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The aim of all the studies that have been conducted on the concept of patient privacy is to improve the standards of care. Personal privacy is a basic human principle and as a fundamental right of every human being, it is an important and necessary requirement that must be observed in health care and nursing organizations. Due to the fear of emerging and contagious diseases and the patients' fear of rejection from their families and in a wider sense of society, they hesitate to express the symptoms of contagious diseases as a social stigma, and this issue itself leads to disruption in It becomes the treatment process of the patients and doubles the importance of preserving the privacy of the patients. Considering the many and abnormal consequences of violating the patient's privacy, such as increasing anxiety, stress, inciting aggressive and violent behaviors, and more importantly, hiding parts of the patient's history or medical history due to the concern of violating their privacy. This research will be conducted with the aim of investigating the level of privacy compliance and its related factors in corona patients of Razi Hospital in Rasht city in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the Second World War, structural changes shadowed Iran’s higher education system in medicine. Major strategies, programs, teaching methods, etc., underwent significant changes during the second Pahlavi era. This study aimed to examine, academically and historically, the transformations in medical education during the second Pahlavi era. Regardless of its intrinsic value, it elucidates the roots of many contemporary problems and issues in medical education. This study utilizes a descriptive-analytical method within the framework of historical studies, relying on archival documents and library resources from the second Pahlavi era (statistical yearbooks, guidelines, executive programs of organizations and ministries, and historical texts of that period) in an attempt to address research questions. The findings indicate that significant international developments, domestic public demands, fundamental structure weaknesses, and the absence of centralized policies have led to a discourse inclined towards change and improvement in medical education during the second Pahlavi era. As a historical and continuous process, medical education is observable and dynamic. In the second Pahlavi era, it was presented and introduced as a necessary issue requiring change, directly impacting the quality of public health. This approach later led to integrating medical education into the service delivery system within the revolutionary discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhus is an acute febrile disease caused by a series of bacteria called Rickettsia that is transmitted by insects such as lice, fleas, and ticks. This disease has appeared several times in Iran and caused many casualties. There were some therapeutic measures taken by European physicians in Tehran and medical graduates of the Dar al-Fonun school or expatriates who had studied medical courses in Western countries, even though the taken steps were not enough. Due to the lack of sanitation and cleaning products after the outbreak of World War I in March 1917 and its synchronization with the swift outbreak of Typhus in 1918, heavy casualties followed. In this study, we first examine the prevalence of Typhus in the Qajar dynasty in Iran, and will then focus on the pathological importance of this disease history in Iran. After that, we will study the role of Typhus prevalence and World War I in the Persian famine, malnutrition, and food poverty. Moreover, we investigated the role that this great war had in strengthening the spread of this disease and its role in the death of many Iranian people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing physicians and determining their professional qualifications have been significant issues in the educational and medical system of the Islamic civilization. The purpose of this study is to explain the views of Rhazes on how to test physicians in the book Al-Hawi Fi Al-Tibb. This library study has been done with descriptive-analytical method and using the keywords of medical test, medical ethics and medical history. Rhazes emphasizes various criteria by holding a comprehensive test to determine the competence of physicians with the aim of evaluating different aspects of their knowledge and attitude. He enumerates the provisions of the test in three sections: individual characteristics, theoretical and practical medical sections. The results show that Rhazes paid attention to all aspects related to a doctor's personal and social habits and behavior and his relationship with the patients. A number of post-Rhazes physicians have also mentioned to the test of physician before hiring them but their content does not have the coherence of Rhazes' statements. Most of the material mentioned in Al-Hawi Fi al-Tibb is still worth rethinking after hundreds of years. It is suggested that medical students and physicians use the ethical and professional points mentioned by this great scientist in his valuable book in order to make the high position of medical science more visible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article has put forward the idea that contemporary Persian realist stories and memoirs contain rare or sometimes unique information about the medical developments in Iran during the transition from traditional medicine to modern medicine, during the modernization of medicine in the Pahlavi era. The author believes that, in Iran, most research performed in the field of medical historiography is based on medical sources and, more recently, on documents whose information gaps can be compensated by information obtained from other fields, such as literature and memoirs. Accordingly, the author has first tried to prove the authenticity and validity of this data for being used in historical research by proposing some theoretical frameworks. Then, by adopting an interdisciplinary approach and analytical method, the researcher attempted to extract the most important topics related to Iranian medical history based on the selected sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tabari Toranji, the author of the book "al-mu'alaja al-buqratiya", is one of the greatest physicians of Tabaristan and Iran in the fourth century AH. For this purpose, in the tenth issue (Volume 20, October 2018) of the Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, an article entitled "Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tabari Toranji; the famous Iranian physician" has been published on pages 72-75 about the biography of this valuable scientist, which seems to have some problems and shortcomings in terms of historical geography. Therefore, the purpose of publishing this article is to critique the published article and draw appropriate conclusions in scientific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the new Coronavirus outbreak and limited data about this pandemic in Iran, this study aimed at assessing the demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, paraclinical findings, and radiological features of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 according to their hospital records. Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, the required data were collected from the Health Information System (HIS) and the records of the patients who had been hospitalized following positive COVID-19 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and lung Computed Tomography (CT) scans, in some hospitals of Markazi Province, Iran from February 20, 2020, to April 20, 2020. The selected hospitals were affiliated with the Iranian Social Security Organization. Clinical follow-up was continued until April 26, 2020. During this period, 260 records were assessed. The collected data included demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, as well as the paraclinical findings and radiological features of the patients. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS. Results: Among 260 confirmed cases of COVID-19, 161 (61.9%) cases were men and 99 (38.1%) were women. The Mean±SD age of the explored patients was 58.78±16.44 years. Besides, 221 (85%) patients were hospitalized in the general ward and 39 (15%) cases in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Hypertension and diabetes were the most prevalent medical histories (comorbidities). Fever, fatigue, cough, anorexia, myalgia, dyspnea, oliguria, taste impairment, and smell deficiency were the most frequent clinical symptoms. Neutrophilia, lymphopenia, low blood glucose level, and increased BUN, ALP, CRP, and ESR were among the critical laboratory findings. Almost 30% of the studied patients presented acidosis in arterial blood gases analysis and 55% had normal blood gasses. Decreased PaO2 was observed in 80% of the investigated patients. Most of the patients had received oxygen therapy, lopinavir, and hydroxychloroquine. Additionally, 11.2% of the patients were under invasive mechanical ventilators. Concerning the lung CT scan, 42.7% of the patients had ≥5 involved lobes. In terms of density, 51.9% of the subjects had mixed opacity. Most lung damages (41.5%) were in the central part of the lungs. In 55.8% of cases, these damages were patchy lesions, and 40% had an airbronchogram. According to the Chi-squared test data, there was a significant relationship between the location of the lesions and the patient's need for suction (P<0.001). Besides, patients with central lung lesions required the highest percentage of suction (26%). In this study, 15% of the explored patients were hospitalized in the ICU, 84% were discharged by April 26, and 8.07% died. Conclusion: The current research results provide the health team with beneficial information about the assessment and care of patients with COVID-19 and the prediction of treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urmia is located in the northwestern part of Iran with close proximity to Turkey and Iraq borders. Urmia has an important status in Iran's medical history because it is the home of Iranian's first modern medical school, established by Dr. Joseph Plumb Cochran in 1878. Joseph Plumb Cochran was born in an American missionary family in Urmia city. After graduating from New York University, School of Medicine, he returned to his birthplace in 1879 to establish the first teaching hospital in Iran which was called Westminster hospital. Even though he was very proficient in all the local languages of the region (Persian, Azari, Kurdish & Asori), he taught most of the courses in English and the first group of students graduated in 1883 under his direct supervision. The Medical School was well known for its top academic work in Iran. He worked for 27 years, visiting thousands of patients. Throughout these years, 28 physicians were graduated from this medical school. Dr. Joseph Plumb Cochran died at the age of 50 from Typhoid Fever and was buried in a small Christian cemetery in the village of Sir near the city of Urmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the human plague epidemic in some regions of Kurdistan in 1947, research teams of the Pasteur Institute of Iran were sent to these regions for investigations. Such studies are still ongoing. Mohammad Hanifi caught plague during its epidemic, and most of his relatives died of the disease. He began his official collaboration with research teams of the PII in diagnosing and controlling plague reservoir rodents in 1959, and it lasted until his death in 2015. In addition to plague, Hanifi conducted a great number of studies on other diseases such as relapsing fever, rabies and cholera. During his lifetime, he also suffered from plague and relapsing fever, but he was healed. The present paper reviewed his lasting activities during his work at the Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To know every phenomenon the first step is to know its root. Hygiene and Medicine have noble origin from the beginning of the recorded human history; in fact, they have been the milestone of human society. Medical history will help us to know this background and roots and Achaemenid period as a brilliant age of Iranian heritage is meritorious to be studied. The present study is an attempt to find instances of hygienic and Medical aspects of Persian life style during this period of as recorded by Greek historians. The main purpose of this study is to answer the following questions: was there a Medical Tradition, which could be named as Persian Medical Tradition, during Achaemenid era? if yes, the next important question is: How much importance and influence it has had on the contemporary and oncoming Medical Traditions? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many nations are indebted to Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) for their scientific progressions and civilization. Many countries in the Middle East, Africa, and Europe have honored Avicenna, the great Persian scientist, by depicting his vignette on their postage stamps. The symbolic value of Avicenna has been chosen to commemorate scientific occasions, achievements and anniversaries, which represents the ultimate performance of conscious honoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical philately provides a useful medium for the study of medical history. There are a handful of Iranian stamps which have been issued with a medical theme. This report briefly reviews the history of Iranian medicine through Iranian commemorative postage stamps. Some notable stamps are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avicenna, a Muslim scientist of the tenth and eleventh centuries has an important place in the history of medicine in Iran and the world. Furthermore, the modern medicine is laid upon the infrastructure of his medicine. In this article, the position of Avicenna in the medical history and the scientific influence of his medical works in particular Al-Canon in the development of medical literature and medical educational programs have been studied in a historical approach. In reviewing the position of Avicenna in the history of medicine in the Islamic world and the Europe, it was concluded that during 11th to 17th centuries, the scientific and educational activities of medicine in the world were moving on the pivot of Avicenna medicine or was under its intensive influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have arisen a number of prominent Iranian-Islamic physicians throughout the history of the fertile medicine landscape of Iran, some of whom are not very well known. Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Abd al-Rahman Mandevaih Isfahani (949-983(?) AD) was a great medical figure with scientific activities in the Hospital of Isfahan and al-Adudi Hospital of Baghdad in the golden age of Iranian-Islamic history, culture, and civilization during the reign of the Buyid dynasty and Abbasid Caliphate. He was also a prominent physician during the reign of Adud al-Dawla Deylami (949-983 AD). This present research has as its objectives the studying of the scientific life of ibn Mandevaih Isfahani and his works in this field. The works of this scientist and scholar reflect his skill and expertise in literature, philosophy, medicine, and medicine-related fields including ophthalmology and pharmacology.

Background: Consistent evidence regarding the potential role of medical history in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology is lacking., Objective: The association of medical history variables, that is, head injury and 9 autoimmune diseases with MS onset was investigated., Methods: This was a population-based incident case-control study in Iran with 547 incident cases and 1,057 general population controls (August 7, 2013 - February 17, 2015). Multiple logistic regression models were used for estimating the adjusted ORs., Results: Lifetime history of head trauma was not significantly associated with risk of MS after adjustment for well-known confounders (OR 1.24 [0.93-1.66, p = 0.14]). Similarly, there was no statistically significant association between cumulative numbers of head injury and MS (OR 1.02 [0.90-1.15, p = 0.79]). A history of autoimmune disease did not increase the risk of MS (p > 0.1). Similarly, the cumulative number of autoimmune diseases is not significantly associated with the risk of MS (p > 0.70)., Conclusion: Lifetime histories of head trauma as well as 9 investigated autoimmune diseases are not associated with increased risk of MS., (© 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.)