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Background. Type 2 diabetes, as the most common metabolic disease, is a chronic and progressive disorder that causes permanent complications and increases cardiovascular diseases, brain vessels, peripheral vessels, and mortality in affected people. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of interval training and caffeine supplementation on glycemic indices in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods. The current research was a semi-experimental study. As a pilot research, 50 people were selected trough an available and targeted manner, among men with type 2 diabetes (with a history of more than one year) referring to Salamat and Sheikh Al-Rais Specialist clinics, Tabriz, Iran In the period of 2020-2021. 32 people met the inclusion criteria and entered into the study. Participants in the study were simple randomly divided into four homogenous groups of 8 including; Placebo, caffeine, exercise and exercise + caffeine were divided. Drug interventions and intermittent exercises were performed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected during two stages (pre-test and post-test) to measure serum levels of glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR index. The data were analyzed using repeated analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc and independent t tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results. The results showed that the levels of the glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in the three intervention groups significantly decreased compared to those in the placebo group (P=0.001). Furthermore, the results of post hoc test showed that the combined group of interval training + caffeine, compared to the caffeine group, had double effects on the changes in studied indices (P=0.001). Conclusion. A combination of interval training and caffeine supplementation may have been adopted as an effective method to improve and treat symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which the body becomes insulin resistant and therefore the insulin produced cannot function normally. Among the long-term complications of this disease, the most common cause of death is cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis (2). Researches has shown that the presence of levels of systemic inflammation, independent of glycemic control, contributes to the complications of diabetes, especially cardiovascular disease (3). Interleukin-33 and its receptor (ST2) play an important role in inflammation, infection, and autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-33 is known as "dual cytokine" and acts as a protective and detrimental effect or as a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory factor as well as a nucleus transcription factor that depends on the disease model and cell type (7). Researches has shown that exercise training, with its effect on inflammation, plays a key role in improving inflammatory factors and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes and leads to a reduction in mortality from diabetes and its complications (9). Many studies have reported that exercise has anti-inflammatory effects in diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes and improves metabolic disorders. Among the training methods, most of the studies on the effect of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors used continuous and often long-term aerobic activity in their studies. In contrast, interval training is a training method that requires less time with high intensity and low volume and improves diseases and body composition (10). Methods: The statistical population of the present study consists of women 35 to 50 years with type 2 diabetes in Esfahan that were selected purposefully and divided randomly into two groups of experimental and control. Inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes, fasting blood sugar above 126 to 250 mg / dL, no history of cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal disease, no drug addiction, no regular exercise during the last 6 months And there were no skeletal abnormalities. To measure the height of the subjects, the SECA model's gauge was used, to calculate the weight of the subjects, the GLMOR brand digital scale was used and to control the heart rate, the polar pacemaker was used. Regarding the measurement of blood variables, ELISA laboratory kit was used to measure serum levels of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 and interleukin 33. Rockport test was also used to estimate the aerobic capacity of patients. diet 24-hour dietary recalls was used to control diet; Anthropometric and physiological measurements of the subjects were performed. Fasting blood sample were taken from the subjects 24 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the last exercise session. The interval Training conducted including 12 weeks, three sessions in a week with 75 to 90% of the maximum heart rate. Also, the collected information was presented in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the values of anthropometric features at the beginning of the period between groups (P <0.05). This point is a sign of homogeneity of groups. The anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the subjects are shown in Table 1. The results of data analysis using correlated t-test showed that 12 weeks of training had significant effects on body weight loss, Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2, Interleukin-33 and Vo2max. Also the results of data analysis using ANCOVA showed that serum levels of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 after high-intensity interval training had a significant decrease compared to control conditions. Conclusion: Disorders of lipid and glucose metabolism are characteristic of type 2 diabetes. The link between ST2 circulation and metabolic disorders in diabetes is not yet fully understood. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway may be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes through inflammation. Its mechanism is as follows: Interleukin 33 has a protective role against glucose metabolism and obesity in obese mice and a Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 for interleukin-33. Binding of the two stimulates the activity of Th2 cells and Th2 increases inflammation by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, increased levels of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 in diabetes may impair the protective effects of interleukin 33 (20). Analyzes show links between immune status and exercise. Knowing the function of the immune system in the context of exercise and the mechanism regulation of nerve endocrine glands and the physiological significance of these changes is invaluable. Recent findings show that high-intensity interval training is an useful way to reduce fat and inflammation and cause a negative energy balance (21). Overall, the present study showed that regular interval exercise can alleviate the inflammatory response and Control blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, exercise intervention can minimize the incidence of complications associated with type 2 diabetes. As a result, exercise training is widely recommended as a treatment option for these people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The prevalence of obesity and overweight in women is increasing. Secretion of adipokines such as vaspin may affect insulin sensitivity. It has been suggested that physical activity can alter circulating vaspin levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of six weeks of aerobic interval training on serum vaspin and blood glucose levels in obese inactive girls. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 22 inactive overweight girls were selected from the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The mean age, weight and body mass index of the subjects were 24.22±1.35 years, 83.77±12.66 kg and 32.56±3.36 kg/m2, respectively. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group )n=11) and a control group )n=11). The experimental group performed aerobic training on stationary bicycle at 65-80% of maximal strength, three sessions a week for six weeks. Serum levels of vaspin and glucose were measured using commercial kits. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 23) and at significance of 0.05. Results: The training intervention had no significant impact on the serum vaspin and glucose concentrations (P>0.05). In addition, the covariance analysis showed that serum vaspin and glucose levels did not differ significantly between the study groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the six-week aerobic interval training had no significant effect on vaspin and blood glucose levels of inactive obese girls. It is recommended to further examine the effect of this type of exercise at higher intensities and for longer durations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which was conducted to evaluate the clinical manifestations of the female athlete triad and stress fractures among elite Iranian athletes. Researchers evaluated 786 athletes between the ages of 21 and 45. They found that while the prevalence of clinical functional hypothalamic menstrual disorders and stress fractures in Iran were less than those reported in some other countries, athletes with a high risk for stress fractures had significantly more stress fractures than those in the low-risk group.