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The quantity and quality of essential oil extracted from the plant is strongly influenced by the extraction conditions, so optimizing the extraction conditions can help us to achieve the most essential oil content with the best quality. Satureja sahendica Bornm. is an endemic medicinal plant of Iran, which is of great importance due to its high essential oil and thymol content. In this research, the effect of plant particle size (mesh sizes of 12, 18 and 35) and the ratio of plant material to water (1:5, 1:10 and 1:15 w/v) on essential oil content and compositions of this plant were evaluated. The essential oils were extracted based on hydro-distillation method by Clevenger’s apparatus and then analyzed using GC/MS and GC/FID. The results indicated that the extracted essential oil decreased with the decrease in the plant particle size. The optimal ratio of plant material to water in order to obtain more essential oil was different depending on the plant particle size. The highest of essential oil content (2.15% v/w) was obtained from plant material with mesh size of 12 in the ratio of 1:15 plant material to water. The number, type and amount of essential oil compounds were strongly affected by different treatments. The highest amount of thymol (81.79%) as the most important component of the Satureja sahendica essential oil was obtained from samples with mesh size of 35 and in the ratio of 1:10 plant material to water. Determining the most appropriate extraction conditions can be different depending on the purpose and desired chemical composition of the essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Phytochemical profile and antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from different Mentha longifolia L. accessions growing wild in Iran and Iraq." The authors identified errors in Table 2 of the original article, which was missed during production. The corrected version of the article can be found online. The article provides information on the phytochemical profile and antifungal activity of essential oils from Mentha longifolia L. accessions in Iran and Iraq. [Extracted from the article]

Stachys germanica L. (Lamiaceae) is a plant associated with a rich history in the traditional medicine of Iran, Turkey, and Serbia. However, researchers have not fully investigated the pharmacological potential of the herb, and scientific data on this plant species are limited. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of S. germanica L. growing wild in Bulgaria and to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of EOs obtained from the same plant species from other geographical regions. For the evaluation of the chemical profile of the isolated EO, gas chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometry was performed. The most abundant terpene class was oxygenated monoterpenes, which accounted for 59.30% of the total EO composition. The bicyclic monoterpene camphor, as a compound of this class, was identified as the major constituent in the EO, accounting for 52.96% of the total oil composition. The chemical profile of Bulgarian EO is quite different compared to that of EOs from other regions. It is the only one to contain more than 50% camphor. In addition, EO contains significant amounts of the diterpene geranyl p-cymene (10.49%). This is the first study describing the chemical composition of EO from Bulgarian Stachys germanica L., and our results reveal some future perspectives for the evaluation of the biological activity of EO from the studied plant species as a new therapeutic agent or natural remedy targeting different medical conditions. The EO has a promising potential to be used as a biopesticide and repellent as well, an environmentally friendly and safer alternative to standard pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori infection is prevalent, affecting almost half of the world's population. Eradicating H. pylori with antibiotics is a global challenge due to medication resistance. Developing new treatment regimens is one of the most important tactics for combating medication resistance. Herbal treatments have attracted a lot of interest recently among the many H. pylori infection adjunct therapies. M. longifolia is an edible plant found in northern Iran; its leaves have traditionally been used to cure gastrointestinal ailments. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) derived from M. longifolia leaves using GC-MS and assess the anti-H. pylori activity of the EO and methanolic extract using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Results showed that the main components of M. longifolia EO were cis-Piperitenone oxide (67.064%), piperitenone oxide (9.135%), L-Menthone (5.745%), Trans Caryophyllene (5.271%) and Eucalyptol (3.524%). M. longifolia EO exhibited the greatest anti-H. pylori activity (MIC=187 µg/mL), while the methanolic extract was (MIC=1500 µg/mL). The phytochemicals studied in this study have the potential to be utilized as adjuvant therapy with standard antibiotics against H. pylori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymus persicus (Lamiaceae) is a range-restricted endemic medicinal and aromatic plant from northwest of Iran. Due to the medicinal importance and over-exploitation of the plant from its natural habitats, conservationand ex situ cultivation of the plant is needed. In the present study, essential oil variability of the plant during its in vitro conservation including in vitro regenerated plant (RP) and acclimated plant (AP) was assessed by GC-FID and GC-MS, and compared with those of growing wild plant (WP). In total, 44, 25 and 25 compounds representing 98.5%, 98.7% and 98.1% were identified in the oils of WP, RP and AP, respectively. The major identified components in the oils were 4,8-β-epoxy-caryophyllene (2.3–10.7%), α-terpineol (9.5–39.2%), linalool (5.7–15.7%) and thymol (2.6–32.8%). In vitro RP with the highest content of thymol had the greatest distance with WP. The AP was also significantly dominated with a large difference in α-terpineol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 38 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from silver birch. The presence of Betulin and Betulinic acid was confirmed in 32 isolates. • The highest amount of betulin in Fusarium cicatricum (311.604 mg/ml) and Penicillium citrinum (409/381 mg/ml) and the highest amount of Betulinic acid in Alternaria alternate (431.275 mg/ml) was found. • Cellulose nanofibers increased the amount of terpenes by 27.5 and 8 times respectively in P. citrinum and F. fuckelii compared to the control. This study specifically aims to produce Betulin and Betulinic acid derivatives, which are anticancer terpenes by endophytic fungi isolated from the bark of silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) for the first time. Betulin can be converted or decomposed into its derivatives over time, but all these derivatives are known, as terpenes how, are exciting prospects for application in medicine and cosmetics. In order to carry out this research, bark samples were collected from silver birch trees in Siahmarzkooh – Golsetan – Iran. Samples were cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA) after surface sterilization. Thirty-eight endophytic fungi were isolated. The ability of Betulin and Betulinic acid induction by endophytic fungi was measured by HPLC and three isolates with the highest amount were selected and molecularly recognized (PCR-sequencing). In the next step, elicitors were induced into 2-year-old mycelium reserves of birch endophytic fungi. The cultures were extracted with three concentrations and three different times of cellulose nanofibers and sodium nitrate, and the changes of terpenes were measured by HPLC. The results showed that 32 of 38 isolates have terpene. Fusarium fuckelii (311.604 µg/mL), Penicillium citrinum (381/409 µg/mL) had the highest amount of Betulin, and Alternaria alternate (431.275 µg/mL) had the highest amount of Betulinc acid. The results reconfirmed the conversion of Betulin into its derivatives over time. Cellulosic nanofibers had a more significant effect on the increase of terpene as an elicitor, so 100 mg/L of it induced 27.5 and 8 times in P. citrinum and F. fuckelii , respectively, compared to the control. This study showed that the endophytic fungi isolated from the silver birch trees could produce, increase terpenes, and probably can be more easily used in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dorema ammoniacum D. Don. is a perennial medicinal plant from Apiaceae family. There is some evidence in Iranian traditional medicine about the anticonvulsant and anthelmintic properties of D. ammoniacum gum resin exudating from its root and stem. In this study, D. ammoniacum was collected from southwestern part of Iran and their Essential Oils (EOs) content and compositions were investigated by gas chromatography techniques. The EO yield of D. ammoniacum root, stem, leaves, flower and gum were 0.4, 0.2, 0.24, 0.46, and 1.0 v/w%, respectively. Although there were some variations among different organs EOs, some similarities could be easily observed. The major compounds in the gum EO were (2E, 6E)-farnesol (12.2%), cuparene (11.5%), (2Z,6Z)-farnesol (8.7%), β-bisabolene (6.1%). The root oil had thymol (14.7%), heptacosane (12.8%), tridecanol (12.7%) and 4-methylene-5-hexenal (6.8 %) as the major compounds. Endo-Fenchyl acetate (13.1%), elemicin (10.5%), p-cymen-8-ol (6.8%) and thymol (5.6%) were identified in the stem oil. The major constituents of the leaves oil were n-hexadecanol (9.1%), cuparene (8.2%), Di-n-butyl phthalate (6.6%), n-eicosane (6.6%), bicyclogermacrene (5.4%) and β-bisabolene (5.2%). The major compounds in flower oil were tridecanol (13.2%), δ-elemene (11.2%), n-eicosane (8.2%), and heptadecanoic acid (7.8%). According to different applications, nine different extracts were also prepared from all organs and their Antioxidant Activity (AA), Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference among all extracts of D. ammoniacum in AA, TPC and TFC (P≤ 0.01). Results showed that the highest radical scavenging activity was observed in M2F (second Methanolic extract of Flower) and M2L (second Methanolic extract of Leaves) samples with IC50 of 40.3 μg mL-1 and 43.6 μg mL-1 compared to BHT (26.0 µg mL-1). The highest TPC in M2F and M2R (second Methanolic extract of Root) samples were 36.4 and 35.7 mg GAE g-1 DW of extracts, respectively. The highest TFC belonged to M2L with 26.4 mg QE g-1 DW of extract. Results also showed that D. ammoniacum organs extracts contained moderate to high amounts of AA and TPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Ziziphora of the family Lamiaceae is well known for the medicinal properties of its species. Ziziphora persica is an edible medicinal plant, which is widely distributed in countries of Iran, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Azaerbaidzhan and is famed as a wild vegetable with notable aroma and flavor. In Iranian folk medicine, Ziziphora species has been also used as infusions for various purposes such as sedative, stomachic and carminative among others. The genus Ziziphora belongs to the Lamiaceae family consists of four species (Z. clinopodioides, Z. capitata, Z. persica and Z. tenuior) that widespread all over Iran. Ziziphora with common Persian name 'kakuti-e kuhi' comprised nine subspecies native to Iran. The composition and antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and various extracts of Ziziphora persica were reported. This review presents and overview on the Eco-phytochemistry and Ethnobotany knowledge of Ziziphora persica and provides a deeper insight into phytochemistry of this specie. Relevant data were obtained through systematic electronic searches from various scientific databases including the institute of scientific information (ISI)-web of science, mendely desktop, google scholar, scopus, ISC, Pubmed, other relevant texts and local books. This review is concerned with characterization of chemical profiles of essential oils, extracts and volatiles, along with relevant biological and phytochemical properties of Ziziphora persica over the 32-year period, 1988–2020. A variety of Eco-phytochemistry and Ethnobotany properties of the Ziziphora persica has been documented, and phytochemicals of the essential oils of this specie has been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Stachys L. (Lamiaceae) includes more than 300 annual or perennial species growing in temperate regions of Southern Africa, the Mediterranean, America, and Asia. Stachys pilifera Benth (S. pilifera), also known as Marzeh Kuhi, is an endemic species from Iran. It is found in the mountainous habitats of the Zagros area. It has various traditional uses, and the phytochemical ingredients and some biological activities of this species have been examined in previous studies. Methods. PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Web databases were used to gather the data. The purpose of this review is to consolidate the scattered knowledge reported in the literature about botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and safety of S. pilifera and suggest its potential medicinal properties. Key Findings. In traditional Iranian medicine, S. pilifera manages various illnesses, such as rheumatoid arthritis, common cold, infections, asthma, and tussive. More than 30 compounds have been identified in S. pilifera essential oil. The compounds found in S. pilifera are phenolic compounds, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which have various properties such as antioxidant, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties. Conclusions. The literature reveals that S. pilifera is an essential source of bioactive phytochemicals and illustrates the unknown area of this plant for new investigations. Moreover, we recommend that future research focus on toxicology and quality control studies for S. pilifera to fill the knowledge gap and provide theoretical support for the plant's possible functional and clinical uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia sieberi is widely distributed in the desert and semi-desert regions of Iran. We collected samples from different parts of Iran and proceeded to extract and analyse their essential oils using hydrodistillation and GC-MS, respectively. Among seventy-two compounds identified within the oils, the hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenoids, trans -thujone (0.0–22.9%), cis -thujane (0.0–47.3%), 1, 8-cineole (0.7–37.1%), camphor (0.0–46.4%), santolinyl acetate (0–33.8%) and cis -chrysanthenyl acetate (0.0–16.4%) and the sesquiterpenoid, davanone (0.0–59.6%), were reported as the predominant components from the 17-accession. The above-mentioned GC-MS analytical results in conjunction with chemometric calculations, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), suggested 6 chemical groups of A. sieberi collected from the Northern to the Southern parts of Iran. The chemical classification of EOs were based on the sum of concentration of terpenoids with distinct C-skeletons, but not individual constituents. These distinct groups include the species predominant in, I: thujane, II: davanone, III: davanone and bornane, IV: p -menthane, V: bornane and VI: irregular monoterpenoids. The trace or less distributed phytochemicals are also suggested to divide the A. sieberi into two main group of sesquiterpene and monoterpene producers. • Seventeen essential oil samples of Artemisia sieberi from Iran have been analysed by GC-MS. • Among seventy-two identified compounds mono- and sesquiterpenoids were the main components. • Using PCA and HCA six chemotypes suggested for A. sieberi in different area of Iran. • Trace and less distributed phytochemicals were used to classify plant's essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Strangle in the horses is the commonest and the most significant infectious disease. An antibiotic of the first choice, commonly Penicillin, is used for antimicrobial therapy. Due to side effects and resistance against used antibiotics, interest in novel antimicrobial substances from other sources, including herbal medicine as safe agents has been raised. This study evaluated the antibacterial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus equi subsp equi in the confrontation of Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and Pulegone on bacterial pathogens isolated from the horse. Materials and Methods: Two hundred clinically isolates were studied by the single disk method to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin, Cefotaxime, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin, and Penicillin. Paper discs were prepared by impregnation in 10 μL essential oils main compounds (EOMC). The antibacterial activities of Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and Pulegone were evaluated by microbroth dilution and disk diffusion methods against isolates of S. equi. Results & Conclusion: All the isolates were resistant to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Cefotaxime. The maximum growth inhibition zone was related to Oxytetracycline and Ampicillin. The growth inhibition zone diameter was 30 mm, 20 mm, and 26 mm for Trans-cinnamaldehyde, Pulegone, and 1, 8 Cineole, respectively. The results of the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) showed that Trans-cinnamaldehyde had the highest antibacterial activity compared to other EOMC against S. equi. This study indicated that Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and Pulegone revealed antibacterial properties; therefore, these main constituents of the medicinal plant could be a safe candidate for the new antibacterial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from aerial parts of Semenovia suffruticosa (which is endemic to Iran). The essential oil of aerial parts extracted by hydro distillation method and was investigated using GC& GC-MS techniques. The oil yield (w/w %) was 0.77 on dry weight. Sixty components were recognized consists of 84.99 % of total oil .The major components found in the oil: cis-ocimene (19.31%), linalool (9.00), cinnamy valerate(8.19%), α-terpinolene (5.49% ),6-amyl-α-pyrone(4.55%) and unknown compounds (1.70 %).The percentage of oxygenated terpenoids and total terpenoids in the essential oil are 22.69 and 61.42 respectively. Antimicrobial effects of this oil were examined according to Agar dilution method. The results of Minimal inhibition Concentration presented, in the following: Staphylococcus aureus (8 μg.mL-1), Salmonella typhi (32 μg.mL-1), Escherichia coli (32 μg.mL-1), Candida albicans(8 μg.mL-1), Aspergillus niger(32 μg.mL-1), shows that the highest dilution of essential oil has been on Candida albicans and the lowest dilution of essential oil that is capable of control on micro-organism, has been pseudomonas aeruginosa . The antimicrobial effects of essential oil have been demonstrated in drinking water using the heterotrophic plat technique. The increase of this essential oil among the samples resulted in decreasing the number of microorganisms colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smyrnium is a rich source of isofuranodiene, a bioactive furanosesquiterpenoid. This study evaluated root samples from ten ecotypes of S. cordifolium from southwest Iran and found that their essential oils were predominantly composed of isofuranodiene and curzerene. The principal component analysis identified four chemotypes among the ecotypes, characterized by isofuranodiene, curzerene, thymol, and (E , E)-germacrone. Hierarchical clustering analysis separated the ecotypes into three clades, in which curzerene, isofuranodiene, and curzerenone played major roles. The data acquired highlights that the essential oil composition in S. cordifolium is primarily associated with the genetic makeup rather than the geographical origins of the samples. Insights into the chemical composition of the genus Smyrnium can favor the selection of better-suited genotypes for industrial purposes, as well as facilitate the development of conservation strategies and breeding programs. [Display omitted] • Smyrnium cordifolium is a wild plant used in traditional medicine. • The essential oil (EO) composition of ten S. cordifolium ecotypes was investigate. • Isofuranodiene, curzerene, thymol, and (E , E)-germacrone chemotypes were identified. • The EO composition of the samples was primarily associated with their genetic makeup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Daphne mucronata Royle grown in Iran has shown anticancer activities against different cancer cell lines. Therefore, within this study, we investigate the phytochemical pattern of this plant. Method: Phytochemical investigation was done using standard column chromatography system: The structures were recognized by the interpretation of one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and the help of High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass spectroscopy (HR-ESIMS) and Infrared spectroscopy (IR) data. Stereochemistry was determined using 2D and 3D NOESY, and comparison of coupling constant values with literature. The absolute configuration was determined and confirmed using specific rotation and electronic circular dichroism experiments. Cytotoxicity was done against HeLa cells by standard MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Luciferase assay was used to check if the compounds can inhibit the activation of cancer-related signaling pathways. Molecular docking simulation was done for biological activity evaluation and to examine the interaction of the ligand with each of the proteins. Results: A new sesquiterpenoid, 4,11(12)-guiadiene-1-ol-3-one (4), together with eight specialized metabolites, betulinic acid (1), coniferyl aldehyde (2), oleanolic acid (3), daphnetoxin (5), apigenin (7), syringin (8), and genkwanol A (9) were isolated and reported for the first time from the shoots of the plant. Compound 4 as an undescribed compound was submitted for cytotoxicity assay and showed moderate activity with the IC50 value of 51.3 ± 4.2 μM against HeLa cancer cells. It showed selective inhibition of Interleukin-6 mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway (STAT-3/ IL-6), and Smad protein / transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) transcription factors when screened through an array of cancer signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed biological tests and showed the interaction with STAT3 and Smad proteins. Conclusion: An undescribed sesquiterpenoid: 4,11(12)-guiadiene-1-ol-3-one in addition to eight known compounds were isolated. The new sesquiterpene was evaluated for the luciferase assay on 14 main cancer-related signaling pathways and showed selective inhibition of STAT3/IL6, and Smad/ TGF-β transcription factors. Molecular docking simulation showed more interactions with STAT3 than Smad, which confirms better interaction of compound 4 with STAT3 than Smad proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of medicinal plants has been considered due to increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Semenovia suffruticosa is a plant with high potential in medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of the essential oil of S. suffruticosa from four regions in Kerman: Hezar Mountain, Laleh Zar, Bidkhan, and Rabor. The essential oil of this plant was extracted by Clevenger. The antibacterial activities were evaluated against three Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, Acinetobacter) and three Gram-positive bactria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. pneumoniae). By disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined. The composition of essential oil was identified by GC-MS analysis. In our study, most yield of essential oil of S. suffruticosa was 1.2% from the Laleh Zar region and the main components were Z-β-ocimene (25.4%) in Laleh Zar, linalool (17.7%) in Hezar, Z-β-ocimene (18.5%) in Bidkhan, and β-pinene (10.5%) in the Rabor region. Maximum inhibition zone by the essential oil from region Bidkhan was observed against K. pneumoniae (30 mm). The MIC value for S. suffruticosa collected from Laleh Zar was 1.25 mg/ml against S. aureus and S. pneumonia. The results of this study confirm that the significant antibacterial effects of S. suffruticosa and make it a valuable compound in essential oils for pharmaceutical use and a good replacement for chemical antibiotics. Environmental conditions can result in a difference in yields and components; this can be considered significant potential for this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is a target for the management of cancer. Here, the anti-proliferation properties of corosolic acid (CA) against A549 human lung epithelial cancer cells in CoCl 2 -induced hypoxia is reported. CA was isolated from the roots of Salvia syriaca based on a bioassay-guided isolation platform and identified by 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Several cytotoxicies and genotoxicity analyses were performed using MTT, DAPI, cell cycle, DNA ladder, and annexin V/PI detection. Cobalt chloride (CoCl 2) was used to stimulate hypoxia. The adaptation of A549 cells to a stimulated hypoxic condition in the presence of CA was evaluated. CA decreased the growth of A549 cells with an IC 50 of 12 μg/mL at 48 h. Also, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation were detected as signs of apoptosis occurrence. CA induced ~85% apoptosis and even 1% necrosis. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α), HIF-1β and downstream genes was strongly suppressed in the presence of CA in CoCl 2 -stimulated hypoxia condition. Results indicated that CA has remarkable cytotoxicity against the cancerous cell in hypoxia condition and may be regarded for preparation of new formulations for possible uses as supplement and medicine in cancer therapy. Unlabelled Image • The roots of Salvia syriaca were subjected to bioassay-guided isolation • Triterpenoid corosolic acid (CA) was found to be anti-proliferative compound • CA attenuates HIF-1 stabilization upon CoCl 2 -induced hypoxia in A549 cancer cells • CA has remarkable anti-cancer activity in hypoxia through targeting HIF-1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pimpinella haussknechtii is an annual native plant grows in west of Iran. Phytochemical study of the fruits of P. haussknechtii led to the isolation of a novel irregular sesquiterpene lactone with a new skeletone and oxidation pattern named: pimpinelol. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxic activity of Pimpinelol was evaluated using standard MTT assay against breast cancer cells. Induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and related gene expressions were evaluated with fluorescence microscopy analysis and real time PCR, respectively. These findings confirmed that Pimpinelol concentrations dependently increased protein aggregation and the mRNA expression of ATF-4, CHOP, GADD34 and TRIB3 in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. According to the obtain results, we demonstrated for the first time that Pimpinelol decreased breast cancer cell viability by inducing ER stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mortality rate from breast cancer has declined in recent years. The combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil, as a pioneer adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, followed by the introduction of anthracycline/taxane-based regimens have resulted in favorable outcomes for early-stage breast cancer. The current study aimed to compare breast cancer treatment outcomes between the cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil and anthracycline/taxane-based regimens. Methods: In this cohort study, we extracted medical records of 1098 breast cancer patients who referred to oncology centers affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from 1991 to 2011. We included patients with Stages I and II invasive cancers who were candidates for systemic chemotherapy. Patients were divided into the cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil or anthracycline/taxane-based arms. We considered median event-free survival, median overall survival, 5- and 10-year event-free survival, and 5- and 10-year overall survival as the study endpoints. Results: The cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil arm had a median event-free survival of 190 months, with a 5-year event-free survival of 77% and 10-year event-free survival of 61%. The anthracycline/taxane arm had a median event-free survival of 212 months, a 5-year event-free survival of 74%, and a 10-year event-free survival of <61%. There were no significant differences between the two arms (P=0.3). The cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil arm had a 5-year overall survival of 87% and a 10-year overall survival of 76%, whereas the anthracycline/taxane-based arm had a 5-year overall survival of 83% and 10-year overall survival of <76% (P=0.2). Stage and estrogen receptor status significantly affected outcome in univariate analysis; however, the only important prognostic factor in multivariate analysis was disease stage. Conclusion: Similar effectiveness exists between cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil and anthracycline/taxane-based regimens in terms of adjuvant treatment outcome for early-stage breast cancer. We can be confident that cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil is more favorable due to the infrequent adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ContextGC-MS analysis is the best way to characterize volatile sulphur-containing compounds.Ferula(Apiaceae) is a genus of perennial herbs. Due to the occurrence of essential oils or oleoresins in theFerulaspecies, these plants usually possess strong aromatic scent. Terpenoid compounds were the most abundant constituents ofFerulaoils, however, in some ofFerulaspecies, the essential oils were dominated by volatile sulphur-containing compounds. ObjectivesFerula alliaceaBoiss. is considered one of the sources of the oleo-gum-resin asafoetida. In this study, we analyzed the hydrodistilled essential oil from its dried roots and provide new data about retention indices and mass fragmentation patterns of some volatile sulphur-containing compounds that are useful for future studies on this class of compounds. Materials and methodsThe roots ofF. alliaceawere collected during the flowering stage of plant, from Bezgh, Kashmar to Neishabour road, Khorasan-Razavi province, Iran, in June 2012. The oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. ResultsThis is the first report on phytochemical analysis ofF. alliacearoots. Seventy-six components, representing 99.5% of the oil, were characterized. The major components were 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (22.3%), valerianol (12.5%), hinesol (8.3%), guaiol (7.3%) andZ-propenyl-sec-butyl trisulphide (6.5%). Predominant mass fragment ions of the identified sulphur-containing compounds are explained in this paper. ConclusionThe volatile oil ofF. alliaceamostly contains oxygenated sesquiterpenes, however, its odour was dominated by sulphur-containing compounds. The most abundant sulphur-containing compound includesZ-propenyl-sec-butyl trisulphide (6.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Achillea millefoliumL. comprises several relevant species for the food, cosmetic, perfumery, and pharmaceutical industries. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed borneol to be a major component ofA. millefolium, with its contribution to the essential oil being 36.35%. Borneol exhibited significant lipid peroxidation inhibition and antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. In addition, borneol had the highest antioxidant activity in all conducted assays. The borneol had significantly greater radical scavenging activity than other component essential oil and the reference antioxidant Trolox. In addition, a correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content was found. The borneol significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages (anin vitromodel of inflammation). These results clearly show the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this work was to investigate the volatiles released from aerial parts of Scrophularia subaphylla (Scrophulariaceae) which is a perennial herb growing in Azarbaijan province in Iran. Methods: A combination of GC-MS and GC-FID were applied for analyzing the chemical compositions of the essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation from the aerial parts of Scrophularia subaphylla (S. subaphylla). Results: Thirty six compounds, representing 97.32% of total oil were identified. High content of terpenoids (60.02%) were identified in the essential oil with Linalool (22.35%), phytol (15.74%) and geraniol (7.27%) as the most dominant compounds, while other main components were representatives of fatty acids (24.31%), indicated mainly by palmitinic acid (17.29%). DPPH assay was used for assessing the antioxidant properties of compounds. However, no remarkable free radical scavenging activity was observed. Furthermore, Disc diffusion method was applied for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of essential oil vs. gram positive and gram negative bacteria strains. The examined oil showed weak antibacterial effect. Conclusion: Main constituents of S. subaphylla were terpenoids. In comparison with other genesis of Scrophularia, antioxidant and anti bacterial properties of S. subaphylla essential oil were not noticeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new monoterpene–flavonoid, saturejin (3′-(2,5-dihydroxy- p -cymene) 5,7,4′-trihydroxy flavone) ( 4 ), together with twelve known flavonoids consist of two flavanonols (aromadendrin ( 8 ) and taxifolin ( 12 )), two flavanones (naringenin ( 3 ) and 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxy flavanone ( 9 )) and eight flavones (xanthomicrol ( 1 ), acacetin ( 2 ), cirsimaritin ( 5 ), 7-methoxy luteolin ( 6 ), apigenin ( 7 ), cirsilineol ( 10 ), diosmetin ( 11 ) and 6-hydroxyluteolin 7,3′-dimethyl ether ( 13 )), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract and identified for the first time in the dried aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, an endemic medicinal plant traditionally used as dental anesthetic, oral antiseptic and anti-inflammatory among the nomadic inhabitants of southwestern Iran. The structures of these compounds were determined using the usual spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR and MS analyses. Saturejin showed a significant β -glucosidase inhibitory activity at concentration of 10 μg as well as positive antioxidant activity at the amount of 1 μg. These results could be correlated with the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic properties reported from this medicinal plant. Similar activities were also described for some of the other isolated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile constituents of the oil extracted from the root, leaf and seed of Cleome quinquenervia DC were isolated through a hydro distillation method and then analyzed by GC and GC-MS.. Root, leaf and seed were found to contain 15, 52, and 42 components respectively. The major components of leaf oil were found to be β-pinene (31%), a-pinene (26.1%), trans-pinocarvyl acetate (6.6%). The root oil constituents were characterized by high amounts of a-eudesmol (29%), β-eudesmol (27.5%) and β-eudesmol (13%). The main constituents of the seed oil were shown to trans-pinocarvyl acetate (12.5%), β-eudesmol (10.8%) and β- pinene (10.8%), a-eudesmol (9.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from different organs (leaves and flowers) of Origanum vulgare ssp. gracile as an aromatic and medicinal plant from northwest of Iran, was separately analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS. The results showed that essential oil content and composition of two organs were different. Essential oil contents were 1.44% and 2.44% for leaves and flowers, respectively. Twenty three components constituting 99.98% of leaf oil and eighteen components constituting 99.59% of flower oil were identified. The main constituents of leaf and flower oils were carvacrol (46.5% and 60.6%), β-terpinene (13.91% and 16.64%) and β-cymene (13.54% and 7.21%), respectively. Oxygenated monoterpenes (61.32% and 65.38%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (30.81% and 29.4%) were the main classes of identified compounds in both organs oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Daucus littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech.f. (Apiaceae) is an endemic species in northern parts of Iran where it is commonly named Caspian carrot. The fruits have been used as condiment. Methods In a series of in vitro assays, antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP assays), cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of different extracts of roots and fruits were evaluated for the first time. The separation and purification of the compounds were carried out on the most potent extracts using various chromatographic methods and identified by spectroscopic data (1H and 13C NMR). Results The results showed that among the extracts only fruit methanol extract (FME) has significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 145.93 μg.ml-1 in DPPH assay and 358 ± 0.02 mmol FeII/g dry extract in FRAP assay). The radical scavenging activity of FME at 400 μg.ml-1 was comparable with α-tocopherol (40 μg.ml-1) and with BHA (100 μg.ml-1) (p > 0.05). FME did not show any toxicity against cancerous and normal cell lines. Fruit ethyl acetate extract (FEE) had cytotoxic activity against breast carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC50 168.4 and 185 μg.ml-1, respectively), while it did not possess antioxidant activity in comparison with α-tocopherol and BHA as standard compounds. Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of fruits showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC: 3.75 mg.ml-1) and Candida albicans (MIC: 15.6 and 7.8 mg.ml-1, respectively). Four terpenoids were isolated form FEE including: β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2), caryophyllene oxide (3), β-amyrin (4). Also, three flavonoids namely quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside (5), quercetin 3-O-β- galactoside (6) and luteolin (7) were isolated from FME. Conclusion This study showed that FEE and FME of D. littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech.f. had the highest biological activities which may be correlated with in vitro cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of terpenoids and flavonoids components of the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Salvia urmiensis , an endemic plant species of Iran, led to the isolation of two new cytotoxic ursane triterpenoids, Salvurmin A and Salvurmin B. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, IR and UV analysis. Cytotoxicity of the above-mentioned compounds were evaluated against two human cancerous cell lines (SW1116, MCF-7). IC 50 values for Salvurmin A and Salvurmin B on colon cancer cell line (SW1116) were 41.6 ± 2.6 and 23.2 ± 0.4 μM respectively, in comparison to cisplatin as control positive. In addition, these two compounds exhibited cytotoxic activity on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with an IC 50 of 54.2 ± 5.3 and 40.2 ± 3.1 μM for Salvurmin A and Salvurmin B, respectively. The cytotoxic activities of these two compounds present a promising potential for the future investigation on this endemic species of Salvia. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Salvia, with nearly 900 species, is one of the largest members of Lamiaceae family. In the Flora of Iran, the genus Salvia is represented by 58 species of which 17 species are endemic. Salvia hypoleuca Benth., is one of these species growing wildly in northern and central parts of Iran. Salvia species are well known in folk medicine and widely used for therapeutic purposes. Literature review shows that there is no report on phytochemical investigation of the roots of S. hypoleuca. Results: The separation and purification process were carried out using various chromatographic methods. Structural elucidation was on the basis of NMR and MS data, in comparison with those reported in the literature. The isolated compounds were identified as sitosteryl oleate (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), manool (4), 7α-acetoxy royleanone (5), ursolic acid (6), oleanolic acid (7), 3-epicorosolic acid (8), 3-epimaslinic acid (9) and coleonolic acid (10). Conclusions: In the present study, three sterols, two diterpenes and five triterpenes were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the roots of S. hypoleuca. As the chemotaxonomic significance, some of the isolated compounds (1-7, 9) have not been previously reported from the species S. hypoleuca, while the triterpenes 8 and 10 are now documented from Salvia genus for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new 14-desoxo-10, 18-dihydromyrinsol diterpenoids (1 and 2) were isolated and characterized from the cytotoxic chloroform fraction of Euphorbia aellenii Rech. f. (Euphorbiaceae). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and their immunomodulatory properties were evaluated by T-cell proliferation and phagocyte chemiluminescence assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ganoderma lucidum is used as a health food and medicine in Far East and produces different ganoderic acids which are well known for their valuable bioactivities. In this study, two different strains of G. lucidum from Iran and China were investigated for ganoderic acids, using reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) in combination with UV and electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The results showed a relatively low intensity ganoderic acid C2 peak in the chromatogram of the Iranian sample. However, three high intensity peaks attributed to the well known ganoderic acids including ganoderic acids T, Me and H from the Chinese strain. These findings clearly indicated that different strains of G. lucidum could posses a range of active compounds and hence, bioactivities. Moreover, the variation in the triterpenoid components encourages more studies on the rest of bioactive molecules, and also different strains grown in a variety of climatic and geographical conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The volatile oils of stem, umbels, fruits and roots of Astrodaucus orientalis (L.) Drude (Apiaceae) growing wild in Iran were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The main components of the oils from the stem were sabinene (23.1%), α-pinene (16.4%) and fenchyl-acetate (7.5%). Sabinene (25.6%), β-pinene (22.3%) and a-copaene (16.1%) were the main constituents of the volatile oils of the fruits. While α- copanene (26.1%), β-pinene (15.3%) and sabinene (13.7%) were the major components of the volatile oils of the umbels (flowers), that of the roots were mainly composed of anisole (37.9%), bornyl acetate (36.9%) and geranyl tiglate (11.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Ornithogalum procerum Stapf. (Family: Liliaceae) is an Iranian medicinal plant found mainly in the east Azarbaiijan province of Iran. As part of our ongoing phytochemical and bioactivity studies on medicinal plants from Iranian flora, various extracts and essential oils of this plant were analysed by GC-MS. Methods: The hydrodistillation of the ground aerial parts of O. procerum, Soxhlet-extraction of the dried and ground bulbs, and the hydrolysis of the methanol extract of the bulbs yielded, the essential oils, n-hexane extrcat and the hydrolysed methanolic extract respectively, which were analysed by the GC-MS. Results:A total of 23 compounds were identified from the essential oils of the the aerial parts. The identified compounds represented 70.27% of the total essential oils. The main components of the aerial parts were phenylacetaldehyde (7.57%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (8.13%), docosan (5.52%) and 5-methyl octadecane (4.63%). From the n-hexan extract of the bulbs, seven hydrocarbons representing 99.39% of the total extract, were identified. Finally, from the hydrolyzed methanolic extract of the bulbs, four polysteroltype compounds accounting for 59.81% of the extract, were detected. Conclusion: The GC-MS analyses reavealed that the essential oils are mainly composed of oxygenated hydrocarbons, the n-hexane extract contains predominatly hydrocarbons, and the hydrolyzed methanolic extract comprises polysterol-type compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of Rowatinex, an essential oil preparation of terpenic type, on kidney calculi clearance after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was performed at Hormozgan Hospital in Bandar Abbas, Iran, on 100 patients with 10-mm to 20-mm kidney calculi. They underwent SWL, and then, they were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either Rowatinex, 100 mg, 3 times per day, or placebo after SWL. The patients were followed up with plain abdominal radiography, ultrasonography, and excretory urography (if required), 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Results: Two weeks following SWL, 6 (12%) and 9 (18%) patients in the Rowatinex and control groups had fragmented calculi without clearance, 26 (52%) and 24 (48%) had less than 50% clearance, 9 (18%) and 15 (30%) had more than 50% but not total clearance, and 9 (18%) and 2 (4%) patients were stone free, respectively. Rowatinex had a significant effect on the stone-free rate (P = .02). Four weeks post-SWL, 3 (7.3%) and 7 (14.6%) other patients in the Rowatinex and control groups became stone free, respectively. Overall, Rowatinex had no significant effect on the stone-free rate (P = .46). No complications or differences between the two groups in symptoms and signs were reported. Conclusion: Rowatinex does not have a significant effect on clearance rate of kidney calculi after SWL. However, it can accelerate calculus passage after 2 weeks, and it does not have any significant adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the essential oils from three Labiatae species from Iran-Nepeta heliotropifolia Lam. and Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad, which are endemic to Iran, and Ziziphora persica Bunge.-were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. 1,8-Cineole (16.8%), 4aα,7α,7aβ nepetalactone (16.3%), cis-sabinene hydrate (16.1%) and linalool (11.9%) were the main components among the 23 constituents characterized in the oil of Nepeta heliotropifolia, representing 92.8% of the total components detected. Twenty compounds were identified in the oil of M. mozaffarianii, representing 83.6% of the total oil, with 1,8-cineole (53.5%) being the major constituent. The oil of Z. persica was characterized by high amount of pulegone (27.8%), neomenthol (22.5%) and p-menth-3-en-8-ol (18.1%) among the 34 components, comprising 94.7% of the total oil detected. All three oils were richer in oxygenated monoterpenes than sesquiterpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn. before the flowering stage was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty-five compounds representing 98.7% of the total oil were identified, of which α-pinene (36.4%), germacrene-D (18.6%), limonene (8.2%), and piperitone (6.2%) were the major constituents. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of the entire oil and its two main monoterpenes was evaluated against six Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The oil exhibited moderate activity against the tested bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica var. mutica, growing in different regions of Iran, is a popular naturally occurring chewing gum and has been used traditionally in the treatment of peptic ulcer. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil, obtained from steam distillation of the oleoresin of P. atlantica var. mutica, has led to the identification and quantification of eleven terpenoids, α-pinene (70%), 3-pinene (1.94%,), 3-carene (0. 2%), carveol (`2.18%,), epoxypinene (`2.15%,), limonene oxide (9%), myrtenol (5.31%), limonene (0.62%), citral (5.72%,), α-phellandrene (0. 2%), and β-myrcene (0. 3%,). The total amount of essential oil obtained was 22% v/w which is higher than any other species of the genus Pestacia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Junipers (Juniperus spp.) are important pharmaceutical plants, and they are commonly grown in the northern hemisphere because of the various medicinal properties attributed to the Juniperus genus. However, despite their pharmaceutical and also industrial importance, and despite plant diversity being a common topic of research among professional breeding programs, there is a relatively small body of work which focuses on diversity in juniper, and this is especially true of juniper species that are native to Iran. Thus, the present study set out to investigate juniper diversity via identifying any morphological, phytochemical, and genetic differences among and within three important species of Iranian junipers. The data revealed the terpenoid profiles of the investigated species to be distinct from one another, with α -pinene, β -pinene, myrcene, sabinene, and limonene being the predominant terpenoids detected. Intriguingly, high levels of myrtenyl acetate were detected in the J. sabina tissue collected from the Ramsar site, and this terpenoid was not found in either of the other studied species, nor has it been noted in any other studies that focus on juniper. The genetic variation of Juniperus was analyzed using five ISSR markers and the molecular variance was computed using the GenAlEx software. The results revealed there to be a high degree of genetic diversity both among and within the studied populations. A dendrogram of the genetic data using the UPGMA method with the Dice coefficient divided the genotypes into two main groups. J. communis and J. excelsa were grouped together, while J. sabina was separated into its own group. In general, morphologically speaking, the leaf and cone types were found to be chiefly influential vis-à-vis separating the populations into their respective groups. Ultimately, it is our hope that the biochemical, genetic, and morphological diversity data collected from these species will contribute to the success of future juniper breeding and restoration programs. [Display omitted] • Morphological variations in cone and leaf size influenced species classification. • Terpenoid profiles of investigated species were distinct among species and habitats. • Terpenoids like α -pinene, β -pinene, myrcene, sabinene, and limonene were prevalent. • High levels of myrtenyl-acetate were detected in the J. sabina sample from Ramsar. • Sequencing results revealed high levels of variation among and within the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Haplophyllum furfuraceum Bge.ex Boiss and H. virgatum Spach., two Rutaceae species endemic to Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three compounds representing 98.1% of the oil of H. furfuraceum were identified, among which elemol (11.7%) and β-eudesmol (10.1%) were the major components. The oil of H. virgatum was characterized by its richness in 2-nonanone (28.4%) and 2-undecanone (21.5%), which were among the 25 components comprising 90.5% of the total oil detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Tanacetum Paradoxum Bornm. and Tanacetum tabristanum (Boiss.) Sosn. et Takht., which are endemic to Iran, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil of T. paradoxum was characterized by high amounts of camphor (23.8%), lavandulyl acetate (19.1%), lavandulol (15.9%) and 1,8-cineole (13.2%), which were among the 18 components comprising 94.3% of the total oil detected. Twenty-four compounds representing 83.5% of the oil of T. tabristanum were identified, among them caryophyllene oxide (12.0%) and spathulenol (10.3%) being the major ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Artemisia biennis and Pulicaria undulate were analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The major components of the oil of A. biennis were camphor (24.6%), artemisia ketone (11.4%) and α-pinene (10.2%). α-Pinene (45.7%) and 1,8-cineole (27.1%) were found to be the main constituents of the oil of P. undulata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial parts of Stachys pilifera Benth. were collected from two regions: Kazeroon in southern and Shahr-e-kord in western Iran. The composition of the oils of S. pilifera (Lamiaceae) were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The main components of the oil of S. pilifera collected from Kazeroon (1), in southern Iran, were spathulenol (15.8%), cis-chrysanthenol (15.3%), β-caryophyllene (8.4%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (6.9%), while for the plant collected from Shahr-e-kord (2), in western Iran, they were cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.8%), linalool (18.9%), terpinen-4-ol (11.9%) and cis-chrysanthenol (9.2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of the aerial parts of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen. and T. pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak. (Labiatae) collected during the full flowering period from the suburb of Behshar (north of Iran) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components of T. kotschyanus oil were pulegone (18.7%), isomenthone (17.8%), thymol (14.9%), 1,8-cineole (9.0%), piperitenone (6.3%) and carvacrol (5.5%). The major components of T. pubescens oil were carvacrol (32.1%), thymol (19.1%), α-terpineol (14.6%) and p-cymene (6.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the stem and leaf of Mentha aquatica L. and the aerial parts of Nepeta meyeri Benth., two Labiatae species of Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty compounds, representing 88.1% of the stem oil of M. aquatica, were identified; among them β-caryophyllene (22.4%), viridiflorol (11.3%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%) were the major ones. The leaf oil of the plant was characterized by higher amount of piperitenone oxide (25.7%), and also β-caryophyllene (12.0%) and 1,8-cineole (10.3%), among the 29 components, comprising 95.4% of the total oil, detected. The oil of N. meyeri was made up mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes, of which 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone (68.1%) was the major constituent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodistilled volatile oils from crushed dry stems, leaves, and roots of Prangos latiloba Korov. ( Umbelliferae) growing wild in Sabzevar (Iran) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Eight compounds constituting 84.72% of stem oil, twelve compounds constituting 95.39% of leaf oil, and nine compounds constituting 88.73% of root oil have been identified. The main components of stem oil were γ-cadinene (30.39%), α-pinene (25.47%), and sabinene (12.55%). The main components of leaf oil were germacrene D (27.79%), α-pinene (17.81%), β-caryophyllene (12.75%), and β-pinene (11.23%). The main components of root oil were spathulenol (29.5%), 1,8-cineol (19.42%), p-cymene (17.03%), and α-bisabolol (15.33%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodistilled essential oil composition from the aerial parts of Salvia macilenta (Lamiaceae) from Iran was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The oil analysis confirmed the characterization of thirty-one compounds, accounting for 99.4% of the total oil. Analysis of the oil showed that the oil of S. macilenta was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons with a-pinene (60%) as the main component followed by γ-elemene (6.1%), thymol (5.2%), elemol (4.7%), and β-caryophyllene (4.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil from flowering aerial parts of Nepeta depauperata Benth,, an endemic Iranian plant, obtained by steam distillation was analyzed by GC/MS. The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats' indices. Thirty-three compounds consisting 82,52% of the total components were identified from the oil obtained with a yield of 0.3%v/w. Among them, spathulenol (31.84%), beta caryophyllene (12.93%) and caryophyllene oxide (10,27%) were the major components of the oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water distilled essential oils from two Umbelliferae species, which are endemic to Iran, were analyzed by GC/MS. α-Pinene (39.6%), β-pinene (23.9%) and β-phellandrene (9.5%) were the main components among the 33 constituents characterized in the oil of Peucedanum scoparium, representing 99.3% of the total components detected. Nineteen compounds were identified in the oil of Serotinocarpum insignis, representing 93.3% of the total oil with limonene (36.9%), β-pinene (17.4%) and myrcene (15.8%) as the major constituents. Both oils were richer in monoterpene than sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Marrubium anisodon C. Koch and Marrubium propinquum Fisch. et C.A. Mey. (family Labiatae), were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Fifteen components in the oil of M. anisodon representing 93.6% of the total oil, and 17 components in the oil of M. propinquum, representing 96% of the total oil, were identified. Both oils were characterized by a high amount of sesquiterpenes (68.8% and 92.8%, respectively) with germacrene D (44.2%) and β-caryophyllene (10.4%) as the major constituents of M. anisodon and (E) - β-farnesene (43.8%), β-caryophyllene (20.1%) and germacrene D (15.8%) as the major component of M. propinquum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Hippomarathrum microcarpum and Physospermum cornubiense, growing in Iran, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-three compounds representing 95.2% of the oil of H. microcarpum, and nine compounds representing 91.5% of the oil of P.cornubiense were charactrized. The major components of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation from H.microcarpum were α-pinene (15.9%), β-caryophyllene (15.7%), β-phellandrene (7.8%) and germacrene-D (6.8%) and the major components of the oil of P. cornubiense were caryophyllene oxide (27.5%), limonene (16.2%) and β-caryophyllene (15.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from Tagetes minuta L. cultivated in Iran. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components were α-terpineol (20.8%), (Z)-β-ocimene (17.7%), dihydrotagetone (1 .7%), (E)-ocimenone (13.3%), (Z)-tagetone (8.4%) and (Z)-ocimenone (6.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]