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This paper clarifies the changes in kampungs and their houses (rumah kampungs) over the past 35 years based on field surveys of three kampungs in Surabaya, Indonesia, conducted in 1983/84, 2006, and 2016–2018. The major objective is to develop new policies for the Kampung Improvement Program (KIP) and public housing. The main finding is that most of the kampungs have maintained their basic spatial structure and community organization, although the houses themselves have been transformed. Thus, kampungs in Surabaya continue to maintain their unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Chicken meat can be contaminated by microorganisms anywhere in the supply chain, from farm to market, and these microorganisms can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, contact with the environment, and food consumption. The microbial contamination has a serious impact on public health. This study aimed to analyze the microbial contamination of chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 samples of fresh chicken meat obtained from 10 traditional markets (six samples per market) were examined for the presence of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli were identified using Gram staining, culturing, and biochemical tests. The most probable number (MPN) method was used to identify E. coli. Results: Most chicken meat samples were positive for S. aureus (58.3%), Salmonella spp. (48.3%), and E. coli (40%). The samples were considered positive for E. coli if the MPN value was higher than 1x10¹ CFU/g. Conclusion: High microbial contamination was found in all the chicken meat sampled from local markets in Surabaya. Such contamination can lead to foodborne diseases so, proper hygiene and sanitation standards should be followed from slaughterhouses to the end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locomotive syndrome (LS) is a condition of reduced mobility due to impairment of locomotive organ. The LS was screened by Lococheck in elderly population. Prior research has been shown that physical characteristic such as age, gender, body weight, body height and body mass index has correlation with mobility limitation in elderly. We aimed to asses if the physical characteristic in elderly is able to use as a screening tool for locomotive syndrome in Indonesia. To investigate the association between physical characteristic and locomotive syndrome in elderly. This study was an observational cross-sectional study. A total 63 participants (37 females and 27 males) age 60-78 years participated in this study. This study was conducted by filling the Lococheck Indonesian version and measuring physical characteristic (Age, gender, body weight, body height and body mass index). The correlation between the Lococheck Indonesian version with physical characteristic was analyzed using Kendall’s tau correlation test. Forty participant answer “yes” at least one item of the lococheck Indonesian version questionnaire. The lococheck result showed an insignificant correlation with age r<0.3 (0.01), p>0.05 (0.926), gender r<0.3 (0.061), p>0.05 (0.563), Body weight r<0.3 (0.061), p>0.05 (0.562), body height r<0.3 (-0.104), p>0.05 (0.328) and body mass index r<0.3 (0.122), p>0.05 (0.245). To sum up, these findings confirmed that no correlation between physical characteristic and locomotive syndrome in elderly [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutritional Status Survey in 2017 showed prevalence of stunting toddlers in Indonesia was still high, which was 29,6% above the limitation determined by WHO (20%). 8 Conducted study by Ricardo in Bhutta in 2013 stated that stunting toddler contributed against 1,5 million (15%) of toddler mortality in the world and caused 55 millions of children had lost their healthy life time every year. .2 Result of Basic health research (Riskesdas) in 2013 stated that condition of consuming food for pregnant woman and toddlers in 2016-2017 showed in Indonesia, 1 from 5 pregnant women was malnutrition. Decrease of stunting rate only reached 4% in 1992 until 2013. Presidential Regulation number 42/2013 had determined National Movement of First Thousand Days of Life for increasing toddler's nutritional status that was followed by development program, including its budget. 7 Method: This research was mix method research, which was a step in the research by combining two kinds of approaches, qualitative and quantitative. Besides, this research utilized gradual mix technique. Population in this research was Public Health Centers in Surabaya area. Meanwhile, the sample was all of policyholders in Surabaya, who were Head of Public Health Centers and midwives. This research utilized data analysis in gradual qualitative-quantitative. Not conflict of interest, source of funding self and ethical clearance taken from committee ethic.Hence, the analysis was conducted on qualitative data, then, it was followed by quantitative data. Result and Analysis: Public Health Center of Pucang Surabaya still had the highest stunting rate among 10 Public Health Centers. Public Health Center of Tanah Kali Kedinding Surabaya had quite high increasing rate against stunting from 2017 until 2018. Almost all programs were appropriate with 1000 HPK (1000 first day of life) guidelines in area of Public Health Centers Surabaya that had been done by the midwives. According to FGD result, regulation and policies which were related to 1000 HPK, particularly for regulation of exclusive breast milk and PMBA which had been quite many either in was statute law, Government Regulation, Minister of Health Regulation, Decree of Minister of Health, or Regional Regulation. Handling stunting was done by synergy among central government, regional government, entrepreneur and community organization. High commitment from all health professions was much needed so that it could be able to hasten the decrease of stunting. Conclusion and Suggestion: the implementation of 1000 HPK program had been conducted as an effort in reducing stunting rate. However, stunting problem still had not been solved. Therefore, it was needed cooperation mutually in cross sector for handling stunting problem, particularly in Surabaya City, East Java Province, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow progress in municipal waste reduction and landfill space scarcity lead to numerous environmental problems in Indonesia and developing countries. Surabaya, the role model of an environmental management city in Indonesia and other countries, is no exception. Despite the situation, Surabaya's initiative of deploying a distributed materials recovery facility (MRF) and its performance in recovering recyclables show a potential to be developed for addressing the landfill waste reduction issues. This study proposes a new strategy with small-sized distributed MRFs to achieve 30% landfilled waste reduction and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, focusing on Surabaya as the case study. Scenario 1 merged three pairs of transfer stations which shows some indistinguishable optimizations and failed to meet the target. Both Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 added six years of landfill lifetime for reaching the target. However, the distributed MRF system and different transportation systems in Scenario 3 accomplished the goal with only 24 new MRFs, whereas Scenario 2 needs to upgrade 48 transfer stations into MRFs. Scenario 3 decreased the GHG emissions generation by 29%, possibly contributing to Indonesia's GHG emissions target of 0.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VTV was a national tourism organization formed in 1908 to promote and organize tourism activities in the Dutch East Indies, with Batavia as its headquarter. The results of the analysis explained that Surabaya was not only a tourist destination but also a tourist sender. Main tourist objects were often visited by tourists with various backgrounds such as researchers, students, officials, and government employees. The dynamics of Surabaya's tourism were heavily influenced by major events such as the Great Depression in 1930 and World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: School health program has been developed by WHO through comprehensive approach in promotion efforts and health education in the schools, called health promoting school. Indonesia Ministry of Health translated HPS as Sekolah Berwawasan Kesehatan. There are six elements of HPS developed by WHO-SEARO are adopted by IMoH. Six elements of HPS will be easy to be implemented when school health program also adopts them. However, UKSas Indonesia school health program, only implements three elements called Trias UKS. This study aims to explore the potency faced by school in implementing the elements of HPS. A qualitative study was conducted to explore three state elementary school potencies to implement it. Totally 40 informants were involved in this study conducted with in-depth interview and focus group discussion. Results shows that there are slightly difference among three school in the potency to implement HPS, even they had differ characterictics. One school been coaching by Education Office-City of Surabaya, has implemented three elements well and has always been a champion of school health competition in Surabaya. Even though, the last two school have potency too. Need more advocate and socialization about the HPS implementation among school at Surabaya to gain the comprehensive approach in health and education sectors in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the availability of various effective antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has come with HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), which compromises its effectiveness in reducing HIV-related morbidity, mortality, and transmission. The emergence of transmitted (TDR) and acquired HIVDR (ADR) among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve and experienced individuals have been reported in several Indonesian regions. Therefore, continuous HIVDR surveillance is needed in Indonesia, especially in Surabaya, which is identified as having the highest prevalence of HIV infection in East Java; thus, this study aimed to identify the emergence of TDR and ADR among people living with HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA)., Methods: Fifty-eight PLWHA infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), comprising 21 and 37 ART-naïve and experienced individuals were enrolled in this study, respectively. Blood samples collected from study participants were subjected to genotypic analysis, mainly towards the pol gene encoding protease (PR gene) and reverse transcriptase (RT gene) of HIV-1., Results: Seventeen PR and 21 RT genes were successfully amplified and sequenced from 29 samples. HIV-1 subtyping revealed CRF01&#95;AE as the most dominant subtype (24/29; 82.76%), followed by subtype B (3/29; 10.34%). Uncommon subtypes, including subtype D and a recombinant containing subtypes B and G genomic fragments, were also identified. TDR for PR inhibitors was not detected; however, TDR and ADR for RT inhibitors were identified in 11.11% and 41.67% of samples, respectively. Two amino acid insertions at position 69 of the RT gene (69ins), a previously never-reported mutation in Indonesia, were identified in this study., Conclusion: Both TDR and ADR have emerged among PLWHA residing in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Uncommon drug-resistance mutations and subtypes were identified in this study. These situations might hamper ART efficacy and treatment success. Continuous surveillance of HIVDR is necessary to monitor both TDR and ADR in Indonesia.

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an arboviral infectious disease that has occurred frequently as an extraordinary event due to its fast spread and lethal potential in Indonesia. The vector Aedes aegypti is sensitive to climate variability. This study determines the relationship between climate variability and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia from 2009 to 2017. Subject and Method:This study used the monthly dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence obtained from the Surabaya Health Office and the monthly climate variability parameters (average temperature, rainfall, humidity) obtained from the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics and website www.worldweatheronline.com. Data analysis was done using One-Sample Kolmogorov Smirnov Test and Spearman non-parametric correlation test. Results: The results showed a correlation between all three climate variability parameters with dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence (average temperature p<0.05, r=-0.603; rainfall p<0.05, r=0.407; humidity p<0.05, r=0.7). Conclusion: Average temperature is negatively correlated to dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence, while rainfall and humidity are positively correlated to dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence. This study shows preliminary evidence on the correlation of climate variability and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses urban segregation along religious identities in Indonesia's second-largest city, Surabaya, and explores the disruptive potential of short interreligious visits to places of worship. It contributes to the existing academic literature in at least three ways, namely (1) by expanding discussions about geographies of religion into discussions about geographies of (inter)religion; (2) by connecting interreligious education initiatives with urban democratic politics (i.e., urban subjectivity and citizenship), and (3) by demonstrating the powerful role of body spatiality in disrupting religious urban geographies. Based on organised visits to various religious sites and subsequent qualitative interviews, we found that the unusual visibility of religiously diverse visitors contributed to the normalisation of multi-religious diversity, and participants' positive experiences at places of worship contributed to the development of empathy and solidarity with the religious Other. In discussing the implications of the study, we suggest that deliberate efforts of interreligious place-making on the part of political and religious leaders can counter urban religious segregation and contribute to social cohesion. • This study addresses urban religious segregation in Surabaya. • We documented student excursions to religious sites. • Inter-religious place-making and education can disrupt religious segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban indicators are important for communicating relevant information to land planners. Traditionally, the intensity and spatial pattern of urban land use are analyzed laterally using the two-dimensional approach. The availability of geospatial data such as those from remote sensing satellite imageries and digital surface models introduces a third dimension in urban analysis, namely urban volume. Thus, an urban volume indicator is applied to quantify built-up volume and green volume of a big Indonesian city using geospatial techniques, including remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Surabaya is selected as a case study since the city has grown significantly in terms of both population and capital investment in this decade. We examined the clustering pattern of low and high green volume by performing hot and cold spot analysis. The results indicate that the average built-up volume reaches 173.05 m 3 /pixel, represented by a residential single house of less than 7 m in height. The average green volume is 14.74 m 3 /pixel, characterized by vegetation of 0.6–1 m in height, mostly found in the backyards of houses. The ratio of green volume to built-up volume is small (8.52%, or 0.085 m 3 green volume per 1 m 3 built-up volume). The Kebun Binatang Surabaya Park has been classified as a hot spot area for green volume (highly clustered pixels with high green volume). The areas classified as cold spots are mostly with low green volume and a scattered/low-clustering pattern. There is a huge imbalance between built-up volume and green volume, the latter being much lower, indicating that there is a need for more green spaces and higher green volume. Overall, this study can be used as a reference for future development initiatives that could help improve living conditions in the city through greening programs in the context of sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decrease of coastal-water quality in the Surabaya coastal region can be recognized from the conceentration of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS). As a result we need a system for monitoring sediment concentration in the coastal region of Surabaya which regularly measures TSS. The principle to model and monitor TSSconcentration using remote sensing methods is by the integration of Landsat-8OLI satellites image processing using some of TSS-models then those are analyzed for looking its suitability with TSS value direcly measured in the field (in-situ measurement). The TSS value modeled from all algorithms validated usingcorrelation analysis and linear regression. The result shows that TSS model with the highest correlation value is TSS algorithm by Budiman (2004) with r value 0.991. Hence this algorithm can be used to investigate TSS-distribution which represent the coastal water quality of Surabaya with TSS value between 75 mg/L to 125 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death represents sovereignty and through it people negotiate their existence, concludes Claudio Lomnitz (2008:496) in his history of Mexican death. This conclusion holds true for the politics of death in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia, but only if death is understood in topographic and genealogical terms; or, in other words, in terms of land and one's ancestral/genealogical connection to it. Through a discussion of the politics of land occupation and of the production, commemoration, and denial of death in post-colonial Surabaya, I present a 'topogenic' history of death as an instructive way of understanding state-society relations in that city. Throughout the article, I ground that history in the kampong's social institutions of the communal meal and prayer (slametan) and the guard (gardu) as vehicles for the expression of an inviolable topogenic sovereignty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the microfinance component of a community-managed slum upgrading program – the Comprehensive Kampung Improvement Project (CKIP) in Surabaya, Indonesia. CKIP marked a progressive planning turn in post-decentralization Indonesia, providing communities unprecedented autonomy in designing and implementing projects. This mixed-methods analysis finds that unfavorable institutional, program design, and contextual factors made managing microfinance challenging for communities despite their autonomy and rich experience with physical upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peak-concentration times of air qualityindicators, reflecting transportation activity, were investigated using multilevel model at five ambient-air-quality monitoring stations in Surabaya, Indonesia. It was conducted from 2001 to 2002. It aimed to obtain spatial and temporal factors that affect the peak-concentration time.The results obtainedare helpful for picturing traffic congestion in each zone using air-quality-monitoring data (i.e., NO concentrations). Spatially, it was found that congestion occurred later in the morning in suburban zones than in the three other zones (e.g., 55 and 14 min later than in the city center) and 16 and 57 min earlier in the evening in the suburban zones than in the city center, suggesting tendency of delayed departure and earlier return on the suburban. In terms of season, for instance, in the highway zone, the peak time in the morning was as much as 9 min earlier in the dry season than in the wet season, and the peak time in the evening was 17.5 min later in the dry season than in the wet season. This suggests that traffic congestion occurred over a longer period of the day during the dry season. Day-to-day variation did not significantly affect the peak times. However on Sunday, the peak times in morning and evening are lowest and highest for all zones. This might be due to family-related activities, such as leisure and recreational activities. The full model did not marksignificant improvement over the null model, meaning that more variables need to be incorporated to explain the variability of the peak time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2011 marked the tenth anniversary of the implementation of Indonesia's regional autonomy laws. This paper considers implications of more than a decade of decentralized governance for urban development in Indonesia. After a brief historical overview and consideration of the rationale for political and administrative decentralization in that national context, we examine a range of critical perspectives on policy outcomes. Both media coverage and academic analyses have overwhelmingly cast decentralized governance as it has been implemented in Indonesia in a negative light. As a corrective to this, we have sought to identify positive outcomes and possibilities associated with Indonesia's large-scale decentralization project. In particular, we detail the cases of two cities which have been cast in a variety of rankings and media representations as success stories of urban development through decentralized governance: Solo (or Surakartaas the city is also formally named) and Surabaya. In the final section of the paper, we critically evaluate these two cases and discuss their wider implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researches daily household activities and use of space at low cost apartments in Surabaya, Indonesia. In-depth interviews on where & how much space required for activities were done. Functionality is assessed by standards and classified as highly, functional, less, and non-functional. Findings: 13 of 14 apartments have open floor plans with no fixed partitioning; 70% families tend to separate private from the more public space; families entertain, eat, iron, play, work and relax while watching TV in the more public space of multi-functional zone in the unit. Units are concluded less sufficient especially for multi-functional and toilet spaces. It is recommended that unit area of 18 m² be discontinued. To be functional, developed unit should be at least 32 m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the nature of the relationship between bureaucratic reform and community driven development in general, and bureaucracy and community in particular. Within the discourse of public administration and development, the idea that the state and its administrative arms, the bureaucracy, should have a role in promoting development is not new. However, with the inefficiencies and frustrations of 'red-tape' being inherent of state and bureaucratic systems, attaining a certain level of functionality and accountability has proven difficult and the call for bureaucratic reform is now a pervasive feature of broader development strategies. By drawing on an Indonesian case study of the implementation of the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM)- Urban in Surabaya, this paper focuses on the lessons that emerged from the project, about the potential fusion between development and bureaucratic reform and the extent to which community participation is facilitated through such projects. The findings confirm the complexities and uneasy fit of the relationship between bureaucratic reform and community driven development in general and bureaucracy and community in particular. In the concluding remarks, a direction for further research is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from −1 dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This focus of this paper is not Surabaya's increasingly free-flowing streets, but the people those streets displace. Based on research in a low-income neighbourhood, or kampung, of Indonesia's second largest city, this paper shows how the street facilitates displacement and exacerbates the marginalisation of underemployed kampung men. This argument is set against the struggles over the use of public space between Surabaya's kampung residents and the municipality since independence and is grounded through the biographical detail of seven kampung men over the ten years since the economic crisis of 1998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2002, kampung communities on the Kali Wonokromo riverbank were forcibly evicted and their kampungs cleared on the declared grounds of flood mitigation. The clearance, however, coincided with a programme of re-imagining the city as a green and waterfront global city. These events led other riverbank kampungs into a new (and "un-Indonesian") form of coalition of resistance which, moreover, adopted its own strategies of re-imagining. There was, in effect, a "distortion" of communication on both sides of the conflict. The subsequent events have thrown some light on aspects of Jürgen Habermas's notions of manipulation and distorted communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the risk factors, such as socio-economic background, quality of antenatal care and availability of family planning, responsible for high maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia.Methods: The study used a case-control design. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out, comparing 59 maternal deaths and 177 women survivors in the referral hospital, from 1996 to 1999.Results: The risk factors for maternal mortality were: living outside of Surabaya [odds ratio (OR) = 11.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.0-29.2], unemployment (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.7-13.8), unavailability of toilet facilities (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.0-7.7), <4 antenatal visits (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1-5.5) and initial visit to antenatal care facilities after the fourth month of pregnancy (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.3-7.0). There was no significant association between maternal mortality and the availability of family planning.Conclusion: Low socio-economic background and the availability of antenatal care have a significant influence on maternal mortality in Surabaya, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic distribution in waters gained increasing attention because of the discovery of microplastics in edible marine organisms. Microplastic size is small, and hence, it tends to float in the water column, thereby making it easy to enter and accumulate in the marine organism. Microplastic abundance is highly associated with the population density. The North Coast of Surabaya is the main area for community activities in East Java; therefore, it is highly vulnerable to receive microplastic input from the mainland. This study aimed to analyze the abundance, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in the northern coastal waters of Surabaya. The study was conducted in March 2017. The results showed that the highest and lowest microplastic abundances were found in Lamong Bay. The microplastic characteristics in all stations showed that foam was the dominant form and polystyrene was the dominant type, with sizes of 500-1000 μm and 300-500 μm., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)