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If available forest inventory techniques or measurement instruments are not satisfying or appropriate for monitoring a particulare forest, options include developing a new inventory technique and/or modifying an available instrument. In this study, we present a new application of horizontal line sampling (HLS) in combination with a crown relascope as a potential alternative to line intersect sampling (LIS) to monitor coppice forests (CF). In CFs, the stem basal area relascope is not applicable, since trees often lack distinct stems and are not visible at breast height. Our study was conducted in an open oak-dominated CF in western Iran and we focussed on two forest attributes: above-ground biomass (AGB) and the total number of trees (N). We assessed the field performance of HLS and LIS in CFs and evaluate various line transect lengths and crown relascope angles. Our results indicate that longer line transects (80 m) produce smaller relative sampling errors compared to shorter ones (20 m) and smaller relascope angles (36.8°) are more precise than larger ones (67.4°). In terms of cost-efficiency, HLS is superior or equivalent to LIS in some cases. While HLS and LIS gave different estimates of AGB and N, the difference was not statistically significant at the 95% level. Both relascope angle and line transect length impact the efficiency of HLS. Our study provides evidence that this technique can be useful for monitoring forest conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the extent of observation of patients' privacy by physicians and nurses and its relationship with patient satisfaction. This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 600 patients selected by convenience sampling. Based on the patients' points of view, the level of observation of patients' privacy and its dimensions, especially the psychosocial dimension, were reported to be higher in nurses than in physicians. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a direct and significant relationship between the observation of privacy by the nurses and physicians and different dimensions of patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species diversity is one of the most important indices used to evaluate the sustainability of forest communities. The sampling method and the number of plots are factors affecting the estimation of plant biodiversity. In the present study, effects of different inventory grids on estimation of tree species diversity were compared in semi-arid forests of Iran. There were selected 50 hectares of these forests representing the regional forests. Sampling procedures were carried out on circular plots (1,000m2) within inventory grids, with dimensions of 50 × 50 m (200 plots), 100 × 50 m (100 plots), 100 × 100 m (50 plots), 200 × 50 m (50 plots), 200 × 100 m (25 plots), and 250 × 200 m (10 plots). For each plot, the type of the species and the number of trees were recorded. Simpson (1-D), Hill (N2), Shannon-Wiener (H'), Mc Arthur (N1), Smith-Wilson (Evar) and Margalef (R1) indices were used to estimate the tree species diversity. The inventory grid was evaluated based on the precision and cost criteria (E%2 × T). The obtained sampling error values showed that the inventory grid consisting of 200 plots exhibited more accuracy for estimating the biodiversity indices. But based on the results of E%2 × T, the inventory grid with 25 plots was selected as the most appropriate one for estimating the tree species diversity in semi-arid forests. The results of this study can also serve to estimate the tree species diversity in other semi-arid forests of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Fine resolution gridded weather variables were created to compute ETo through Iran. [•] Using ordinary kriging led to acceptable errors of gridded variables. [•] The spatial pattern of variables agreed with those of observations. [•] Errors of estimate of ETo with gridded variables were generally below 0.60mmd−1. [•] Using gridded temperature data to estimate ETo also shown good results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of geostatistical reservoir characterization is to utilize wide variety of data, in different scales and accuracies, to construct reservoir models which are able to represent geological heterogeneities and also quantifying uncertainties by producing numbers of equiprobable models. Since all geostatistical methods used in estimation of reservoir parameters are inaccurate, modeling of "estimation error" in form of uncertainty analysis is very important. In this paper, the definition of Sequential Gaussian Simulation has been reviewed and construction of stochastic models based on it has been discussed. Subsequently ranking and uncertainty quantification of those stochastically populated equiprobable models and sensitivity study of modeled properties have been presented. Consequently, the application of sensitivity analysis on stochastic models of reservoir horizons, petrophysical properties, and stochastic oil-water contacts, also their effect on reserve, clearly shows any alteration in the reservoir geometry has significant effect on the oil in place. The studied reservoir is located at carbonate sequences of Sarvak Formation, Zagros, Iran; it comprises three layers. The first one which is located beneath the cap rock contains the largest portion of the reserve and other layers just hold little oil. Simulations show that average porosity and water saturation of the reservoir is about 20% and 52%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]