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Background and Aims: Anterior crossbite is one of the most common orthodontic problems. Parents' level of awareness determines how they deal with their child's anterior crossbite problems. In the present study, the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents of primary school children about anterior crossbite was evaluated. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a questionnaire was designed to assess parents' knowledge, attitude and practice of children's anterior crossbite. Face validity was confirmed through interviews, content validity was assessed by CVR calculation and construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. The questionnaire was provided to 250 parents and its construct validity and reliability were calculated using SPSS software. The final questionnaire was completed by another 250 parents to assess parents' knowledge, attitude and practice. Results: Based on factor analysis, the questionnaire was classified into 6 domains. The average scores in the areas of "treatment awareness", "complication awareness", "treatment attitude", "diagnosis attitude", "treatment practice" and "prevention performance" are equal to 19.48 ± 3.33 (out of 25), 10.19 ± 2.01 (out of 15), 7.53 ± 2.79 (out of 20), 9.83 ± 2.31 (out of 15), 19.4 ± 3.46 (out of 25), and 9.41 ± 2.07 (out of 15), respectively. Conclusion: Parents had good knowledge, attitude and practice regarding anterior crossbite and only the "attitude towards diagnosis" of parents was relatively low which requires training in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Causes of the rapidly increasing incidence of breast cancer in Middle East and Asian countries are incompletely understood. We evaluated risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer and estimated their attributable fraction in Iran. Methods: We performed a hospital-based case–control study, including 493 women, diagnosed with breast cancer at 50 years or later between 2005–2008, and 493 controls. We used logistic regression models to estimate multivariable odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and population attributable fractions (PAF) for significant risk factors. Results: The risk of breast cancer decreased with increasing parity. Compared with nulliparous women, the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 0.53 (0.25-1.15) for parity 1–3, 0.47 (0.29-0.93) for parity 4–6 and 0.23 (0.11-0.50) for parity ≥7. The estimated PAF for parity (<7) was 52%. The positive association between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer risk was confined to women diagnosed at 58 years or later. Compared with normal weight women (BMI 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI 25–29.9) and obese (BMI ≥30) women were at increased risk of breast cancer diagnosed at 58 years or later (ORs [95% CI] 1.27 [0.97-2.65] and 2.34 [1.33-4.14], respectively). The estimated PAF for obesity/overweight (BMI >25) was approximately 25%. The family history was significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk, but not increasing height, early age at menarche, late age at first birth or short breastfeeding. Conclusions: Decreasing parity and increasing obesity are determinants of increasing breast cancer incidence among Iranian women. These trends predict a continuing upward trend of postmenopausal breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]