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Background: Eyelid skin cancers are the most prevalent ophthalmic malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the Human Development Index (HDI) and lifestyle risk factors with eyelid skin cancers in Iran. Methods: This ecological study analyzed the data collected from the Iranian National Population-based Cancer Registry (2005–2016). The data on provincial-level eyelid skin cancer risk factors were obtained from national sources. The association between provincial HDI and lifestyle risk factors with the prevalence of eyelid skin cancers was assessed. Results: The mean 12-year age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of eyelid skin cancers was 16.22 per 100,000 (9,104 cases). The overall ASIR showed an upward trend with an estimated annual average increase of 0.006 per year. There were positive correlations between the prevalence of overall eyelid skin cancers and provincial HDI, smoking, and obesity (r = 0.32, 0.42, and 0.37, respectively). In multivariate analysis, obesity/overweight remained a positive predictor for high prevalence of total eyelid skin cancers (OR = 1.97, 95%CI = 1.08–3.58, P = 0.026), carcinoma (2.10, 1.15–3.83, P = 0.015), and basal cell carcinoma (1.48, 0.99–2.20, P = 0.054). Conclusions: An increasing trend in ASIR of eyelid skin cancers was observed in more than a decade in Iran which was positively associated with provincial HDI and prevalence of obesity. The findings of the study highlight the importance of promotional programs for preventing obesity/overweight and appropriate allocation of screening facilities based on the HDI level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the probability of having another lesion in patients diagnosed with BCC. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted from 2015 to 2017, based on the data from patients with definitive diagnoses of BCC in two university hospitals in Birjand. In this study, 85 patients with BCC were selected based on pre-defined inclusion criteria and then divided into two groups, including single and subsequent asynchronous lesions in another anatomic area. In this study, the information was collected by census method from diagnosed patients two years after surgery. The subsequent lesions in other anatomical areas were investigated, then tumor risk factors were compared in the two groups. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.83 ± 12.29, and the youngest and the oldest patients were 38 and 92 years old, respectively. Among the studied patients, 75.3% had a history of sun exposure. The most common occupations of the patients were farmer, rancher, and housekeeper. Head and neck regions were involved in 96.5%. The patients with subsequent asynchronous BCC in another facial skin region were 10.6% (CI95: 4.06 - 17.14). These patients have been subject to several simultaneous risk factors in their medical history; most of them were farmers older than 65 years. Two patients experienced three lesions in three different anatomical regions at different times. There was no statically significant difference between the two groups regarding mean age (P = 0.47), gender (P = 0.73), pathologic subtype (P = 0.06), and other risk factors (P > 0.05). Conclusions: This study confirms the likelihood of having a subsequent lesion in other anatomical regions in patients diagnosed with BCC. Patients with a history of BCC require prolonged follow-up because of the probability of new BCC developing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent type of skin cancer in Iran. The determination of subtype of BCC plays an essential role in the diagnosis, recurrence rate, and outcome of patients. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between histopathologic subtypes and demographic data, history of radiation exposure, and past medical history in the Iranian population. Method: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the patients with BCC referred to Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran from 2012 to 2017. We examined all the patients with definite histologically diagnosed scalp BCC. The prevalence of different subtypes and its association with other variables were compared between the patients with and without chronic radio-dermatitis. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: A total number of 161 patients with a cumulative number of 439 BCC lesions participated in the study. The mean age of the patients was 64.2 (± 12.38) years old. Among the patients, 113 (70.2%) were men and 48 (29.8%) were women. The total prevalence of macro-nodular, micro-nodular, and mixed aggressive was 70.2%, 49.1%, and 41.6%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that excessive sun exposure increased the chance of developing micronodular and mixed aggressive lesions by 3.21 (P = 0.006) and 4.88 (P < 0.001) times, respectively. Conclusion: BCC was more aggressive in chronic radio-dermatitis patients than that in non-radio-dermatitis patients. Moreover, it was significantly different regarding age, gender, appearance, and job distribution compared with non-radio-dermatitis patients. Thus, we could suggest that BCC in chronic radio-dermatitis should be regarded as a high-risk disease, unless proven otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The clinicopathological characteristics of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in different areas of the face, including the nose, are important and may be different. Accurate recognition of these characteristics may be necessary for the planning and selection of appropriate treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 328 patients (131 females and 197 males) with 371 documented facial BCC in the West of Iran within 2013-2018. The demographic and clinicopathological data of the patients in the nose area were compared with other sites of the face by appropriate statistical methods. Results: Out of 371 lesions, 38.8% of the cases were on the nose, 75.8% were primary lesions, 97.8% had no perineural invasion, 89.2% were nodular, and 65.8% were of nodular clinical and pathologic type, which were the most common variables of patients. It was revealed that early-onset (P<0.001), smaller size (P<0.001), high-risk pathologic type (P=0.01), and recurrent lesions (P=0.013) were significantly higher in the nasal BCC. However, there was no significant difference between BCC in the nose and other sites of the face in terms of gender (P=0.654), high-risk clinical type (P=0.06), and perineural invasion (P=0.275). Conclusion: Considering the nasal site as an important cosmetic unit, more limitation of the nose in performing any procedure, and presence of the more risk factors in the nose than in other areas of the face, the definite treatment of nasal BCC requires special attention, expertise, and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canalicular adenoma (CA) is a rare, benign salivary gland tumor that has special tendency to occur in the upper lip. Buccal mucosa is the second most common site. It occurs more often in older patients with peak prevalence in the seventh decade of life. A definitive female predominance has been reported. According to the latest English published literature, 531 cases of CA have been reported. We present a case of CA of the hard palate that presented in a 29-year-old female patient. The histopathological and immunohistochemical findings showed typical features of CA and intense expression of pan-cytokeratin and S-100 protein. We also review its differential diagnosis from other salivary gland tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the world. Pattern of skin cancer is different in various geographical regions, depending on the genetic and environmental factors. Objective This study aims to investigate the incidence rate of skin cancer and its trends in Guilan province of Iran during 2010-2014. Materials and Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the five-year data related to all cases of skin cancer recorded for Guilan Province during 2010-2014 were used. The age-sex incidence of skin cancer was standardized using the standard population of the World Health Organization. The age-standardized incidence rate of skin cancers including Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Melanoma was calculated, and then its trends were evaluated. Results A total of 1664 cases with skin cancer, 1014 men and 650 women, were reported in the province from 2010 to 2014. Incidence of skin cancer was higher in men. BCC was the most common skin cancer. The most common site for BCC was face and scalp, and for SCC it was the lip. Melanoma was mostly occurred on acral regions. The incidence of skin cancer had a rising trend and had raised in all age groups. Conclusion There is an increasing trend of skin cancers in Guilan Province. Therefore, planning for detection, prevention and control of its risk factors is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common malignancies, which occur on the scalp. There are various therapeutic methods for managing these malignancies in which the standard treatment method of both is surgical excision with a good margin. Sometimes, the patients need full-thickness excision due to the deep invasion, so exposing the underlying calvarium may be a challenge for surgeons. Objectives: We evaluated the outcomes of using the combined therapy of acellular dermal matrix and split-thickness skin graft (STSG) in comparison with using only STSG in the treatment of defects caused by the excision of scalp malignant tumors among the patients who attended Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex and Razi Hospital of Tehran, Iran. We also evaluated the satisfaction of both surgeons and patients among these two methods of treatment. Materials and Methods: All the candidates were divided into the two groups, that is, of case and control, randomly. The case group underwent the treatment using acellular dermal matrix and STSG, whereas the control group underwent the treatment by only STSG on the wound. In both groups, BCC and SCC were excised with a margin of 6 and 10 mm, respectively, on the skull bone. Then, a layer of bone was removed by osteotomy in order to reach the bleeding points. All patients were followed up for 7, 30, and 90 days after the surgery, and the results were recorded. Results: A significant difference in Manchester Scar Scale, wound contour formation, the mobility of the repair site, and patients and surgeon satisfaction was observed among both groups based on visual analog scale. We found better outcomes in the case group, especially in wound contour formation during 90 days of follow-up. However, the satisfaction of both surgeons and patients was achieved in the case group. Satisfaction of surgeons was achieved in the case group with a relative superiority to the control group according to the Manchester Scar Scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Around 80% of the all non-melanoma skin cancer cases suffer from basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Mohs surgery is one of the common method used for treatment in recent years. There are several treatment methods for primary BCC. One of these methods is Mohs micrographic surgery (Mohs surgery), which has become popular in recent years. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate 4-year recurrence and factors affecting the recurrence of BCC patients after Mohs surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. The study population included all BCCs, who underwent Mohs surgery in Alzarha Hospital in Isfahan between 2007 and 2014, and were monitored for recurrence for 4 years. Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors affecting time recurrence. Results: The most and least frequent locations of this disease are nose (30.3%) and body (0.5%). The most common locations for recurrence are scalp (50%), nose (15%), and around the eyes (15%). The 4-year recurrence frequency of BCC after Mohs surgery was 0.9%. Cox regression analysis relationship between determining factors affecting time recurrence was not significance. Conclusions: The causes of recurrence can include the less use of protective equipment in front of sunlight or low precision of doctors in the lesion surgery in locations of the body, arms, feet, head, neck, hands, legs or genital organs, and other parts of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Skin cancer, the melanoma type of which causes high mortality, is the most common malignancy in Iran and all over the world. UV is the most important cause of the incidence of this disease. This study evaluates the frequency of different types of cancer and their trajectory in Ilam province from 2012 to 2011. Materials and Methods: This analytical–descriptive study covered and evaluated all skin cancer patients who were registered in Ilam Province Cancer Registry during 20002 to 2011. Required information of each individual patient, such as age, sex, residence, pathological type of skin cancer, the location of the incidence of the disorder, and the year, was collected and studied. Findings: Out of total 347 cases, 240 cases (69.2%) were diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 63 cases (18.2%) with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 16 cases (4.6%) with malignant melanoma (MM), 8 cases (2.3%) with metastatic cancer, and 20 cases (37.7%) with other skin cancers. Mean age of patients was 62/42 ± 16/11 years, and the majority of them (37.7%) were men and lived in the city. Face was the most common place of the incidence of this disease (81.6%) and hand was the least common one (1.7%). The rate of incidence of cancer has experienced considerable growth in men and a slight decrease in the case of women between 2002 and 2011 in Ilam. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the rate of skin cancer has increased among men during the studied period; thus, necessary measures are required to prevent and reduce the incidence of this disease, especially in people who are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet rays because of their jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iran and its neighboring countries represent four world regions with unique cultures and geography. Skin diseases span a wide diversity of etiologies including infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, vascular, neurogenic, and oncologic. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2015 measures the burden from skin diseases in 195 countries. Methods: Epidemiologic data were collected from literature review, survey data, and hospital inpatient/outpatient claims data. These raw data entered modeling using a Bayesian meta-regression tool, DisMod MR-2.1, which yielded prevalence estimates by age/sex/location/ year. Prevalence estimateswere combined with disability weights to yield years lived with disability (YLDs). YLDs are combined with years of life lost (YLLs), from mortality estimates, to yield disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). DALYs were obtained for 16 skin conditions and both sexes in Iran and 15 surrounding countries. The sociodemographic index (SDI) for each country was also correlated with skin disease DALY rate using the Pearson coefficient (r) with two-tailed p-value. Results: There was no significant correlation between individual skin diseases and SDI. Acne and dermatitis caused the greatest burden and BCC the lowestburden ofskin diseases in Iran and the other15countries. SCC and BCCwere responsible forthe largestdiscrepancy by sex, with higher burden in males compared to females. Conclusion: Skin diseases, particularly dermatitis and acne, cause considerable burden in Iran and surrounding regions. Objective and transparentepidemiologic data such asGBD hasthe potential to inform and impactmanyfacetsofhealthcare, research prioritization, public policy, and international partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous cancer. We report the efficacy and aesthetic outcome of intralesional IFN-α 2b injection for the treatment of BCC and compare with the surgical method., Materials and Methods: Intralesional IFN-α 2b was injected in 58 BCC lesions from 20 patients three times a week for three weeks. Control group was retrospectively selected among patients who underwent surgical method (standard surgical excision) for BCC including 58 lesions from 24 patients. All patients were followed up for one year in terms of recurrence and cosmetic outcome., Results: Two patients (four lesions) failed to complete the treatment period. After three weeks, 40 (68.96%) lesions were completely cured. Nine (15.51%) lesions achieved complete healing in less than 9 sessions. Five (8.62%) lesions were completely cured by an extra week of injection. In aggregate, complete healing was observed in 54 (93.10%) lesions. In the surgery group, complete lesion elimination was detected in 52 (89.65%) lesions ( p  = 0.40). After one year, cosmetic outcome was significantly more favorable in the study group compared to the surgery group ( p  = 0.003). Recurrence was not detected in any of the groups after one year follow-up., Conclusion: Intralesional IFN-α 2b injection is an appropriate treatment choice for BCC., Clinical Trial Registry: We used Iranian registery of Clinical trials; The IRCT code is: 2017093017756N30.

Background. The aim of this study was to investigate maspin and ezrin expression in different subtypes of periocular basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Methods. Tissue samples from 43 patients with periocular BCC. Our cases were comprised of 10 morpheaform, 25 nodular, and 8 adenoid type BCCs. Immunohistochemical staining for maspin and ezrin was performed by Envision detection system. Results. There was no difference between different subtypes of BCC in maspin expression regarding positivity, intensity, and pattern of expression. Ezrin was expressed in all subtypes of BCC but the intensity was significantly higher in morpheaform BCC compared to nodular and adenoid types (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, resp.); ninety percent of morpheaform samples showed strong ezrin intensity, while this strong intensity was only present in 25% and 12% of adenoid and nodular subtypes, respectively. There was no correlation between age, sex, or tumormargin involvement and expression of neithermaspin nor ezrin. There was no correlation between maspin and ezrin expression except in nodular type, in which an inverse correlation was found (P = 0.004). Conclusion. Ezrin is expressed intensely in morpheaform BCC of periocular region. Further studies are needed to show the significance of this finding in prognosis of morpheaform BCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection of skin cancers by screening could be very beneficial to decrease their morbidity or mortality. There is limited study about skin cancer screening in Iran. Aim: This essay was planned as a pilot skin cancer screening campaign in Tehran, Iran to evaluate its profit and failure and further design large-scale screening program more definitely. Materials and Methods: Thirty one public health centers of Shahid Beheshti Medical University were selected in different areas of Tehran. The project was announced via media and invited all the people above 40 years old to come for the whole-body skin examination in a one-week period. Patients with any suspected lesions were referred to the dermatology clinics of the university. Results: 1314 patients, 194 males (14.8%) and 120 females (85.2%), with mean age of 51.81 ± 10.28 years participated in this screening campaign. Physicians found suspected lesions in 182 (13.85%) of participants. The diagnosis of skin cancer was confirmed in 15 (1.14%) patients. These malignancies included 10 (0.76%) cases of basal cell carcinoma, 2 (0.15%) cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 3 (0.23%) cases of malignant melanoma. Conclusion: Skin cancer screening seems to be valuable to detect skin malignancies in their early course. Regarding the considerable amount of facilities needed to perform skin cancer screening program, it might be more beneficial to perform the targeted screening programs for the high-risk groups or emphasis more on public education of skin cancer risk factors and their early signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common skin cancer, is a locally invasive malignant epidermal tumor with ulceration and destruction of underlying structures. Purpose: The purpose of this study was clinicopathological evaluation of BCC in the state and the private pathology centers in Hamadan province during 1990-2010. Materials and Method: In this retrospective study all histopathologically proven cases of BCC were reviewed and the related information including age, gender, place of residency and number of tumors for the patients alongside with the site of occurrence, size, histopathological and clinical type of the lesions were collected and then statistically analyzed, using SPSS software. Results: A total of 804 incidents of BCC were diagnosed in 746 patients (296 females and 450 males) with the most affected site being in the head-face (84.8%), neck (2.6%), trunk (1.6%) and limbs (0.9 %) and 10.1% cases with unknown site. The mean age for the patients was 61.77±13.75 years (63.07± 13.44 for males, 59.81 ± 14.01 for females) and the highest frequency (27.2%) occurred among 60-69 years age group. Nodular type was the most common clinical and histopathological BCC lesions studied whereas the mean size of the lesions was 15.67 ± 11.06 mm with more frequency rate in urban than rural regions. Conclusion: This study focuses on the survey of BCC in Hamadan province but regarding to insufficiency of the data collected by state and provincial pathology centers about the BCC cases reported; it is highly recommended to apply comprehensive questionnaire, which are designated by skillful professionals who are familiar with the lesion nationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In addition to the well-defined histological criteria for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), immunohistochemical techniques can be used in difficult cases for their differentiation. As differential diagnosis between trichoepithelioma (TE) and BCC is sometimes difficult for the clinician and the pathologist, CD10 may be a useful marker for definite diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of this marker in the differentiation between SCC and BCC and also in the differentiation between BCC and TE. Methods: Fifty-five BCC cases, 50 SCC cases, and 20 cases of benign adnexal tumor with follicular differentiation were retrieved from the archives of the pathology departments of hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Immunohistochemistry for CD10 was performed on the sections obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks. CD10 immunoreactivity in the stroma and/or tumor cells was determined as follows: negative (0); 1+(10-50% positive cells); and 2+(>50% positive cells). Results: Comparison of CD10 expression between the BCC and SCC groups showed a significant difference (P<0.001) in each of the tumor and stromal cells. Comparison of CD10 expression between the BCC and TE groups demonstrated a significant difference in both the tumor and stromal cells (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in CD10 expression between the stromal and tumor cells of the BCC subtypes. Conclusion: CD10 is a useful adjunct marker in distinguishing TE from BCC. CD10 is suggested to be one of the useful immunohistochemical markers to differentiate BCC from SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The P53 tumor suppressor gene plays important roles in genomic stability. G-to-C at codon 72 in the P53 gene has been associated with increased risk for lung, oral, prostate, breast, colorectal cancers and may be a marker for risk of skin cancer. This project studied the effect of P53 polymorphism on risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers (Squamous and basal cell carcinoma). Methods: This case-control study undertook for study of twenty basal cell carcinoma (BCC), twenty squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and twenty specimens as controls for each cancer specimen in the city of Isfahan, Iran. Different P53 codon 72 genotypes were identified using polymerase chain reaction. Findings: In control samples, the frequency of Arg/Arg genotype showed 25% and in BCC specimens showed 60%. The differences in this genotype group between the cases and controls were statistically significant (P = 0.048). The differences in the frequency of heterozygot Arg/Pro and also in the frequency of Pro/Pro genotype between the cases and controls were not statistically significant. OR = 4.5 in BCC cases show that the risk for this disease in persons who have Arg/Arg genotype is about 4.5 times more than normal people. The results of χ2 test showed that in this study there is not statistically significant differences between the SCC specimens and controls for frequency of different genotypes. Conclusion: The present study indicate that P53 codon 72 polymorphism is a genetic predisposing factor for risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers (of BCC type) in Isfahan. However, further studies are needed in order to elucidate the role of P53 codon 72 polymorphism in skin cancer development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer among Caucasians, and in most cases, occurs in the sun-exposed areas. In recent years, in addition to many other etiologies such as exposure to UV radiation, and occasionally xeroderma pigmentosa, burns, tattoos, and pox scars, human papillomavirus (HPV) is also considered to have an etiologic role. Different studies were conducted with varied results in this regard. Aims: We evaluate this plausible relationship between HPV and BCC by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining method. Methods: This is an analytic cross-sectional study in which 160 samples were selected randomly consisting of 80 BCC lesions and 80 safe margins. Sampling was done among paraffin-embedded blocks in pathology ward of Kashani and Alzahra hospitals, Isfahan-Iran, from 2004-2007. A section of each block was IHC stained for HPV immunoreactivity (DAKO, Denmark). This was followed by microscopic evaluation in terms of being positive or negative. Results: Fifty seven point five percent of the samples belonged to men and the others to women. In 10%, HPV marker was positive, both in lesion and margin. In 83.8% neither the lesions nor the margins were immunoreactive for HPV. Only in 5 cases (6.3%) the lesion was positive and the margin was negative for this marker. There was no case of immunoreactivity for HPV marker in margins, while it was negative in lesions. Our study results followed by McNemar analysis did not show a significant relationship between BCC incidence and HPV existence. This was consistent in both genders (P > 0.05, power > 90%). Conclusion: In this study we did not find a significant relationship between BCC and HPV, but based on review of articles it appears that large multicentric studies are to be conducted in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) was identified in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). However, there was sparse information on the link of other common nonmelanoma skin cancers - basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) - to MCPyV infection. The current study describes the phylogenetic information of MCPyV isolated from Iranian non-MCC (nonmelanoma skin cancers) focusing on tumorigenesis of mutations in large tumor (LT) antigen (LT-Ag) fragment., Methods: Sixty patients with BCC and 20 patients with SCC were included in this study (48 males and 32 females; average age 65 years). The MCPyV-DNA copy number in positive samples was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Then, mutational analysis of the MCPyV LT gene was carried out by direct sequencing., Results: While MCPyV DNA was detected in 6 (10%) of 60 BCC samples, no viral genome was found in SCCs. There was no distinct association of MCPyV positivity with gender, age, or type of tumor (BCC or SCC) (p value >0.05). Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the median number of viral DNA copies per cell was 0.7 in 6 MCPyV-positive BCC samples. Furthermore, full-length LT-Ag sequencing of positive samples indicated no stop codon or frameshift mutations compared to reference sequences., Conclusion: Considering the important role of the LT-Ag in the pathogenicity of MCPyV, non-synonymous mutations compared with the reference proteins triggered relevant amino acid substitutions. Overall, the results showed no tumor-associated mutations in the LT-Ag sequence of MCPyVs from positive samples., (© 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Environmental and genetic factors play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) defined as the most common cancer of skin. Programmed death-1 (PD-1), encoded by programmed cell death-1 (PDCD1) gene, serves as an inhibitory molecule in the suppression of immune responses and a risk factor in the development of different cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within PDCD1 gene, and haplotypes defined by these SNPs, in the development of BCC in an Iranian population. Whole blood samples were obtained from 210 BCC and 320 healthy subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to genotype determinations of PD1.3 (rs11568821) and PD1.5 (rs2227981) SNPs, and 4 haplotypes were constructed by PDCD1 SNPs. The frequency of G allele of PD1.3 was significantly higher in BCC patients than healthy subjects (p < 0.02), while these significant differences were not observed in the frequencies of PD1.5 alleles between BCC and healthy subjects. Moreover, we found that there were no statistically significant differences in PD1.3 and PD1.5 genotypes between BCC and control groups. Of all estimated haplotypes for PDCD1, only AC haplotype was associated with BCC (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.06-0.79, p < 0.01). These findings suggest that PD1.3G allele and AC haplotype of PDCD1 contribute to BCC in the Iranian population. However, further studies in different populations with larger sample size are required to confirm this study., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The innate immune system against malignancies is mainly orchestrated by natural killer cells, which carry out killing mechanisms by using their receptors, such as killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). This study was designed to determine the diversity of KIR genes in non-melanoma skin cancers., Methods: A total of 160 subjects with skin cancer, including 60 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 100 cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and 270 healthy subjects formed the study groups. The sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect the presence or absence of 16 KIR genes., Results: KIR3DL1 (p = 0.0381, OR = 4.78, 95% CI = 1.108 to 20.62) increased in BCC patients compared to healthy controls., Conclusion: We concluded that the higher frequency of KIR3DL1 in BCC patients compared with healthy controls may increase the probability of developing BCC in Iranians.