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Background: One of the most common endocrine disorders of reproductive age women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS are at risk for infertility, endometrial cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Awareness of the signs and symptoms of PCOS can be effective in diagnosing early stage PCOS and promoting quality of life (QoL). This study assesses the awareness of PCOS in schoolgirls and their mothers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 1580 high school girls and 480 of their mothers in Tehran (capital of Iran) in 2017 and 2018. We used the stratified sampling method and divided Tehran into five geographic regions: north, south, east, west, and central. Schools were randomly selected from each of these regions. Students and their mothers separately answered a self-administered questionnaire that pertained to their knowledge of PCOS. Statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS, version 22 (Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) and R version 3.2.1. Results: Students had an average age of 16.97 ± 0.84 years and their mothers' average age was 45.19 ± 5.03 years. The average body mass index (BMI) of the students was 22.01 ± 5.54 kg/m². The results of this study showed that only 48 students (3.2%) and 148 mothers (27%) had acceptable knowledge about PCOS. The knowledge of students about PCOS was positively related to their mothers' knowledge about PCOS (P<0.001). Conclusion: The level of PCOS awareness in Iranian women is insufficient and this may affect their QoL. Therefore, the health authorities should implement educational programs to challenge women's incorrect beliefs about PCOS and increase their awareness of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose- The purpose of this article is the provision a context for the continuity and conveyance of hidden values in human habitations in a form of patterns for future plans. Design/Methodology/Approach- Hezaveh village, located in Markazi Province, is one of the habitats that has always been noted due to its location and physical traits. Hence, three residential samples were studied and analyzed. The research has been formed with an inductive approach based on field observations and documentary studies. The selection method of samples was based on diversity indicators in structural and functional patterns. They were extracted among the observed samples based on statistical data according to the number of families, type of livelihood, etc. Findings- The findings of the research demonstrate the way physical traits of habitats are considered in accordance with the natural environment, humans, and housing formation. Thus, housing can be understood as a fundamental type and pure form of a physical environment that represent those patterns. Because of the cold climate of the village, most houses have inner yards and are introverted. The ratio of the outer skin to the whole volume of buildings is low. Yards are relatively small and walls are thick. Moreover, the investigations revealed that there are somehow similar spaces in them. Practical implications- In its simplest use, the findings of the research might be deemed as a pattern or criterion for the design of rural housing which reflects the architectural properties of that region. Originality/Value- The analysis and inference methodology of a pattern for rural housing could be regarded as an innovation in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mas incarceration, as a major ocial ill has garnered significant attention among academics, however the surge in the number of women pri oner in the U.S., ha been given comparatively short shrift by the literature, which tends to focus on male inmates. By focusing on incarcerated females in the state of Ohio this paper eeks to help fill that void. This article al o presents the reader with a sen e of women 'S sexual abu e history across race. The number of women inmates in Ohio who were sexually violated before entering prison is staggering. Moreover, the data how that the problem Iran cends race and age. This article make a call for under tanding the potential far-reaching consequences of this hist01y of ental abuse and the complex need of a steadily increasing pri on population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Iran is facing the consequences of the hubristic period and the level of mortalities is affected by lifestyles. Residents of underprivileged neighborhoods of the Iranian Kermanshah Metropolis encounter numerous socioeconomic, physical, and cultural challenges. Hence, this study aims to investigate the ecocultural and physical conditions of underprivileged neighborhoods and their effects on the residents' health promotion lifestyles in the neighborhoods in Kermanshah Metropolis, Western Iran. Subjects and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population included the underprivileged neighborhoods of the Kermanshah Metropolis. The ecocultural and physical conditions of these neighborhoods were assessed using the population and housing census data, and lifestyle was measured using the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II). As for data analysis, the descriptive statistics analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Pearson correlation coefficient were employed in SPSS v.21. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the total mean score of lifestyles in underprivileged neighborhoods was low (111.67 ± 23.59). It was shown that females had a better quality of life than males, and the highest and lowest mean scores belonged to interpersonal relations and physical activity, respectively. Comparison of the findings also indicated that the underprivileged neighborhoods were significantly different in terms of health promotion lifestyles. As for the economic, physical, and cultural indexes, it was demonstrated that only cultural indices were significantly correlated with health promotion lifestyles, with a correlation coefficient of 0.716. The negative correlation coefficient of the young population was indicative of the inverse relationship between the growth of the young population and health promotion lifestyles. A negative relationship was also observed between nutrition and the young population. It was also shown that interpersonal relations negatively and positively correlated with the young population and migration rate, respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed the urgent need for attention and emphasis to be given to the planning of activities to improve residents' conditions of health promotion lifestyle in underprivileged neighborhoods by the urban managers and policymakers in the health and associated fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to any other geophysical method, seismic refraction method faces non-uniqueness in the estimation of model parameters. Recently, different nonlinear seismic processing techniques have been introduced, particularly for seismic inversion. One of the recently developed metaheuristic algorithms is bat optimization algorithm (BA). Standard BA is usually quick at the exploitation of the solution, while its exploration ability is relatively poor. In order to improve exploration ability of BA, in the current study, a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm by inclusion a mutation operator into BA, socalled mutation based bat algorithm (MBA), is introduced to inversion of seismic refraction data. The efficiency and stability of the proposed inversion algorithm were tested on different synthetic cases. Finally, the MBA inversion algorithm was applied to a real dataset acquired from Leylanchay dam site at East-Azerbaijan province, Iran, to determine alluvium depth. Then, the performance of MBA on both synthetic and real datasets was compared with standard BA. Moreover, the dataset was further processed following a tomographic approach and the results were compared to the results of the proposed MBA inversion method. In general, the MBA inversion results were superior to standard BA inversion and results of MBA were in good agreement with available boreholes data and geological sections at the dam site. The analysis of the seismic data showed that the studied site comprises three distinct layers: a saturated alluvial, an unsaturated alluvial, and a dolomite bedrock. The measured seismic velocity across the dam site has a range of 400 to 3,500 m/s, with alluvium thickness ranging from 5 to 19 m. Findings showed that the proposed metaheuristic inversion framework is a simple, fast, and powerful tool for seismic data processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propose: Underreporting of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) reduces the sensitivity of pharmacovigilance systems. We described ADR reporting and its trend from 1999 to 2017 and estimated the ADR underreporting in the Iranian Pharmacovigilance Center., Methods: We expressed the number of ADR reporting per inhabitants and admissions and their possible trends. Finally, ADR underreporting percentages were estimated by three approaches: prospective studies, literature review, stratification of the country; and the trend of the proportion of ADR per inhabitants was corrected., Results: The proportion of ADR reporting was 15.3 per 100 000 inhabitants (95% CI: 15.2, 15.8) and 10.0 per 100 000 admissions (95% CI: 9.8, 10.2) in 2017, and its trend was increasing with 16.3% average change per annum during 19 years. The median of estimated percentages of underreporting was 76.0% (IQR: 64.32-81.35). After the correction, the mean proportion of ADR reporting for 19 years reached from 5.87 to 10.33 per 100 000 inhabitants., Conclusions: The trend of ADRs reporting has been increasing over the 19 years but is still low. This study showed a considerable underreporting of ADR, and about one of four detected ADRs were reported to the pharmacovigilance center from 1999 to 2017., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The objective of this study was to determine the anti-yeast effect of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from two popular Iranian cheeses known as Lighvan and Motal against food spoilage yeasts known as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis. Twenty strains of Lactobacillus were selected from Motal (16 isolates) and Lighvan cheeses (4 isolates). Anti-yeast activity was studied by Agar Spot and Well Diffusion Assay. Effect of pasteurization on inhibitory compounds was also investigated. Results showed that two strains of Lactobacillus brevis (M4 and M2) exhibited the highest anti- yeast activity in aforementioned methods, as well as tolerated pasteurization. M4 and M2 strains were inoculated into Doogh (a fermented yogurt drink) at two levels (10 6 and 10 8 cfu/ml). All samples were incubated in three storage temperatures (4, 25 and 37 °C) and were then examined for microbial parameters (Mold and yeast counts, Coliform, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) at specific intervals. Sample with M4 (10 6 cfu/ml) showed superiority rather than control sample in microbial point of view. At temperatures of 25 and 37 °C, inoculated samples were not contaminated up to day- 21 and day-14, respectively. The propionic acid content for M4 and M2, was 14576.11 and 11697.3 ppm, respectively. Results indicate that incorporation of strain M4 (Lb. brevis) at a level of 10 6 cfu/ml can potentially postpone the yeast spoilage in Doogh and prolong the stability of this product. In conclusion, these strains had the highest activity against experimented yeasts.

Care of a child with cerebral palsy is a source of tension and struggle for parents and causes many problems in meeting the child's needs. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the experiences of parents who have children with cerebral palsy. This qualitative study was conducted in 2011-2012 using content analysis through purposeful sampling and by participation of 17 Iranian parents (27-59 years old) of children with cerebral palsy who were referred to the rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The data were gathered by an in-depth semi-structured interview. All of the interviews were transcribed and analyzed inductively. The content analysis revealed four subcategories, 'inadequate facilities and services,' 'unsupportive interactions,' 'limitation of parents' social relations,' and 'social seclusion of the child and parent,' in the category of social challenges, and three subcategories, 'intrapersonal conflicts,' 'being worried,' and 'sense of loneliness,' in the category of psychoemotional challenges. Caring for a child with cerebral palsy exposes the parents to challenges, some of which are related to the nature of the child's disease, and some are due to a shortage of facilities and lack of attention to the parents' needs. Therefore, to promote the parents' health and provide better care services to the afflicted child, it is important to recognize the parents' problems and remove such obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causative organisms, the clinical characteristics, visual outcomes, and the incidence of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, a chart review was performed for patients treated in a tertiary referral center for acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery from January 2005 to December 2009. During the study period, 62 additional patients with acute postoperative endophthalmitis were referred to and treated in this center. Therefore the cohort comprised 70 patients (8 of whom underwent cataract surgery at our center, and 62 who were referred). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. The primary outcome measure was final visual acuity. P<0.05 indicated statistical significance Results: During the study period, 7737 cataract surgeries were performed in this center. Eight (0.10%) of 7737 eyes developed acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Subgroup analysis indicated that extracapsular cataract extraction was associated with a fourfold higher risk of endophthalmitis compared with phacoemulsification. We found better initial visual acuity (VA) (≥ hand motion) (P<0.001) and negative cultures (P=0.021) were independently associated with a more favorable visual outcome. Patients with relative afferent papillary defect (RAPD) were associated with lower initial VA (P<0.001) and worse visual outcome (P=0.001). Positive microbial cultures were found for 33 (42.9%) cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated. Positive cultures were more frequently found in patients with RAPD. The "gram-positive coagulase-negative" and "no growth" groups had the best visual outcome. Associated keratitis and avoiding intraocular steroids were associated with the risk of evisceration. Conclusion: The visual outcome after endophthalmitis was generally poor and only one eighth of the eyes achieved a final corrected visual acuity of ≥20/200. Therefore, better treatment strategies are warranted. Immediate treatment is essential and the role of primary vitrectomy requires further investigation. In addition, RAPD, as an objective test, may complement VA for predicting the prognosis and planning the course of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene was identified as the major sex pheromone component of the pistachio twig borer moth, Kermania pistaciella, one of the most serious insect pests of pistachio plantations in Iran and Turkey. In field studies, an attract-and-kill formulation containing (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene demonstrated efficacy in reducing damage caused by K. pistaciella and may become a widely-used, earth-friendly tactic for control of this insect in commercial pistachio production. To further develop this technology, a cost-effective, chromatography-free synthesis of (2S,12Z)-2-acetoxy-12-heptadecene was required and is described in this communication. On a récemment identifié le (2S,12Z)-2-acétoxy-12-heptadécène comme le composant principal de la phéromone sexuelle de la pyrale du rameau de pistaches, Kermania pistaciella, un lépidoptère reconnu comme l’un des insectes les plus nuisibles pour les plantations de pistaches d’Iran et de Turquie. Dans des études sur le terrain, une formulation destinée à attirer et à tuer contenant du (2S,12Z)-2-acétoxy-12-heptadécène ont démontré son efficacité à réduire les dommages causés par K. pistaciella; il pourrait éventuellement être utilisé comme tactique écologiquement correcte et largement utilisée pour contrôler cet insecte dans la production commerciale de la pistache. Afin d’améliorer cette technologie, il était nécessaire de pouvoir accès à une méthode de synthèse du (2S,12Z)-2-acétoxy-12-heptadécène n’impliquant pas de chromatographie et efficace d’un point de vue coût et c’est ce qui est décrit dans ce travail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]