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Background and Aim: Enteric fever causes serious health problems and brings about significant death and ill health globally because of the absence of decisive diagnostic techniques. The ability of frequently used assaysto authenticate the absence of enteric fever is debatable. This research study aimed to appraise the specificity and sensitivity of typhoid diagnosis for establishing highly accurate diagnostic techniques and to recommend appropriate standardized composite references. Materials and Methods: Published articles indexed in Google scholar, MEDLINE and PubMed were reviewed for hospitalbased findings. An independent sample t-test was utilized to ascertain differences in mean percentage specificity and sensitivity. Results: From the 432 articles identified in this study, 53 were used in the analysis. The resulting outcome reveals that Widal techniques show moderate accuracy with percentage average specificity (55%), sensitivity (53.8%), a positive predictive value of 57.8% and a negative predictive value of 55.6% in comparison to 28%, 29.4%, 29.5%, and 27.8% of Typhidot respectively. 34.4% of the studies used prospective study design. The results revealed a statistically significant association in the sensitivity between Typhidot and Widal at p<0.05. The finding also presented emerging enteric fever diagnostic tests such as protein biomarkers, metabolite biomarkers, nucleic acid biomarkers and genomics. Antigens that were regularly assayed are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and hemolysin E (HlyE). The highest specificity of 96% and sensitivity of 96% were obtained in anti-LPS IgA. Conclusion: Based on the resulting outcome, it is recommended that blood culture and Widal techniques having a sensitivity of 60% and 53.8% respectively be used as a harmonized composite reference standard for enteric fever diagnosis to improve prevalence appraisals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several different techniques were employed for the isolation of Nannocystis from various sources. A polyphasic approach was used for identification. Twelve strains of N. pusilla, N. exedens, and N. konarekensis with distinctive distribution between climates were identified. The bioactivity was examined against a panel of eight bacteria, two yeasts, and one fungus; cytotoxicity was tested on the L929 fibroblast cell line. Eleven strains mainly inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, and only one isolate was cytotoxic. The extract analyses by HPLC and LC-MS were compared to Myxobase, and eight different compounds were detected; a correlation was observed between compounds and producing species. 70% of strains had the potential to produce structurally diverse compounds. Nannochelins and althiomycin were the most abundant metabolites. The discovery of a new species of Nannocystis and the high potentiality of strains to produce secondary metabolites encourage further sampling and in-depth analysis of extracts to find new active metabolites., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)