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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a 2B Group human carcinogens agent and introduces into the human diet by milk consumption. In the present study 257 raw, 143 pasteurized and 61 UHT milk samples were collected from markets in 117 cities throughout Iran, during winter 2017 and AFM1 contents were determined using a HPLC-FLD method after immunoaffinity clean-up. Mean recovery rates and relative standard deviations of the method were 90.6 ± 5.7%. AFM1 was detected in 252 of 461 (54.7%) samples (mean 31.3 ± 8.8 ng/L), ranging from <10 to 150 ng/L. Three samples (0.6%) exceeded the Iranian maximum limit of 100 ng/L. The mean AFM1 content was significantly higher in raw milk samples obtained from humid climate areas. The extrapolated concentration of AFB1 in dairy cattle feed based on the AFM1 value of milk was 1.96 µg/kg. The AFM1 contamination of milk seems not to be a serious public health concern in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel immunoaffinity column based metal–organic framework DES@ MIP adsorbent was prepared. • This column used for sensitive solid phase extraction of aflatoxins from cereals samples. • The proposed columns exhibits great extraction efficiency and high selectivity for aflatoxins. • The obtained recoveries for quantify aflatoxin in cereals samples was between 95.3 and 98.5%. • The proposed columns provided monitoring of trace of aflatoxins in the biological samples. In the present study, for the first time, immunoaffinity columns under the term MIL (Al) −53 deep eutectic solvents @MIPs (MIL(Al)-53-DES@MIPs) were synthesized based on two technologies, metal–organic framework (MOF) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs). The MOFs and MIPs with DES used in synthesizing immunoaffinity columns, was subsequently used to extract and preconcentrate aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2. One factor at a time (OFAT) method was used to optimize the parameters affecting on extraction efficiency of the target compounds. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection of the four aflatoxin ranged from 0.023 to 0.033 µg kg−1 (S/N = 5), and the calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range from 0.1 to 400 μg kg−1, the inter-day and intraday relative standard deviations (RSD) for various aflatoxins at three different concentration level (n = 5) using a single column were 1.3–4.4 %, and the column to column RSD % (n = 5) was 4.3–6.7 % at 5 μg L-1 of each analyte. The method was successfully applied to quantify aflatoxin in cereals samples of Khuzestan province of Iran, with the recoveries between 95.3 and 98.5 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of the present study were to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin B1(AFB1), aflatoxin B2(AFB2), aflatoxin G1(AFG1) and aflatoxin G2(AFG2) in dairy cow feedstuff samples collected from four west provinces in Iran and estimate the corresponding concentrations of aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in milk during winter and summer in 2014. A total of 160 feed samples consisting of corn silage (n = 40), alfalfa hay (n = 40), straw (n = 40) and barley (n = 40) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector method. AFB1, AFB2, AFG1and AFG2were detected in 82.5%, 69.37%, 43.12% and 41.87% of the feed samples, respectively. The concentration of AFB1in 65% (26/40) and 10% (4/40) of corn silage and straw samples was higher than the European Union limit, respectively. Estimation of the total corresponding concentration of AFM1in milk was evaluated as 20.16 and 35.68 ng/l during summer and winter, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The prevalence of aflatoxins (AFs) B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 in Iranian edible oils were assessed by immunoaffinity column cleanup and HPLC equipped with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Ninety-seven samples including sunflower, canola, refined olive, unrefined olive, frying, and blend oils were collected from eight provinces (n = 15 samples of refined olive oil, n = 15 samples of unrefined olive oil, n = 15 samples of sunflower oil, n = 15 samples of canola oil, n = 17 samples of frying oil, and n = 20 samples of blend oil). Also, cancer risk of aflatoxins in the adults and children due to ingestion of edible oils was estimated via margin of exposure (MOE) estimation in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. Considering the limit of detection (LOD) of the current study, two unrefined olive oil samples from Zanjan Province were contaminated with AFB 2 in the concentrations of 0.2 and 0.4 ng/g while other samples were free from AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 . This study revealed that about 98% of the collected samples were free from AFs and the concentrations of AFs in the polluted samples were within the standard range suggested by European Commission regulation (20 μg/kg). However, health risk assessment indicated that both adult and children in the Zanjan Province are at considerable liver cancer risk (percentile 95% of MOE < 10,000 value). Therefore, national plan to address this issue and strict inspection of edible oil products by the regulatory bodies are suggested.

Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined in 254 samples of raw milk obtained from dairy cow farms of Qazvin Province, Iran. Aflatoxin M1 analysis was carried out by using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique for screening and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for confirmatory purposes. The limit of detection and quantification of the confirmatory method were 0.003 and 0.01 µg/l, respectively. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in 204 analysed samples (80.3%), ranging from 0.011 to 0.321 μg/l, and 144 samples (56.7%) had levels above the Iranian national standard limit of 0.050 μg/l. Considering the seasonal variability, the occurrence and levels of AFM1 in samples obtained in winter were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained in summer. The results of this survey indicate the usefulness of a monitoring programme to supervise food safety for consumers.