found in Neda under mild drought stress conditions was a remarkable property among the cultivars in long-term drought stress. The genes expression profiles of AP37, AP59, MYB3R-2, and ZFP252 also showed lower levels of increase in Neda compared to Sang-tarom and Amol3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satureja hortensis L. (summer savory) is among the most important medicinal plants, grown in different parts of the world including Iran. The objective was to enhance the morphological properties of different genotypes of summer savory in temperature (warm, mild and cold) stress by fertilization and plant growth regulators (PGRs), as it has not been previously investigated, to our knowledge. The effects of fertilization (F1) (MI, 2 g L−1), and PGRs (sprayed four times during the season) including amino acid (F2) (A, 2 g L−1), gibberellic acid (F3) (GA, 2 mM), and control (F4) (using water) were examined on plant growth. The summer savory genotypes (Khuzestani, Mutika and Bakhtiari) were planted on the 8th of April (13.0 °C), May (20.8 °C), and June (26.0 °C), and a wide range of plant growth parameters were determined. Genotype Mutika was the most responsive one with significantly higher growth under all temperature conditions. Even under the cold stress Mutika root fresh weight was significantly higher than that of the other genotypes. However, fertilization and PGRs significantly increased the fresh weight of aerial part in all genotypes. All treatments significantly increased the flower number in cold stress. MI, compared with the PGRs, significantly increased side stem height, in different temperatures. The highest effects of treatments were observed on root volume, aerial part and total fresh weights, stem height and flower number. It is possible to plant and improve S. hortenesis morphological properties in different climatic conditions using the tested treatments and the appropriate genotype affecting plant physiological metabolisms. [Display omitted] • S. hortensis growth affected by genotype, cold, fertilization and plant growth regulators. • Root fresh weight of stressed Mutika was significantly higher than the other genotypes. • Biochemicals significantly increased aerial fresh weight in all genotypes. • Genotype Mutika was the most responsive one with significantly higher growth. • The use of proper genotype treated with biochemicals is recommendable under stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile constituents of the oil extracted from the root, leaf and seed of Cleome quinquenervia DC were isolated through a hydro distillation method and then analyzed by GC and GC-MS.. Root, leaf and seed were found to contain 15, 52, and 42 components respectively. The major components of leaf oil were found to be β-pinene (31%), a-pinene (26.1%), trans-pinocarvyl acetate (6.6%). The root oil constituents were characterized by high amounts of a-eudesmol (29%), β-eudesmol (27.5%) and β-eudesmol (13%). The main constituents of the seed oil were shown to trans-pinocarvyl acetate (12.5%), β-eudesmol (10.8%) and β- pinene (10.8%), a-eudesmol (9.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoremediation is the technology of purging soils and water systems from heavy pollutant metals. Cadmium is one of the heavy elements, which is environmentally important due to its toxicity to humans and animals. Toxicity and accumulation of cadmium in body organs through eating contaminated food has an important role in endangering human’s health. To this end, trees of buttonwood were prepared and irrigated with nutrient solution containing cadmium chloride in 10, 15 and 20 mM for 12 months. Then the root, stem and leaf samples were harvested and the amounts of cadmium element in stem, root and leaf organs together with the growth parameters were measured. This study determined the amount of cadmium accumulated by Platanus occidentalis. Furthermore, the comparison between accumulation and transfer of cadmium in the study showed that absorption of this metal by the root is more than its amount in stem and leaf. The result of this research shows that buttonwood has the potential for cadmium accumulation without any serious damage to its growth. Regarding the extent of contaminated industrial areas, petrochemical industry, power plants and vast contaminated municipal areas, there is a great need for planting fast-growing and tolerant plants like buttonwood. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Aims: Successful root canal therapy requires knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology. For permanent mandibular premolars, great variety in size, shape and number of roots and root fusion expression has been reported in the literature. There is a wide variety of methods used in studies for evaluating the root canal morphology. One of these methods is Cone-beam Computed tomography (CBCT) that reduces the limitations of two-dimensional X-ray imaging, with less exposure in comparison with other 3D radiographies. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the differences in the root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular premolars in an Iranian population by means of CBCT images. Materials and Methods: We searched a database of CBCT scans and evaluated 400 (20-60 years old) patients who met the inclusion criteria and teeth in this images (CBCT) were evaluated in three dimensions (Axial, Coronal and Sagital). Tooth length, number of roots, number of canals, canal type, root curvature and the effect of gender on any of the items mentioned were evaluated. Data were analyzed using T-test. Results: The average length of the first premolar of mandibular was 22.27 mm and second premolar was 22.28 mm. 98.4% of the first premolar and 98.2% of the second premolar were single root., and 87.3% and 93.1% were single channel. The incidence of number of canals based on vertochy divisions were:type 1: 90.7% and 90.8%, type 0: 2.2% and 2.8%, type 4: 3.3% and 3.1%, type 6: 1.4% and 2.1% and type 3: 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. In any case, there was no significant difference between males and females (P<0.001). Conclusion: Results indicate that dentists can obtain valuable information about the anatomy and morphology of the root canals using CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen, 18, 19, 19 and 10 constituents were identified in the essential oils of herb, flowers, unripe fruits, ripe fruits and roots of lovage, respectively. In herb's essential oil the main constituents were: α-terpinyl acetate (52.4%), Z-ligustilide (29.7%), β-phellandrene (12.9%). In flower's essential oil the main constituents were: Z-ligustilide (52.4%), β-phellandrene (26.6%) and α-terpinyl acetate (10.4%). β-Phellandrene (47.8%), Z-ligustilide (38.5%) and α-terpinyl acetate (3.6%) were the major components of unripe fruits. In ripe fruits, Z-ligustilide (35.1%), β-phellandrene (34.4%) and α-terpinyl acetate (4.2%) and in roots Z-ligustilide (79.7%), Pentylcyclohexadiene (7.9%), P-allylanisole (7%) and β-phellandrene (2.3%), are found chief constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]