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Background & Aims One of the problems that threatens children in developing countries is the issue of child labor. Working children have lower hope for the future than their normal peers. Working in childhood can have a negative effect on the growth and cognitive performance of children. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes in working children of southern Tehran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. The study population consists of all working children and adolescents engaged in child labor aged 10-18 years under the support of child laborers support centers in the south of Tehran. Of these, 247 were selected for the study using a continuous sampling method that lasted 8 months from April to November 2021. The data collection tools were a demographic checklist and the children's dysfunctional attitude scale (DAS) of D’Alessandro and Burton, and the children's hopelessness scale (CHS) of Kazdin (1986). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation test) in SPSS software, version 16. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The results showed that the average score of hopelessness (5.78±2.60) with a standard deviation of 5.78±2.60 was at a favorable level, among the dimensions of hopelessness, the average score of the dimension of future expectations (3.87±1.87) in hopelessness was higher than the dimension of happiness (2.00±1.39). The average ineffective attitude in the study was 96.16±74.11. Hopelessness only had a statistically significant relationship with the work status of the children in the study (P=0.029). There was no statistically significant correlation between ineffective attitude and hopelessness of working children (P<0.050). Hopelessness only had a statistically significant relationship with the work status of the children in the study (P=0.029). Conclusion It is recommended that interventional studies be conducted to improve the future expectations of children, and focus more on working children whose guardian is someone other than parents. Given the lack of a significant relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness in working children in the south of Tehran, it is recommended that the mediating and confounding variables be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to identify factors associated with suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents and to explore the mediating role of depression and hopelessness in these predictive relationships., Method: Employing a cross-sectional research design, this study included adolescents aged 14 to 19 from Lorestan Province in Iran. A total of 623 middle-school students were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Data were collected using a series of assessment tools, including the Depressive Symptom Index-Suicidality Subscale (DSI-SS), the Psychological Strain Questionnaire, the Hopelessness Scale, the Defeat Scale, and the Thwarted Belongingness Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS version 26 and SPSS version 26 was utilized to evaluate the proposed model., Results: The findings revealed that in the context of Iranian adolescents, defeat and psychological strains emerge as significant predictors of SI. Notably, hopelessness was found to mediate the relationship between psychological strains, defeat, and SI., Conclusion: These insights provide valuable knowledge for addressing the issue of SI in Iranian adolescents and may inform future prevention and intervention strategies.

Introduction: Hopelessness and negative rumination are among issues the older adults cope with it. Examining effective therapy strategies to decrease them are of great importance. The current study was conducted with regard to understanding the importance of this issue. It aims at examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based compassion therapy on hopelessness and rumination among the female elderly. Methods: It was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test and a control group. Statistical population was 70 elderly females of over 60 and above in nursing home in Bojnurd City, North Khorasan Province, Iran, in 2020. Among these people, 30 individuals willing to participate in the study were introduced by the center’s psychologist and randomly assigned into two experimental (15) and control (15) groups. Instrument for collecting data was Beck Hopelessness Scale and Hooksma rumination questionnaire. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by the covariance analysis test. Results: Results suggested that mindfulness-based compassion therapy led to a significant decrease on mean scores of hopelessness regarding the experimental group in comparison with the control group (p < 0.01). However, it did not have a significant effect on rumination. Conclusion: Mindfulness-based compassion therapy may be used for decrease of hopelessness regarding aging, but it is not effective for rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The idea and attempt of suicide are highly predictive of deaths due to suicide and can lead to several negative consequences for both the individual and his family and for society. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of the role of pain, hopelessness, belonging and suicidal capacity in predicting suicide attempt in people with psychiatric disorders. Methods. The research method of this study was correlational and the statistical population included all individuals referred to psychiatric outpatient clinics of Razi Hospital in Tabriz in 2020-2021. Sample sizes According to Klein criterion and according to the 62-item questionnaire, 298 subjects were selected. Research tools also include the Suicide Attempt Scale, the Suicide Capacity Scale and to examine the three variables of pain, hopelessness and belonging to the Suicide Motivation Questionnaire were used. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data using Smart pls software version 2. Results. In this study, 63.3% of the respondents were men and 36.7% of the respondents were women. The mean and standard deviation of the age of the respondents was 37.26±10.88 years. According to the results of the path coefficients between hopelessness with suicide capacity (β= 0.63), sense of belonging with suicide capacity (β= 0.28) and suicide attempt (β= 0.21), suicide capacity with suicide attempt (β= 0.59) were at a significant level (P<0.05). On the other hand, suicidal capacity had a significant mediating role in the relationship between hopelessness and sense of belonging with suicide attempt. Conclusion. The results showed that the three-step model of suicide has the ability to predict suicide attempt in the community of patients with psychiatric disorders. Practical Implications. The results of this study are very important for professionals who work with people with psychiatric disorders to distinguish the idea of suicide from suicide attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee job satisfaction is one of the most important issues in any organization. Job satisfaction is described as general attitude of a person towards his job. Job satisfaction of medical assistants increases and promotes the quality of medical services and improves patients' satisfaction with medical services. The aim of this study was to determine the level of job satisfaction and hopelessness of medical assistants in educational centers of Tabriz. In this descriptive-analytical study, medical assistants of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected and assessed using the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) for Job Satisfaction and Beck Hopelessness Scale. Hopelessness decreases with increasing job satisfaction (P<0.001). There was a significant relationship between hopelessness and domesticity (P=0.017) and between job satisfaction and the level of hopelessness with the marital status of assistants (P<0.001) and (P=0.043). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The relationship between psychological factors and treatment outcomes with assisted reproductive technology has sparked considerable debate. This study aims to investigate the emotional risk factors in couples seeking infertility treatment using assisted reproductive technology in Sari, Iran, from 2020 to 2022., Materials and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study and emotional risk factors and other related factors were examined using the Persian version of the SCREENIVF demographic, social, and clinical status questionnaire, social, and clinical status questionnaire before using Assisted reproductive technology in 460 infertile couples selected from infertility treatment centers in Sari City, Iran. The samples were randomly selected using a table of random numbers. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 software., Results: The mean age of the male and female participants were 31.70 ± 5.71 and 35.22 ± 5.48, respectively. The results regarding emotional risk factors and other related factors revealed that the variables of remarriage (P = 0.048) and exposure of spouse to emotional risk factors (P = 0.001), history of depression disorder (P = 0.007), and history of anxiety disorder (P = 0.009) were significantly correlated with the exposure of women to emotional risk factors. Furthermore, men's exposure to emotional risk factors was significantly correlated with primary education (P = 0.026) and diploma (P = 0.043) levels, age (P = 0.006), and wife's exposure to emotional risk factors (P = 0.001)., Conclusion: By identifying infertile couples who are at risk of emotional risk factors, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate support and interventions to mitigate the emotional challenges associated with infertility. This proactive approach can significantly enhance couples undergoing infertility treatment's well-being and mental health., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Psychological problems caused by infertility can play an aggravating role in infertility. Adlerian treatment focuses on helping individuals develop a lifestyle that is defined by more productive compensation tools for feeling of inferiority and more social interests. Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of adlerian group counseling on hopelessness and death anxiety in Kermanshah infertile women. Method: This research is semi-experimental. Statistical population of the study consisted of 324 infertile women of Kermanshah with clinical records.40 individuals were selected out of statistical population by available sampling method. They were randomly replaced into experimental (n=20), and control group (n=20). Then all 40 patients were tested by research tools including death anxiety and hopelessness questionnaire. The experimental group received ten group counseling sessions with adlerian approach, but control group received no intervention. Then both groups were given posttests based on above scales and it was analyzed according to covariance analysis test. Results: The findings of covariance analysis test show that Adlerian group counseling approach causes a reduction in death anxiety (p<0.05) and hopelessness (p<0.05) in experimental group compared to control group in posttest stage. Conclusion: Adlerian group counseling could reduce death anxiety and hopelessness meaningfully compared to control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is divided into two parts. First I argue for the existence of a death-conscious culture in Iran, traceable in religious and literary texts, and manifested strongly in the discourse following the Iran-Iraq war. I then look at how this culture influences articulations and experiences of depression as felt by Iranian patients. Adopting a phenomenological perspective and drawing on empirical data, I show how death-consciousness, as a point of cultural divergence between the UK and Iran, can be used to account for some of the phenomenologically significant cultural variations in the experience of depression. These include attitudes towards suicide, the significance of feelings of hopelessness, and the existence of a sense of absurdity among Iranian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The defeat-entrapment theory has been proposed to explain both depression and suicidal behavior. Methods: Measures of defeat, entrapment, hopelessness and depression were administered to Iranian and American students. Results: Scores on measures of hopelessness, defeat, entrapment and depression were strongly associated. In both nations, scores for defeat and entrapment were stronger predictors of past suicidal ideation and attempted suicide. Overall, the Iranian respondents had higher scores on the measures of defeat, entrapment, hopelessness and depression, but less often reported prior suicidal ideation. Conclusion: The defeat-entrapment theory of depression and suicidal behavior appears to have validity in both Iran and America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Deaf children face many psychological problems due to their inability to hear. The present study investigates the effectiveness of art therapy (painting) in reducing the hopelessness and solitude experienced by these children. Methods: An experimental design with pre- and post-testing and a control group was used. Multistage method was used for selecting 30 children with hearing impairment (age range: 7-10 years) from Isfahan. Subjects were randomly appointed to experimental and control groups. Data was collected using Kazdin hopelessness scale and Asher solitude scale. Analysis of covariance statistical method was used to analyze the data. Results: Findings indicated a significant difference between feelings of hopelessness and solitude of deaf children in experimental and control groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: From these findings it can be concluded that art therapy decreases the rate of hopelessness and solitude in deaf children and can be applied as an educational and therapeutic method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Insecurely attachment style is one of effective factors in many mental disorders. The aim of present research was to predict the hopelessness; impulsivity and dissociative and paranoid symptoms in securely; ambivalent and avoidant attachment students. Materials and Methods: The type of the study was descriptive. Subjects of this study were 400 students (200 male and 200 female) from University of Tabriz who were chosen by multistage cluster random sampling. Borderline personality scale (Schizotypal Trait questionnaire-B form) and adult attachment inventory were used for data gathering. Results: There were significant differences in hopelessness; dissociative symptoms, impulsivity and total score of STB between securely attached people and people with avoidant insecurely attachment (p<0.05) and between securely attached people and ambivalent attached people in impulsivity and total score of STB (p<0.05); but no significant differences was found between two above groups in hopelessness and dissociative symptoms (p>0.05), while there wasn't any differences between avoidant and ambivalent attached people in hopelessness; dissociative symptoms, impulsivity and total score of STB (p>0.05). Conclusions: In comparison with securely attached people, people with insecurely avoidant attachment experience more hopelessness; dissociative symptoms and impulsivity; and people with insecurely ambivalent attachment experience more impulsivity. Altogether, insecurely attached people are more prone to borderline personality disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) for suicide prevention in decreasing suicidal ideation and hopelessness in a sample of depressed 12 to 18 year-old adolescents who had at least one previous suicidal attempt. Methods: In a clinical trial, 30 depressed adolescents who attempted suicide in the recent 3 months were selected using simple sampling method and divided randomly into intervention and wait-list control groups. Both groups received psychiatric interventions as routine. The intervention group received a 12 session (once a week) of CBT program according to the package developed by Stanley et al, including psychoeducational interventions and individual and family skills training modules. All of the patients were evaluated by Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Beck's hopelessness Inventory, and Beck's Depression Inventory before the intervention and after 12 weeks. Findings: There were significant differences between the two groups regarding the scores of the above mentioned scales after 12 weeks. Fifty-four to 77 percent decreases in the mean scores of the used scales were observed in the invention group. There were no significant changes in the scores of the control wait-list group. The differences between pre- and post-intervention scores in the intervention group were significant. Conclusion: CBT is an effective method in reducing suicidal ideation and hopelessness in the depressed adolescents with previous suicidal attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the effect of coping therapy on hopelessness in infertile women in Kermanshah. Method: Among women who visited infertility clinic, 40 voluntarily enrolled in the study and were divided equally in 2 experimental and control groups randomly. In the pre test phase, infertile women (both groups) simultaneously filled out Beck's hopelessness scale and Beck's Depression Inventory (short form). In the next phase, only the experimental groups were treated for 8 (120 minutes) sessions in order to correct coping ways that they used in the past week. After treatment sessions finished, both experimental and control groups (simultaneously) took the post test and follow-up (after 3 weeks) phase using only the hopelessness scale. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed coping therapy decreases hopelessness, negative perspective of future, pessimism, not having a plan for future and expecting defeat in infertile women. However, it did not significantly affected instability of thinking. Conclusion: Infertility is not the only problem of infertile women and their future fertility cannot solve their psychological disturbances. Furthermore, these disturbances may have their own negative effects on fertility. So, it is suggested to embody mental health and quality of life in their therapeutic programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of the spousal bereavement of widows who are single parents has been largely neglected in the literature. This qualitative study provides insight into how such women grieved over their spouse's death in Iran. In-depth interviews with 24 participants were held and field notes were written. The generated data were analyzed by using the constant comparative method. The results indicated four main categories: “intense grief”, “becoming hopeless”, “internalizing bereavement and continuing bonds”, and “the contexts of experience of spousal death”. The fourth category consisted of two subcategories: “the unexpected nature of death” and “full dependence”. The findings suggested that hopelessness related to spousal death changed the lifestyles of the participants, which led to health risks in these women. We conclude that it is the duty of health-care professionals, especially nurses, to first identify widows at risk, with the help of the contexts of experience of spousal death and the symptoms presented in this study, and then to provide hope therapy, which can facilitate positive bereavement outcomes for healthier living after spousal death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between personality traits according to five factor model and depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation among students. Materials and Methods: The population of this study was the students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, of which 200 students were randomly selected by simple method. All students were asked to complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), NEO-FFI-R, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI). Results: There was a significant positive relationship between neuroticism and depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Moreover, there was a significant negative relationship between extroversion and conscientiousness with depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation. Neuroticism could explanation 73% of depression, 61% of hopelessness and 59% of suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Neuroticism has positive relation with low mood, hopelessness and suicidal ideation, whereas extroversion and conscientiousness have negative significant relationship with these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]