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Ferula latisecta belongs to the Ferula genus and is endemic to Iran. The present study aims to extract the essential oil of F. latisecta oleo-gum-resin for the first time and evaluate its phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity. The essential oil was extracted using a Clevenger-type hydrodistillation apparatus. The essential oil constituents were identified and quantified using GC and GC/MS methods. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was assayed against two Gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and a fungal strain, Candida krusei using the broth microdilution method to determine MIC and MBC values. The results showed that the essential oil was rich in β- and α-pinene with 30.72% and 25.07% content, respectively. Additionally, the essential oil contained a significant amount of sulfur-containing compounds (7.49%) such as (E)-sec-butyl propenyl disulfide (4.21%), (Z)-sec-butyl propenyl disulfide (2.34%), and hexamethylene sulfide (0.94%). According to the results, the essential oil exhibited high inhibitory activity against C. krusei fungi, with MIC and MBC values of 2 μg/mL, which were more potent than amphotericin B (MIC: 8 and MBC: 32 μg/mL), as a standard antifungal agent. Additionally, the essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, with MIC and MBC values of 32 μg/mL, which were more potent than cefixime. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited moderate activity against S. aureus with MIC and MBC values of 16 μg/mL. This study introduces a new oleo-gum resin from F. latisecta, with a high content of terpenoids and strong antimicrobial potency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ducrosia anethifolia Boiss is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is used as a food additive and drug in the areas of natural distribution. In this study, eight populations from different geographical regions of Iran were evaluated for their essential oil composition, total phenolics and flavonoids as well as for free radical scavenging activity during two consecutive years under water deficit. Analysis of variance was performed using a randomized block design at three levels of irrigation and 2 years, using the GLM procedure of SAS software and cluster analysis was used according to Ward's method using squared Euclidean dissimilarity. The highest essential oil and total phenolics/flavonoids content were obtained in the second year. GC–MS analysis was used to analyze the essential oil components. In normal conditions, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (39.1–66.4%) and α-pinene (1.02–4.7%) were recognized as major compounds. The essential oil components were elevated under water stress. The highest increase in cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.32%) in response to water stress was observed in Abarkuh1. Elevation in total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity was also observed in plants subjected to water deficit. The highest content of phenolic acids was measured in Semirom (136.74 mg TAE/g DW), while the highest flavonoid content was in Kerman (6.05 mg QUE/g DW) in severe water stress condition. Finally, a high diversity in the studied populations can be used to select advantageous populations for other pharmaceutical and food purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is an important medicinal plant, of which all parts have pharmaceutical and nutritional applications and which is distributed throughout the southwest regions of Iran. The aerial parts of myrtle were collected at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, unripe fruit and ripening fruit stages, after the fully mature fruit dispersal stage) from Fars Province of Iran and were analyzed with GC–FID and GC–MS. All the data were submitted to multivariate statistical analysis, showing many differences among the various plant parts and their phenological stages. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (18.9–50.5%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (38.2–72.4%) were the most abundant class in the volatile emissions, with α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, linalool, α-terpineol, linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate being the main constituents in the majority of the examined samples. α-Pinene content ranged from 8.88% at the after fully mature fruit dispersal stage (leaves) to 32.84% at the flowering stage in the leaves. Limonene, which is the dominant component at the flowering stage, was 23.97% in the flowers, while the limonene amount was 0.14–1.42% at other harvest stages. The greatest 1,8-cineole amount was obtained prior to flowering, 45.98%, while the lowest amount was obtained at the flowering stage, in the flowers. The total phenol and flavonoid contents varied between different myrtle parts: the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents were obtained for the extract made of the before-flowering stage in leaves (66.52 mg GAE/g and 7.49 mg QE/g extracts). Overall, the study indicated that collecting myrtle at the vegetative and flowering stages, especially the leaves organs, would be of considerable importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn. is an endemic medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family and mainly grown in North-western Iran. Drought stress is an important factor in reducing the yield of medicinal herbs. Water-stress tolerance involves subtle changes in cellular biochemistry. It appears to be the result of the accumulation of compatible solutes and of chemical compositions that can be rapidly induced by osmotic stress. For this purpose, the effect of different irrigation regimes (well-watered and irrigation after depletion of 40% and 70% of field capacity (FC)) were studied in S. schtschegleevii. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The results showed that water-deficit had negative effects on shoot dry matter, relative water content, and photosynthetic pigments of the exposed plants. The essential oil (EO) content under water-deficit had an increasing trend. Water-deficit significantly increased total phenol content, proline, H2O2, and malondialdehyde contents. Linalool, β-pinene oxide, α-campholenal and germacrene-D were the major compounds of essential oils (EOs) affected by water-deficit stress. Finally, although water deficiency reduces the shoot dry matter yield of the S. schtschegleevii, the accumulation of EO increased as a plant response to water-deficit stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran has different environmental conditions due to its specific geographical location. Therefore, exploring essential oil and flavonoid components among medicinal plants in different areas may result in discoveries about valuable bioactive compounds. The present investigation aimed to study flavonoids profile and essential oils composition of four Lamiaceae species i.e., Stachys lavandulifolia, Teucrium polium, Thymus daenensis and Ziziphora clinopodioides from Oshtorankoh located on Zagros Mountains, Iran. A chemical study using two dimentional paper chromatography (2-DPC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed that the four studied species contained flavone C and C-/O glucosides and flavonoid sulphates. The present study revealed that T. polium had high levels of many flavonoids such as apigenin, genistein, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, and vitexin compared to the other studied plants. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that S. lavandulifolia was rich in a-pinene (21.16 %) and 1,8-cineol (16.95 %), T. polium in a-pinene (12.21 %) and sabinene (9.55 %), T. daenensis in α-Terpinene (36.98 %) and p-Cymene (26.87 %), and Z. clinopodioides in piperitone (16.84 %) and 1,8-cineol (16.11 %) components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic location, environmental conditions, and edaphic factors are interconnected, and collectively influence the total content of some plant-based compounds. Mountain tea (Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl) is a perennial plant in the Lamiaceae family, having prominent medicinal properties due to its unique chemical composition. The current research evaluated effective traits that shape the content of essential oil (EO) and phytochemical compounds in S. lavandulifolia populations (P). Samples were collected from 20 different habitats located in the west and northwest of Iran. The results indicated that the Heris (P3) and Sarab (P7) populations exhibited high levels of EOs and phytochemical properties. In the studied areas, principal component and cluster analyses considered environmental factors like climate and soil, thus revealing significant findings. Soil characteristics, including organic matter content, total nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and soil phosphorus (P) content, were identified as the most influential factors, with average annual rainfall following closely. The highest average annual temperatures largely contributed to distinguishing the areas, thus categorizing the habitats into three distinct groups. EO from 20 populations analyzed using GC/MS showed 41 compounds, the most important of which were α-pinene (1.21–33.29 %), α-bisabolol (0.71–53.05 %), and spathulenol (2.8–18.8 %), germacrene-D (1.13–12.18 %), β-phellandrene (0.09–16.72 %), myrcene (1.01–13.34 %), phytol (1.19–10.14 %), and viridiflorol (0.93–6.19 %). Grouping the S. lavandulifolia populations based on their main compounds in the EO divided them into two distinct habitats. The first habitat had eleven S. lavandulifolia populations, whereas the second had nine. Comparison of mean values among habitats showed that the first habitat was superior to the second, regarding sesquiterpene chemical compounds such as spathulenol, viridiflorol, α-muurolol, α-cadinol, and valeranone. The second habitat was more suitable than the first because of higher amounts of monoterpene chemical compounds, such as α-pinene, myrcene, and β-phellandrene. Overall, in this study, Heris (P3), Azarshahr (P4), and Sarab (P7) populations were favorable because of their EO yield and compounds. Our approach to identifying environmental and edaphic cues that shape the EO content, chemotype, or the presence of high amounts of specific compounds can help to select regions for sampling plant material while prioritizing desirable chemical profiles for direct use or in breeding programs. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of the chemical composition of 20 Stachys lavandulifolia populations. • This study underscores the substantial impact of environmental factors on EO components, total phenol and flavonoid content. • Altitudes had negative relation with essential oil content. • P3 and P7 habitats had populations with high levels of EOs and phytochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepeta curvidens is a plant of the mint family and an important species of the genus Nepeta. The main habitat of the N. curvidens in the Garin Mountains in Lorestan Province, Iran. Although locals have used N. curvidens as a food flavoring agent for years, few studies have been conducted on its phytochemical and biological properties. The chemical constituents of N. curvidens essential oil and then its biological properties were studied in detail in this investigation. N. curvidens essential oil was prepared from the aerial parts of the plant using the hydrodistillation method and its chemical composition was analyzed by the GC-MS method. Antimicrobial, antifungal, anti- Leishmania , and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil were investigated in vitro. In addition, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in vivo. Most of N. curvidens essential oil compositions are composed of trans -caryophyllene (17.53%), allo -spathulenol (13.41%), germacrene D (10.12%), bicyclogermacrene (9.36%), α -pinene (9.12%), and β -phellandrene (6.87%). The highest antimicrobial and antifungal effects were observed against L. monocytogenes (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) and K. marxianus (MIC=625 µg/ml), respectively. Concentration-dependent effects were detected in the treatment of L. major, so that the number of macrophages infected with amastigote dropped significantly with higher concentrations. The essential oil showed the highest effect on the lung cancer cell line (A549) with the lowest IC50 (133.2μg/mL). The most resistant cell line to the essential oil was bladder cancer (C450) with an IC50 of 430.69 µg/mL. SI 19.49 index indicated high immunity of the essential oil on macrophage lines. Compared with morphine analgesic, the highest pain control effect of the essential oil was observed in primary and secondary phases at 100 mg/kg concentration in rats. At 100 mg/kg concentration, reduced swelling of the paw and ear was observed in mice compared to the dexamethasone anti-inflammatory drug. The essential oil presents remarkable therapeutic properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory properties that probably attributed to the presence of an important trans -caryophyllene compound. Outstandingly, the essential oil has low toxic effects on the normal line and high antitumor properties against cancer cells. Therefore, it is expected to be used in the preparation of less toxic drugs than chemical ones, although more studies are required. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn is an endemic medicinal plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is mainly grown in the Northwestern parts of Iran. This plant contains essential oils that are medicinally valuable with very few available information on them. In this study, the aerial parts of S. schtschegleevii were collected at different plant growth stages (Vegetative, flowering, seed set and seed ripping) and their essential oil (EO) compositions were determined at each stage separately. In order to determine EO contents in S. schtschegleevii, the hydrodistillation method was used. The chemical compounds were then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods in all studied stages. The highest EO yield was observed in the flowering stage (0.25 %). Significant variations were detected in EO compounds during various stages of growth. In vegetative stages, spathulenol (19.63 %), germacrene-D (11.3 %), α-pinene (7.8 %), α-cadinol (5.8 %) and β-eudesmol (7.2 %) were the major components; while in the flowering stages, the major compounds were α-pinene (15 %), germacrene-D (12.6 %), spathulenol (12 %) and β-pinene (5.9 %). α-pinene (17.9 %), α-cadinol (12.4 %), germacrene-D (11.6 %) and spathulenol (6.5 %) were the prominent constituent of the essential oil during seedset stage. Finally, when the seeds ripened, the main components of EO were reported as α-pinene (19.5 %), spathulenol (14.68 %), α-cadinol (10.5 %) and germacrene-D (5.6 %). In the seed ripping stage, monoterpene hydrocarbons recorded as the most dominant component (37.0 %). In the flowering stage, this component was as low as 15.4 % where the highest compound was α-pinene that followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Also, the highest total phenol accumulation (81.70 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid (8.70 mg QE/ g DW) were observed in the flowering stage which is also considered as the stage with maximum antioxidant activity. Based on the results, the flowering stage is the best harvesting time for S. schtschegleevii plants to produce EO for both food and pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile components of Haplophyllum canaliculatum Boiss. grown in Iran were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The components were analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS. The extraction time and temperature for HS-SPME, microwave, power, and exposure time of extraction for SFME were optimized. Twenty-five compounds that represent 99.88% of total compounds in the oil were obtained by the HD method, and the major components for this method were identified as β-pinene (18.90%), 1,8-cineole (13.94%), and piperitone (12.22%). However, piperitone (34.50%), caryophyllene oxide (9.94%), and a-eudesmol were the main compounds among twenty-one constituents, representing 99.89% of the total composition that were characterized in volatiles extracted by the SFME method. Moreover, thirteen compounds, representing 99.95% of the total constituents, were characterized in volatile fraction extracted by the HS-SPME method, which were dominated by β-pinene (21.13%), a-pinene (13.07%), limonene (11.65%), and δ-2-carene (10.23%) as major constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile constituents of the oil extracted from the root, leaf and seed of Cleome quinquenervia DC were isolated through a hydro distillation method and then analyzed by GC and GC-MS.. Root, leaf and seed were found to contain 15, 52, and 42 components respectively. The major components of leaf oil were found to be β-pinene (31%), a-pinene (26.1%), trans-pinocarvyl acetate (6.6%). The root oil constituents were characterized by high amounts of a-eudesmol (29%), β-eudesmol (27.5%) and β-eudesmol (13%). The main constituents of the seed oil were shown to trans-pinocarvyl acetate (12.5%), β-eudesmol (10.8%) and β- pinene (10.8%), a-eudesmol (9.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil content in the aerial parts of the endemic species Pycnocycla caespitosa growing wild in the south of Iran was found to be 0.25% based on the fresh weight. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty one constituents, representing 97.4% of the oil were identified. The major components of the oil were β-eudesmol (20.3%), 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (13.2%), Z-β-ocimene (6.1%), a-pinene (5.9%), spathulenol (4.6%) and β-cymene (4.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical compositions of the essential oils from the aerial parts ofArtemisia aucheri,grown in a mountainous region in Ghamsar Province, central Iran, have been analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectroscopy (MS) to determine how they are affected by topographic factors (site direction and elevation). Plants were sampled at random in full flowering stage in a completely randomized (CR) design with three replications. The essential oil was extracted by a modified Likens–Nickerson's simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) technique. Analysis of the plant oils on the sites [in two directions, north–south (N/S) and east–west (E/W)] and five elevations resulted in 30 identified compounds. Of the oil samples collected, the 99.94% of the components at the N/S site and 99.89% at the E/W site were identified. The main component in the two directions (N/S and E/W) wasα-thujone with 19.5% and 18%, respectively. Other significant components in the two directions includeα-pinene, davanone, camphor, and camphene. The percentages of all these main compounds on the N/S site were more than on the E/W site. Also, the main compounds increased with increasing altitude and at all five elevations. Among all the oil compounds, the percentages ofα-thujone,α-pinene, and camphor were the greatest. Finally, at all the elevations, the percentage of theα-thujone was the greatest among the different oil compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper focuses on characterization of the components of Iranian rosemary essential oil using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) approach was used to overcome the problem of background, baseline offset and overlapping/embedded peaks in GC–MS. The analysis of GC–MS data revealed that sixty eight components exist in the rosemary essential oil. However, with the help of MCR this number was extended to ninety nine components with concentrations higher than 0.01%, which accounts for 98.23% of the total relative content of the rosemary essential oil. The most important constituents of the Iranian rosemary are 1,8-cineole (23.47%), α-pinene (21.74%), berbonone (7.57%), camphor (7.21%) and eucalyptol (4.49%). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The dried leaves and flowers of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Var. obtusa which belongs to Myrtaceae family were hydrodistilled to produce oils in the yields of 0.43% and 0.58% (w/w), respectively. The oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The amount of the samples injected by nano scale included were 1.0 nL (diluted 1.0 μL of sample in 1000 ml of n-pentane, v/v). Eleven and twelve bioactive and flavour molecules were identified, representing 99.50% and 99.25% of the leaves and flowers oil, one by one. The main components were 1,8-cineol (Eucalyptol), trans-pinocarvol, and α-Pinene in leaves and 1,8-cineol, α-Pinene, δ-Cadinene, and globulol in flowers oils. The compositions of the oils were mostly quantitatively rather than qualitatively different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile oils of stem, umbels, fruits and roots of Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude (Apiaceae) growing wild in Iran were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The main components of the oils from the stem were sabinene (23.1%), α-pinene (16.4%) and fenchyl-acetate (7.5%). Sabinene (25.6%), β-pinene (22.3%) and a-copaene (16.1%) were the main constituents of the volatile oils of the fruits. While α- copanene (26.1%), β-pinene (15.3%) and sabinene (13.7%) were the major components of the volatile oils of the umbels (flowers), that of the roots were mainly composed of anisole (37.9%), bornyl acetate (36.9%) and geranyl tiglate (11.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents study which examines the essential oil composition of four Hypericum species from Iran. It states that the monoterpenes are the major constituents of H. scabrum and H. dogonbadanicum while the major compounds in H. helianthemoides and H. hirtellum are sesquiterpenes. It notes that H. scabrum and H. dogonbadanicum could be placed in the α-pinene group, and H. helianthemoides and H. hirtellum in the β-caryophyllene group.

The essential oil of Ajuga austro-iranica Rech. f. growing wild in the Fars province of Iran was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine components representing 91.5% of the total oil were identified. The main components of the oil were trans-verbenol (7.0%), caryophyllene oxide (6.8%), 6,10,14,-trimethyl- 2-pentadecanone (6.5%), myrtenol (6.3%), 1-octen-3-ol (6.2%) and β-pinene (6.1%). Pinene type monoterpenes were dominant by constituting 30.5% of the total oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water distilled oils from the aerial parts of Salvia compressa Vent. collected from two different localities and Cyclotrichium leucotrichunz (Stapf. ex Rech.f.) were analyzed by CC and CC/MS. The main components found in the oil of S. compressa collected at Tange Malavi, 751 m (sample A) were β-caryophyllene (21.4%), α-pinene (18.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.2%), while in the oil of the plant collected at Mamolan to Pole Dokhtar, 927 in (sample B), β-caryophyllene (21.1%), 3-thujopsanone (15.3%), germacrene D (12.6%), bicyclogermacrene (11.6%) and nerol (10.7%) were the most abundant constituents. Both oils were richer in sesquiterpenes than monoterpenes. Linalool (38.7%), limonene (15.4%) and spathulenol (12.6%) were the predominant compounds in the oil of Cyclotrichium leucotrichum. The oil of the plant consisted mainly of monoterpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the essential oils from three Salvia species of Iran: Salvia sclareopsis Bornm. ex Hedge., Salvia brachysiphon Stapf, which are endemic to Iran, and Salvia verbascifolia M.Bieb., obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils of S. sclareopsis and S. verbascifolia were rich in b-caryophyllene (22.5% and 18.5%) and germacrene D (16.5% and 34.1%), respectively. The other main component of the first oil was benzyl benzoate (13.7%) and in the latter one was caryophyllene oxide (10.3%). In the oil of S. brachysiphon, also β-caryophyllene (28.1%), α-pinene (20.6%), limonene (11.5%) and β-pinene (10.6%) were found to be the major constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the essential oils from two Labiatae species of Iran were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Β-pinene (33.8%) and 1,8-cineole (14.7%) were the main components among the 18 constituents characterized in the oil of Cyclotrichium strausii representing 93.2% of the total components detected. Twenty-four compounds were identified in the oil of Phlomis pungens, representing 91.7% of the total oil with germacrene D (24.5%), bicyclogermacrene (14.1%), α-pinene (13.5%) and (E)-β-farnesene (13.4%) as major constituents. The oil of C. straussii consisted of mainly monoterpenes, while in P. pungens oil sesquiterpenes predominated over monoterpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Hymenocrater calycinus (Boiss.) Benth. collected from three different locations of Bojnourd (Iran) village of Yekeh-Shakh (sample A), village of Nodeh (sample B) and Golestan forest (sample C), were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. α-Pinene (10.5%) and sabinene (10.5%) were the major constituents of sample A. The main constituents found for sample B were spathulenol (35.4%) and abietatriene (13.4%). In sample C β-caryophyllene (32.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (16.1%) were the most abundant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil of Otostegia michauxii Briq. growing wild in the Fars province of Iran was obtained by hydrodistallation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS techniques. Forty-five components representing 97.9% of the total oil were identified. The main components of the oil were dillapiole (23.9%), 2-methylbenzofuran (12.9%) and a-pinene (8.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil of Dicyclophora persica Boiss. growing wild in Iran was obtained by hydrodistallation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS technique. Fifty-four components representing 89.0% of the total oil were identified. The main components of the oil were ρ-cymene (13.6%), α-pinene (13.4%), α-phellandrene (9.4%) and (Z)-falcarinol (5.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Hippomarathrum microcarpum and Physospermum cornubiense, growing in Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three compounds representing 95.2% of the oil of H. microcarpum, and nine compounds representing 91.5% of the oil of P.cornubiense were charactrized. The major components of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation from H.microcarpum were α-pinene (15.9%), β-caryophyllene (15.7%), β-phellandrene (7.8%) and germacrene-D (6.8%) and the major components of the oil of P. cornubiense were caryophyllene oxide (27.5%), limonene (16.2%) and β-caryophyllene (15.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. was investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main components were α-pinene (10.5%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%), terpinen-4-ol (5.7%) and germacrene D (5.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of F. microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss., which is endemic to Iran, and F. hirtella Boiss. were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty compounds representing 88.9% of the oil of F. mictocolea were identified, among them α-pinene (19.2%), nonane (13.2%) and β-pinene (13.0%) were the major ones. The oil of F. hirtella was also characterized by higher amounts of α-pinene (15.4%) and thymol (14.9%) among the 35 components comprising 84.8% of the total oil detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrodistilled essential oil of the aerial parts of Ferula macrocolea (Boiss.) Boiss., an endemic species of Iran, was analyzed by GC/MS. Of the 55 components which were detected, 42 amounting to 86.3% were identified. The dominant components were β-pinene (15.9%), α-pinene (10.4%) and &beta-caryophyllene (8.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Haplophyllum robustum Bge. was isolated by hydrodistillation and was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-three compounds representing 86.1% of the total components were detected. The oil consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons and a small percentage of sequiterpenes. The major compounds were sabinene (30.5%), β-pinene (18.2%) and limonene (12.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil isolated by water and steam distillation from the aerial parts of Azilia eryngiodes (Pau) Hedge et Lamond was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Among the 27 compounds identified, the major components were α-pinene (64.5%), limonene (11.7%), bornyl acetate (6.4%) and β-pinene (4.9%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of a hydrodistilled oil of Seseli tortuosum L. ssp. Kiabii Akhani. growing wild in Iran was examined by GC/MS. Thirty compounds, mainly monoterpenes, representing 93.6% of the oil, were identified, with α -pinene (21.2%), β -phellandrene (14.9%), β -pinene (14.2%) and sabinene (13.4%) as main constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]