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Background: Renal microlithiasis includes renal hyperechogenic deposits in the calyces, pelvis, or ureter with a diameter of less than 2-3 mm by ultrasound. Currently, there is no information about the outcome and possible complications of renal calcification in premature infants in Iran. The current study aimed to evaluate its outcome in preterm infants. Methods: A total of 50 preterm infants with microlithiasis and nephrocalcinosis enrolled in study. The follow-up ultrasound was evaluated 2, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis. Following the diagnosis, infants were assessed for nephrocalcinosis progression. The group was termed unrecovered if the issue persisted during follow-up, and it was considered recovered if it disappeared on follow-up ultrasound. The neonatal data included gestation age, birth weight, length of hospital stay, age at diagnosis of microlithiasis, and used medications. Results: A total of 50 premature infants with microlithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, including 14 females (28%) and 36 males (72%), were born with an average gestation week of 30.78 ± 2.78. The mean age of diagnosis was 2.60 ± 1.11 months. The average hospital stays at the neonatal intensive care unit )NICU( and neonatal ward were 27.38 ± 16.06 and 10.50 ± 9.57 days, respectively. At the end of the 12-month study period, renal calcification recovered in 40 (80%) patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients with sustained and recovered microlithiasis in terms of gender, age of onset of renal calcification, gestational age, mean hospital stay in NICU and neonatal ward, use of antibiotics, potassium citrate, and hydrochlorothiazide . A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all statistical analyses. Conclusion: The obtained results of the study reveal that a high percentage of premature infants with nephrocalcinosis recovered at the end of the 12-month period, indicating this phenomenon is benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cholecalciferol is used in a minority of patients due to fear of prolonged hypercalcemia and renal toxicity, given its long half-life and more patient compliance. Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) versus 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (cholecalciferol) therapy in addition to oral calcium in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. Material and methods. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with hypoparathyroidism treated with calcitriol (1–1.5 μg/day; n = 50) or cholecalciferol (5000 IU/day; n = 50) in the clinics of educational hospitals in Ahvaz between 2010– 2020. Data was extracted from medical records, and patients who were treated for at least 6 months were included in the study. Response to treatment was defined as the absence of hypocalcaemia (corrected serum calcium < 8.5 mg/dl) and no hospitalisations or emergency department (ED) visits for hypercalcaemia. Therapeutic complications included hypercalcemia (corrected serum calcium > 10.2 mg/dl), kidney stones or nephrocalcinosis and renal failure. Results. A total of 100 hypoparathyroidism patients with a mean age of 46.63 ± 10.85 years (range 25–70 years), including 82% females, participated in the study. The response to treatment was not significantly different between two groups of calcitriol and cholecalciferol (92% vs 100%; p = 0.117). There was no significant difference between the two groups in hospitalisation or ED visits for hypocalcaemia (p = 0.117), hypercalcaemia (p = 1.000), incidence of kidney stones and nephrocalcinosis (p = 1.000). Conclusions. The use of both calcitriol and cholecalciferol supplements is effective in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism, and no significant difference was found in the response to treatment with the two drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by renal magnesium wasting, hypercalciuria and eventually kidney failure which mostly affects children and young aged adults. Mutation of genes of claudin-16 and claudin-19 are involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder, which leads to renal magnesium and calcium wasting. A 35-year-old man with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) was referred to our clinic due to bilateral nephrocalcinosis, detected by ultrasonographic study, for further evaluation. Detailed investigations revealed that his siblings had also similar presentations of hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sanger sequencing showed a novel mutation (c.338G > A: p.C113Y) at the second exon of the CLDN16 gene. The patient underwent kidney transplantation and his siblings received only medical treatment. In young patients with ESKD and concomitant nephrocalcinosis, especially where there is a family history of CKD/ESKD, genetic evaluation is strongly recommended.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.6845. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of nephrocalcinosis (NC) among children with diagnosed congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Our findings would be helpful for earlier diagnosis, management, and prevention of NC-related complications. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, children with CAH, aged <18 years old who were regularly referred for follow-up, were included. The information of the patients was extracted from their medical files, and they underwent renal ultrasonography for evaluation of the presence of NC. Results: From 120 studied patients with CAH, four patients (3.3%) had NC. The prevalence of NC was higher in males than females (P = 0.05). Mean age and age of CAH diagnosis had a trend to be lower in CAH patients with NC than those without. Regression analysis indicated significant association between NC and sex (P = 0.027, r = 2.24). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated a 3.3% prevalence rate of NC for children with CAH. NC had a trend to be more prevalent in male children with CAH. Though it was not significantly different but given that the mean age and age at diagnosis of CAH in children with CAH and NC was lower that CAH patients without NC, it is suggested that in patients with CAH and NC other factors such as genetic background or unknown disease related factors are associated with hypercalcemia and NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]