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Objectives: This study compares the challenges of the nursing educational system in Iran and Turkey at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. levels., Design: A narrative review., Data Sources: A comprehensive computer-based search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, ISI web of knowledge, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Science direct databases, without time limit, until May 2022. Finally, 31 article were finally included in the study. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines were used., Results: Some challenges of the nursing educational system were common to the two countries such as: problems in the student enrollment system, the need to add courses to improve critical thinking skills and problem solving and creativity, lack of part-time courses for postgraduate and doctoral students, lack of attention to training community health students, employment of students in hospitals without assessment of clinical skills, lack of job opportunities for PhD students in hospitals. In Turkey, compared to Iran, there are strengths in the nursing educational system, including: have an accreditation program, giving importance to the discussion of research and evidence-based care in undergraduate and strengthening the clinical skills of doctoral students., Conclusions: Iranian policymakers can use the strengths of the Turkish nursing education system, which is close to Iran in terms of context, to help improve this education system. Given the many challenges the two countries face in this regard, we suggest that by comparing and modeling the nursing education system of leading countries in this field such, both Iran and Turkey take effective steps to grow and improve the nursing education system., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared no conflicts of interest regarding article publication., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Military service is a stressful environment. Methods to reduce stress may result in the mental health promotion of military forces. There are various methods for relieving anxiety. Acupressure is one of them. Hence, this study was carried out to explore effects of acupressure at the P6 and LI4 acupressure points on the anxiety level of army soldiers., Methods: A randomised double-blind design was undertaken. A total of 120 Iranian army soldiers were randomly assigned to three groups, namely P6, LI4 and control. The P6 and LI4 acupressure points are effective in lowering the anxiety level. In the intervention groups, acupressure was applied at the P6 and LI4 points three times for 10 min at 30 min intervals. In the control group, the thumb pad, which is not an acupressure point, was pressed. The anxiety level of the subjects was measured before the intervention and 30 min after the last intervention. The instruments included a demographics questionnaire and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory., Results: There was no significant difference between the three groups with respect to the anxiety level in the preintervention phase. However, the mean anxiety score in the P6 group decreased significantly from 53.35±9.7 to 49.02±9.3 (p=0.005). The mean anxiety score in the LI4 group also decreased significantly from 53.37±8.39 to 45.47±8.16 (p<0.001). In the control group, there was no significant difference between the preintervention and postintervention phases (p=0.16). In the postintervention phase, the analysis of variance test showed a significant difference between the three groups in terms of the anxiety level (p=0.04)., Conclusions: Acupressure can reduce soldiers' anxiety at the acupressure points, especially at the LI4 point. It is recommended that this simple and cost-effective intervention be used to relieve soldiers' anxiety in stressful situations., Trial Registration Number: 20150715023216N4., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Aim: Lung cancer is the most common cancer in incidence and mortality worldwide. The aim of the current study was to present population-based estimates of lung cancer epidemiology by gender and age group at national and subnational levels during the 27-year period of 1990-2016., Methods: This study was part of the NASBOD project (National and Subnational Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors). Cancer incidence and mortality statistics were obtained from the Iran Cancer Registry database and the national Death Registration System. The two-stage mixed effects and spatiotemporal model were fitted to all-cancer incidence and mortality data. Thereafter, the cancer-specific incidence and mortality fraction for each age group, gender, province, and year were applied to the data to estimate the lung cancer incidence and mortality., Results: The age-standardized incidence rate showed a sevenfold increase during 27 years of the study. Lung cancer deaths showed an upward trend from 1990 to 2001 and subsequently decreased during the latter half of the study period. At provincial level, there was a wide range between the lowest and highest, from 3.2 to 13.2 in incidence rate and from 5.2 to 10.7 in mortality rate., Conclusion: The study showed an increasing trend in lung cancer incidence at national and subnational levels from 1990 to 2016, while the mortality rate peaked and then declined in the 2000s. The increasing trend of lung cancer in the overall population and the provincial disparities necessitate urgent implementation of preventive strategies and cancer control policies., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)