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Minasarua is a traditional beverage from Bima, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia which consists of spices, fermented black glutinous rice (FBGR), tai mina (dried blondo) and palm sugar. The product is consumed by local people with various formulas, especially in terms of types and quantities of spices and FBGR. This study aimed to optimize the formula of Minasarua which has optimum antioxidant activity. The method used was D-Optimal Mixture Design using Design Expert 13 software with independent variables, namely ginger, turmeric, Javanese chili pepper (JCP), pepper and FBGR. There were 21 formulas of Minasarua with different percentages of each component observed in this research. The antioxidant activity (DPPH method), total phenolic content (Folin Ciocalteu method), total flavonoid content (aluminum chloride colorimetric assay) and total anthocyanin (pH differential method) were tested using a spectrophotometer in response to all the formulas. The results of the optimization showed that Minasarua with 16.59 % ginger, 0.30 % turmeric, 4.50 % JCP, 3.83 % pepper and 74.78 % FBGR were able to respond to the antioxidant activity of 51.23 mg TE/100 g, with total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin were 112.03 mg GAE/100 g, 278.31 mg QE/100 g and 1.14 mg/100 g, respectively, and the desirability of 0.98. There was no significant difference between the predicted and verification values of the 4 responses. Therefore, this formula is recommended as the best formula which has an optimum antioxidant activity to produce Minasarua as a functional beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous chemical dengue control can cause vector resistance and environmental pollution. Developing natural larvicides (bio-larvicides) from plant toxins like white chicory, which can poison Aedes aegypti larvae, is necessary for a sustainable alternative. This study aimed to analyze differences in active ingredients in white chicory leaves (Brassica pekinensis L) as bio-larvicide against Aedes aegypti larvae. This study was a pure experiment using a post-testonly control design using 1,225 Aedes aegypti instar III larvae with extracts of alkaloid active ingredients, flavonoids, and concentrations of 0%, 24%, 34%, and 40% with 3 times replication. Data were analyzed using a probit test, one-way ANOVA, and Post Hoc LSD. The results showed the potential of active ingredients in white chicory leaves against the death of Aedes aegypti larvae (p-value = 0.000). The average percentage of larval mortality concentration was 24%, 34%, 40%, in alkaloids was 41%, 60%, 66%, and in flavonoids was 45%, 64%, 68%. The active ingredient of white chicory leaves can kill Aedes aegypti larvae with LC50 in 29% alkaloids and 27% flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnobotanically in Indonesia, Diospyros celebica Bakh is recognized as having antidiabetic activity. This study aimed to isolate antidiabetic compounds from the leaves of Eboni (Diospyros celebica). D. celebica leaves were dried and extracted with 96% ethanol, then fractionated and purified guided by antioxidant activity test, a-glucosidase inhibitory test, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory test until bioactive isolates were obtained. The isolates were identified and their structures were determined based on NMR 1H, 13C, 2D, and LCMS/MS spectroscopic data. Extracts and fractions have potential antioxidant (DPPH), glucosidase inhibitor, and DPP-4 inhibitor activities as well as containing flavonoids and polyphenols. From the ethyl acetate fraction, isolate 26a-2 namely 3,5-digalloyl-(-)- epiafzelechin was obtained which was active as a DPPH scavenger, glucosidase inhibitor, and DPP4 inhibitor. The extracts, fractions, and flavonoid compounds in D. celebica leaves have the potential for antidiabetic drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities. This bioactive compound is susceptible to changes in temperature and pH conditions. Its use in food products is also limited. Therefore, protection efforts that can bring anthocyanins into the food system through encapsulation are needed. Encapsulation is a technique for protecting bioactive compounds by coating the mixtures using biomaterials. The spray drying encapsulation process does not require difficult preparation and has good protection capabilities. The goal of this study was to investigate the encapsulating properties of the ratio of whey protein isolate to maltodextrin. This study used maltodextrin : whey protein isolate ratios (MD: WPI) 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 (w/w). Anthocyanin extract was added 30% (w/w). The mixtures were powdered by drying them with a spray drier. The results showed that MD: WPI = 1:3 can retain more bioactive components than other treatments. The characteristics of nanoencapsulants in antioxidant activity, total phenol content, and anthocyanin were 65.16 ± 2.87 % RSA, 776.25 ± 45.23 mg GAE/100 g, 60.83 ± 1.56 mg/100 g, respectively. The nanoencapsulations had irregular round morphology, particle size and zeta-potential were 301.3 nm and -31.9 mV, respectively. Therefore, anthocyanin encapsulation from purple yam extract was successfully produced with lower-cost material for food and pharmaceutical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the use of medicinal plants to treat numerous diseases has been widely conducted. However, for chronic wound healing, the availability of medicinal plants for treatment remains rare. Gels containing active plant-based compounds may provide a solution. Phyllanthus niruri, known as "meniran" in Indonesian, is a medicinal plant used traditionally to cure various diseases. This study aimed to examine the antioxidant activities of Meniran extract gel, potentially for wound healing. Meniran was extracted using 70% methanol and formulated into a gel. The Meniran gel was composed of three formulations: 3%, 4%, and 5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) supplemented with 5% Meniran extract. The quality of the gel was assessed based on homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and viscosity. This study utilized 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Meniran gel at seven different concentrations through its scavenging capacities. The results were calculated to determine the median inhibitory concentration (IC50). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). The three Meniran gel formulations showed good quality with spreadability ranging from 5.37 to 5.59 cm, pH levels from 5.90 to 6.03, and viscosity from 9.080 to 9.230 cps. Higher gel concentrations led to an increase in the free radical DPPH- and ABTS-scavenging activities. The highest DPPH and ABTS assays were found at 1,000 µg/mL with IC50 values of 69.72 µg/mL and 20.15 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, Meniran gel formulas exhibit good standards and have antioxidant properties suitable for wound healing therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambier is an export product from Sumatera, Indonesia, that can be purified and utilized in cosmetic preparations. The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of purified gambier has a potential skin protection against UV rays. The chemical content of extract is closely related to the polarity of solvent, so this study aims to analyze the effect of ethanol concentration as solvent in gambier purification on phenolic content, flavonoids, and SPF value. The ethanol concentrations for this purpose were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 96%. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analyzed by colorimetric method, whereas the SPF value of gel was measured by UV spectrophotometer. The gel preparation was evaluated for its physical properties including organoleptic test, spreadability, adhesiveness, viscosity, pH and stability. Statistical analysis performed with one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence level. As the results, ethanol concentration significantly influenced phenolic, flavonoid content and SPF values. The highest phenolic content was obtained in purification by 50% ethanol with a value of 757.2 ± 13.1 mg GAE/g, while highest flavonoid content was achieved in 96% ethanol at 5.18 ± 0.21 mg QE/g. Ethanol concentration with highest SPF value was 96% at 27.07 ± 0.33. In the gambier gel formulation with 0.2% dose had an SPF value of 6.60 ± 0.58. The gel has good homogeneity, viscosity, and pH for cosmetic preparations but poor spreadability. The stability of the gel formulation changed after accelerated stability testing for 4 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curculigo latifolia (family Amaryllidaceae) is used empirically for medicinal purposes. It is distributed throughout Asian countries, especially Indonesia. This study aimed at standardizing the C. latifolia plant, analyzing its phytochemical profile, and evaluating its pharmacological effects. The powder from each organ (root, stem, and leaves) was standardized organoleptically and microscopically. Samples were extracted by graded maceration using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extracts were determined for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant (radical scavenging and metal ion reduction) and antityrosinase activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Extracts were analysed for phytochemical profiles by LC-ESI-MS. The highest TPC and TFC were found in the ethanolic extract of the root organ (68.63 ± 2.97 mg GAE/g) and the ethyl acetate extract of the stem (14.33 ± 0.71 mg QE/g extract). High antioxidant activities were found in the ethanolic root extract (20.42 ± 0.33 µg/mL) and ethanolic stem extract (45.65 ± 0.77 µg/mL) by DPPH• and NO• assays, respectively. The ion reduction activity (by CUPRAC assay) was most significant in the ethyl acetate stem extract (390.42 ± 14.49 µmol GAEAC/g extract). Ethanolic root extract was the most active in inhibiting tyrosinase (IC50 value of 108.5 µg/mL). The correlation matrix between TPC and antioxidant activities showed a moderate to robust correlation, whereas the TPC and antityrosinase activity showed a robust correlation. The TFC and antioxidant or antityrosinase activities showed a weak to moderate correlation. The LC-ESI-MS data identified major phenols in the active extracts, including methyl 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoate, quercetin, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid-1, and curculigoside. Overall, this study suggests that extracts from the C. latifolia plant offer potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities, allowing them to be used as natural antioxidants and candidates for skin-lightening compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extract (RDFE) is frequently used for a variety of therapeutic purposes (e.g., boosting the immune system, promoting a healthy gastrointestinal system, improving wound healing). We investigated the effects of a topical cream containing 7.5% RDFE on hydroxyproline and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) levels and wound healing. On Day 0, we divided a total of 36 albino male Wistar rats into two equal groups. Using an 8-mm punch biopsy, we created a circular excision to fascial depth on the back of each rat. On Day 1, we treated the control group (n = 18) with 20 mg of base cream and the RDFE group (n = 18) with 20 mg of 7.5% RDFE cream. We measured hydroxyproline and FGF-2 levels in the wound tissue using an ELISA method on Days 3, 7, and 14. We found that on Day 3, hydroxyproline levels were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (p = .031). We also found a significant correlation between FGF-2 levels in the treatment group and wound diameter (p = .02). On the basis of the results of this study, we concluded that using a topical cream containing 7.5% RDFE has the potential to accelerate wound healing by increasing levels of hydroxyproline and FGF-2 in the wound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The storage roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PE) have been traditionally used as a skin whitening agent in Indonesia and are also consumed fresh in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. However, research on the biological activities of PE is limited. Objective: This study aimed to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to test the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of PE extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric, the Aluminium chloride colorimetric, the DPPH scavenging, and the Dopachrome assays were used for the experiments. Results: The dichloromethane extract had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50= 2.08 ± 0.40 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (9.93 ± 0.02 mg QE/g extract), and antioxidant activity (IC50= 40 ± 0.02 µg/mL). The largest total phenolic concentration was found in the 80% ethanol extract, albeit (11.97 ± 0.55 mg GAE/g extract). Conclusion: Based on its remarkable activities, the dichloromethane extract is recommended for future development in skin-lightening products. The study's findings conclude that PE extracts may be used as an alternate source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cocoa beans are a common food ingredient recognized by the public because they can be made into various products and have health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic if appropriately processed. This study used the Forastero variety cultivated at Sukabumi region, Indonesia, as a cocoa bean sample. This study aimed to analyze phytochemical properties and the bioactive compounds content of cocoa beans using GC-MS affected by various drying methods. The methods used were sun drying, cabinet drying, and freeze drying. The observed parameters to determine the cacao bean quality were antioxidant capacity, phenol and flavonoid content, and bioactive compound. The result showed that the drying method affected dried cocoa beans' phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. However, the freeze-drying gave the best phytochemicals properties in phenol content (5,6785 mg GAE/g), flavonoid (64,33 mg QE/g), and antioxidant capacity (42,17% inhibition on DPPH 0,1mM). The result was in line with volatile compounds with proven high biological activity. Cabinet drying produced cocoa beans, which is better than sun drying. The freezedrying maintains lactones, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and phenols. The freeze-dried cocoa beans had the highest content of 1-Tocopherol, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, neophytadiene, and palmitic acid as antioxidants. The freeze-drying method could be considered for producing dried cocoa beans as a supplement ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is known have rich biodiversity, one of that is propolis. Propolis was an abundance bee product, especially from stingless bee species. Propolis has been known to have various health benefits, such as antioxidant and can maintain the immune system. However, comprehensive information regarding this potential is not widely known. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of propolis Trigona sp. as an antioxidant from Indonesia. This study uses a screening method in journals that have been found through the search systems of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and Garuda. Classification of data was based on inclusion and exclusion by selecting research journals that do not meet the criteria. The results of the screening that have been carried out show that the flavonoid and phenolic compounds present in the propolis Trigona sp. has potential as an antioxidant. The flavonoid and phenolic compounds contained in the propolis Trigona sp. has an important role in absorbing free radicals and has the potential to be developed as a product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a native plant from Africa that is widely distributed to Asia, especially in Indonesia. One of the factors that can affect the pharmacological activity of natural ingredients is the extraction process. This study aims to show the effect of extraction methods in the VA leaves extraction process on phytochemical content and their correlation with pharmacological activities. VA leaves extract in this study was obtained using different extraction methods. The extracts were investigated for total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) using a calorimetry assay. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to group the extracts based on FTIR data. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was done using DPPH and ABTS assay. While the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was carried out using an MTT assay on T47D, WiDr, and HeLa cells. The cytotoxic activity of extracts was described using the IC50 value. There were significantly different total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of extracts (p<0.05). The microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) extract was identified to have the highest TFC, DPPH, ABTS, and cytotoxic values of 11.06±0.77 mg QE/g dry powder, 63.05±3.21 μg/mL, 32.19±1.23 μg/mL, and 133.922±3.22 μg/mL (T47D), 194.547±3.43 μg/mL (WiDr), and 1275.436±11.42 μg/mL (HeLa), respectively (p<0.05). This is supported by PCA analysis which shows that there are differences in extracts based on FTIR data. This study reports that each extract of VA leaves gives a distinct phytochemical profile (TPC, TFC, and FTIR spectrum) that contributes to the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is an acute febrile disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium spp. It is a global health problem, especially in Indonesia. Drug resistance to antimalarial drugs is one of the health challenges faced. The discovery and development of new antimalarial drugs to overcome the current antimalarial drug resistance are highly needed in the future. Natural substances, especially from plants, are widely used in antimalarial treatment. One of them is the Macaranga plant (Macaranga tanarius), which is used as an antimalarial remedy in Kalimantan. The aim of this research was to conduct in-silico molecular docking of potential antimalarial chemical compounds found in the Macaranga plant. The analysis method used in this study was in-silico molecular docking using AutoDock v.4.2.6 software, and the data was visually analyzed in two dimensions using Lig-Plus v 1.4.5. The research results showed that the compound Tanariflavanone D had a lower binding free energy (ΔG) of -9.44 kcal/mol compared to the native compound WRA609 (ΔG = -8.44 kcal/mol) and the positive control compound Pyrimethamine (?G = -7.06 kcal/mol). Tanariflavanone D is suspected to have activity in inhibiting the PfDHFR enzyme, thus potentially serving as an antimalarial drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is well known, plant products have been increasingly utilized in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. By combining conventional techniques and modern methodology, the future of phytomedicines appears promising. Pogostemon Cablin (patchouli) is an important herb used frequently in the fragrance industries and has various therapeutic benefits. Traditional medicine has long used the essential oil of patchouli (P. cablin) as a flavoring agent recognized by the FDA. This is a gold mine for battling pathogens in China and India. In recent years, this plant has seen a significant surge in use, and approximately 90% of the world's patchouli oil is produced by Indonesia. In traditional therapies, it is used for the treatment of colds, fever, vomiting, headaches, and stomachaches. Patchouli oil is used in curing many diseases and in aromatherapy to treat depression and stress, soothe nerves, regulate appetite, and enhance sexual attraction. More than 140 substances, including alcohols, terpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, phytosterols, lignins, aldehydes, alkaloids, and glycosides, have been identified in P. cablin. Pachypodol (C18H16O7) is an important bioactive compound found in P. cablin. Pachypodol (C18H16O7) and many other biologically essential chemicals have been separated from the leaves of P. cablin and many other medicinally significant plants using repeated column chromatography on silica gel. Pachypodol's bioactive potential has been shown by a variety of assays and methodologies. It has been found to have a number of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial, antidepressant, anticancer, antiemetic, antiviral, and cytotoxic ones. The current study, which is based on the currently available scientific literature, intends to close the knowledge gap regarding the pharmacological effects of patchouli essential oil and pachypodol, a key bioactive molecule found in this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper cf. arcuatum Blume is a plant that has long been used by people in Indonesia as a traditional medicine. Based on previous studies, Piper cf. arcuatum Blume has antioxidant activities and a potential reduction of uric acid. This study aims to ascertain the ideal amplitude and time to produce a large yield value using the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method and the anti-uric acid potential affected by antioxidant activity (IC50) in red betel leaf using the CUPRAC (Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) method. This study indicates that the outcome of the phytochemical test of red betel leaf extract using the UAE contained compounds of phenol, flavonoid, and alkaloid that had strong antioxidant activity and a high potential reduction of uric acid. In the UAE, the extraction time and optimum amplitudes were 35 minutes and 65%, respectively, with an IC50 value for antioxidant activity of 15.46 ± 0.04 mg/L and a 54.91% decrease in uric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soybean phytochemicals possess antioxidants that are associated with numerous benefits to human health, therefore, the seed quality and the beneficial content must be considered. This study aimed to assess the relationship between phytochemicals and seed characteristics of Indonesian soybean varieties. Methods: A total of 20 soybean varieties were studied on the seed characteristics (eccentricity index, flatness index and weight). This study was conducted in 2021 at the University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The whole soybean seeds were extracted to determine the values of crude protein, oil content, total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity. Result: Four soybean varieties, namely Detam 1, Detam 2, Dering 1 and Grobogan, contain a moderately high amount of crude protein and oil and are prominent in phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. In addition, the correlation analysis indicated that the level of antioxidant activity is correlated with total phenol, total flavonoid and seed size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin in black rice is a type of pigment that is classified as a flavonoid compound and has a beneficial role as an antioxidant. This study focused on assessing the anthocyanin content level of four local varieties of black rice from Indonesia, specifically Cempo Ireng from Yogyakarta, Wojalaka and Manggarai from East Nusa Tenggara, and Toraja from South Sulawesi. Analysis of total anthocyanin content was carried out based on the absorbance value of rice flour extract at a wavelength of 535 nm with a spectrophotometer. Furthermore, this study was conducted in a randomized group design with varieties as groups and 20 replications of each. The total anthocyanin content measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer with an absorbance length of 550 nm and 700 nm. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in the level of total anthocyanin content of the four varieties of black rice. Based on the ranking of the average of anthocyanin content level from the lowest to the highest in the four black rice varieties are Toraja (117.2 ppm), Wojalaka (435.38 ppm), Cempo Ireng (734.86 ppm), and Manggarai (1508.89 ppm). Based on the combination with the result of previous study, it shows that the level of anthocyanin content of the varieties of black rice in Indonesia is at the range of 117.29 ppm to 6503.70 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prolonged exposure to UVB radiation causes DNA damage in skin cells by raising the levels of reactive oxygen species, resulting in the production of inflammatory factors and skin issues. Plant extracts are frequently used to counteract photodamage due to their antioxidant properties. One example is the floral extract of the butterfly pea plant, which contains flavonoid antioxidants. However, the effect of the extract on inflammatory factors is unknown. This study investigated how tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 expression changed when a butterfly pea flower extract gel was applied topically to UVBexposed animals. Methods: Experimental and control groups were tested. The healthy group was not exposed to UVB. The negative controls and treatments 1 and 2 were exposed daily for 5 days at a minimal erythema dose of 160 mJ/cm2 and then treated with a gel-based extract containing 5% and 10% of the extract, respectively. A 96% ethanol solution was used during the maceration step for the extraction. Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR was used to examine gene expression levels in the skin tissue on day 14. Results: The expression levels of TNF-α and caspase-3 decreased in the treatment group, and higher doses of the extract had a greater effect. Conclusions: The gel extract considerably reduced the UVB-induced TNF-α and caspase-3 production in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of Luvunga sarmentosa and Eurycoma longifolia is widely prescribed in traditional medicine by the local Dayak tribe in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of antioxidants and analgesics from the combination of hydro-alcoholic extract of L. sarmentosa and E. longifolia stem. The phytochemical investigation was performed using an established method described in the literature. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteu, whereas the flavonoid was determined by aluminum chloride. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The analgesic effect was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in male mice. The result shows that combination extract (CE, IC50 162.5±0.21 μg/mL) had higher antioxidant activity than L. sarmentosa extract (LSE, IC50 200.20±0.23 μg/mL) and E. longifolia extract (ELE, IC50 293.45±0.32 μg/mL). All extracts showed significant dose-dependent analgesic activity against acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate pain models. A higher dose of CE, LSE, and ELE (550 mg/kg) produced significant inhibition of writhing by 67.60±2.76, 56.45±2.34, and 68.64±1.65%, respectively. The maximum possible analgesia of CE, LSE, and ELE in the hot plate test at 550 mg/kg BW dose was 25.32%, 16.04%, and 26.72%. CE has higher analgesic activity than LSE and ELE. The extracts are more effective for peripheral than central analgesia. Its mechanism may be related to inhibiting the inflammatory mediator's release. The high antioxidant and analgesic activity at CE is relevant to the higher total flavones and phenols compared to LSE and ELE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) has various nutritional contents and abundant bioactive compounds. Potential bioactive compounds including phenolic and flavonoid categorized as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the levels of phenolics and flavonoids and to test their potential activity as antioxidants from the ethanol extract of nangka leaves. The extraction process used ethanol by maceration method, colorimetric determination of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannins content, and determination of antioxidant activity by 2,2-dipicryl -1-hydrazil (DPPH) method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Determination of phenolic content was measured at a maximum wavelength of 765 nm with gallic acid as the standard, flavonoid content was measured at a maximum wavelength of 431 nm with quercetin as standard, tannins content was measured at a maximum wavelength of 745 nm with tannic acid as standard and the determination of antioxidant activity at a maximum wavelength of 517 nm with positive control of vitamin C. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of nangka leaves has phenolic content with a total phenolic content of 27.654±0.054 mg GAE/g d.w ethanolic, flavonoid content of 2.978 ±0.192 mg QE/g d.w ethanolic, tannins content 0.46 ± 0.017 mg TAE/g d. w ethanolic extract and antioxidant activity (IC50) 25.561±0.055 ppm which categorized as a very strong antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is rich in its biodiversity of medicinal plants used traditionally for healing several ailments. Ipomoea batatas L., one of the traditional herbs of Indonesia that is popularly known as sweet potato, has played a significant role as a source of energy and phytochemicals in human nutrition and animal feeding. In traditional use, Ipomoea batatas (I. batatas) is effectively utilized in herbal medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of illnesses and infectious oral diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical screening, with the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of extracts of I. batatas leaves. Antibacterial effect was tested against Grampositive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and resistant bacteria through the agar disc diffusion method while antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method. The phytochemical screening showed the ethanol extract contains alkaloids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The IC50 value for antioxidant properties was 233.476±0.01 ppm. Antimicrobial activity showed that percentage of inhibition growth was 83.61%. Ethanol extract showed the moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans with diameter inhibition zone 8.7±0.01 cm and 10.2±0.3 cm in concentration 40%, respectively. Owing to the presence of its rich variety of secondary metabolites, the leaves extract of Ipomoea batatas L. is expected to exhibit more medicinal properties and be useful to develop as therapeutic agents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen is a symbiotic organism consisting of algae (photobionts) and fungi (mycobiont). In Indonesia, Usnea is the only genus of lichen that has been widely recognized and used by the local community for traditional medicine. It is locally known as kayu angin, rusuk angin, or janggot Kai. Furthermore, it produces lichen acid and other compounds as secondary metabolites that need investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify species and determine the secondary metabolites of Usnea in West Java. There were 13 species of Usnea identified, with U. rubrotincta, U. mutabilis, and U. barbata being new to West Java. The extraction of U. esperantiana has the highest number of lichen acids, with 20 different types identified. This study showed that Usnea contains lichen acid, flavonoid, and saponin compounds. The secondary metabolites are a potential source of natural products for bioprospecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has high biodiversity of algae that are under-utilised due to limitations in the processing techniques. Here, we observed the effect of two different extraction methods (cold maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)) on multiple variables of Indonesian brown algae ethanol extracts (Sargassum polycystum, Sargassum cristaefolium, Sargassum aquifolium and Turbinaria ornata). The variables observed included metabolites screening by untargeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), observation of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), anti-oxidant and B16-F10 melanoma cells cytotoxicity. UAE extracts had higher extraction yield and TPC, but no TFC difference was observed. UAE extract had more lipophilic compounds, such as fatty acids (Palmitic acid, Oleamide, Palmitoleic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, α-Linolenic acid, Arachidonic acid), lipid-derived mediators (11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ((±)11(12)-EET)), steroid derivatives (Ergosterol peroxide), lipophilic metabolite (Fucoxanthin), and lipid-soluble vitamins (all-trans-retinol). Principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that TPC, not TFC, in the UAE extracts was correlated with the anti-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity of the extracts towards B16-F10 melanoma cells. This means other non-flavonoid phenolic and lipophilic compounds may have contributed to its bioactivity. These results suggest that out of the two methods investigated, UAE could be a chosen method to extract natural anti-melanogenic agents from brown algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify and compare the chemical components of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract grown in the geothermal and outer areas of the geothermal source site. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was also identified. The plant materials were collected from the Ie Seum Geothermal area and Blangkrueng region, approximately 31 km from the geothermal area. All samples were extracted using three different solvents: ethanol, nhexane, and ethyl acetate. A phytochemical test was performed to identify the secondary metabolites, volatile components were identified using GC-MS, and the inhibition zone method was used to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts against S. aureus. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate from both areas contained phenolic, flavonoid, and steroid, while the n-hexane extracts from both areas’ steroid groups were identified. In addition, GCMS data revealed that the plant material sample from the geothermal contained more chemical constituents compared to the sample from the geothermal outer area. The extract from geothermal also shows better antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and statistical analysis indicates a significant difference in antibacterial activity among solvents and between the origin of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 µg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 µg/mL and 541.472 µg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radicals contribute to the pathophysiology of degenerative diseases which increase mortality globally, including mortality in Indonesia. Amomum compactum Soland. Ex Maton fruit from the Zingiberaceae family, also known as Java cardamom, contains secondary metabolites that have high antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Java cardamom fruit correlates with its flavonoid and phenolic compound contents, which can be affected by different methods and durations of extraction. This study aimed to measure and compare the effects of extraction methods and durations on total flavonoid and phenolic contents (TFCs and TPCs) and subsequent antioxidant activities by the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Methanol extracts of Java cardamom were produced by continuous shaking (CSE), microwave-assisted (MAE), or ultrasonic-assisted extractions (UAE) for three different durations. CSE for 360 min resulted in the highest TFCs (3.202 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g dry weight), while the highest TPCs (1.263 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g dry weight) were obtained by MAE for 3 min. Out of the investigated methods, MAE for 3 min resulted in the highest antioxidant activity results for the extracts. We conclude that the polyphenolic antioxidant yield of Java cardamom depends on two parameters: the method and the duration of extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica, commonly known as cogon grass, is currently widely distributed and used as a medicinal plant. The major compounds that have been isolated and identified are polyphenols and flavonoids, which have many biological activities such as antioxidant, and anticancer. Polyphenols and flavonoids are mostly found in the roots and leaves. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening on I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia and determine the total polyphenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and quantify Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of the extract. Method: Quantification of all parameters were measured using visible spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, and quantification of Sinensetin and Imperatorin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: I cylindrica root ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 1.109% gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 0.1% quercetin equivalent, and antioxidant activity IC50 824.30 µg/ml. Sinensetin and Imperatorin were also identified in Fractions 1 to 11 with concentrations of 0.0157 and 0.0178 mg/kg extract, respectively. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen had active phytochemical compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants as well as Sinensetin and Imperatorin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 ± 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 ± 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 ± 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 ± 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 ± 2,55 %. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seri (Muntungia calabura L) leaves have various secondary metabolite components and it is necessary to carry out phytochemical screening and determination of their levels as well as in vitro testing of their bioactivity as antioxidants and antibacterials. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with ethanol as solvent. Determination of phenol with Folin-Ciaocalteu reagent was measured at a wavelength of 765 nm, while the levels of flavonoids with AlCl3 reagent were measured at a wavelength of 431 nm using the colorimetric method, antioxidant activity testing with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was measured at a wavelength 517 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and antibacterial activity testing was carried out on the bacteria Ercherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylacoccus epidermidis using the disc paper diffusion method with various concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%,75%, DMSO10% for control negative and Chlororamphenicol as a positive control by observing the clear zone in mm. Phenolic content equivalent to 2.258±0.008 mg gallic acid (mg GAE/g dw), flavonoid content 2.476±0.019 mg equivalent to quercetin (mg QE/g dw), antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of M. calabura L. leaves, leaves was 19.004, antibacterial activity against Ercherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylacoccus epidermidis with a strong category. The ethanol extract of the of Seri (Muntingia calabura, L) leaves contains flavonoids, phenolics and shows activity as an antioxidant with a very strong category and a strong antibacterial category [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study on guava fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh Village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed increased megakaryocytes and platelet numbers in thrombocytopenic mice model. The study of acute oral toxicity of the extract did not show toxic effects in the kidney and liver at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. The aim of the study was to determine the profile and quantity of four metabolite compounds and total tannin and flavonoid in the extract. Materials and Method: gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaemferol in the extract were identified and quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture:0.1% acetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 300C. The total tannin and flavonoid were determined using the by spectrophotometry method, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-phenanthroline at wavelength 510 nm for tannin and aluminium chloride and rutin at wavelength 422 nm for flavonoid, respectively. Results: Percentage of gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaempferol were 0.77%, 1.37 %, 0.41 % and 0.35 %, respectively. Total tannin and flavonoid contents were 1.20% (TAE) and, 1.18% (RE) respectively. Conclusion: The guava fruit ethanol extract contained gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, kaempferol, tannin and flavonoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fig (Ficus carica L., Moraceae) contains phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, sesquiterpenes, and organic acids. These secondary metabolites content creates an opportunity to utilize fig as a functional food or standardized herbal preparations. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of fig leaves extract by the colorimetric method. In this study, fig leaves from Ciwidey District, West Java Province, Indonesia were used. Fig leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol by the maceration method. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenolic content and AlCl3 method was used to determine total flavonoid content. Fig leaves extract had total phenolic content of 2.52 ± 0.243 mg GAE/g simplicia and total flavonoid content of 2.028 ± 0.007 mg RE/g simplicia. Fig leaves from Ciwidey District, West Java, contain good total phenolic and flavonoid content, so they have the potential to be developed into standardized herbal preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decline in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) production in Indonesia was correlated with sex ratio imbalance. Therefore, ethephon could be used to retard vegetative growth and modify the sex ratio of the cucumber plant towards femaleness to increase yield. This regulator also has the ability to increase fruit quality. The objective of this research was to investigate the growth, yield, and fruit quality responses of three cucumber varieties to different ethephon concentrations. A factorial randomized block design was used and consisted of cucumber variety (Vanesa, Mars, and Roberto) and ethephon concentration (no ethephon, 150 ppm, and 300 ppm). Each treatment was replicated three times. The results revealed that 150 ppm of ethephon reduced vegetative growth and increased the number of female flowers, sex ratio, fruit diameter, and marketable fruits. Roberto variety had the highest sex ratio, fruit length, total carotenoid, flavonoid, and phenolic content. The interaction effect showed that Roberto with 150 ppm of ethephon exhibited the best in male flower number and fruit weight per plant. Overall, the ethephon treatment at 150 ppm and Roberto variety were recommended to increase the yield and quality of cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]