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Bidara leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi) contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, triterpenoids and tannins which can be a source of antioxidants. In Indonesia, bidara leaves are used as herbal medicine by boiling fresh leaves. The products that developed from bidara leaves are health supplements and herbal teas from bidara leaves, but scientific studies about the antioxidant compounds of bidara leaves are still limited. There are antioxidant components that are non-polar, semi-polar or polar. This study aims to examine the polarity of antioxidant compounds in bidara leaves. The study used quantitative method by observe how much antioxidant compounds in bidara leaves. In this study, bidara leaves dried with a fluidized bed dryer had better chemical and physical characteristics. The results of the extraction by using various solvents (water, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) with maceration method showed that the highest antioxidant capacity was in the ethanol fraction (p<0.05). These results were measured based on the antioxidant activity parameters that DPPH scavenging, FRAP values, total phenolic, and total flavonoids. These results indicate that most of antioxidant compounds in bidara leaves have high polarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A monitoring tool for the wound‐healing process of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) was developed. It comprises seven domains, namely, depth, maceration, inflammation/infection, size, tissue type of the wound bed, type of wound edge, and tunnelling/undermining. It was named "DMIST" based on the initials of its domains. Although DMIST is useful for assessing wound‐healing processes, the monitoring items related to wound healing remain unclear, thereby making the selection of optimal care based on the assessment difficult. We identified the relationship between the DMIST items and wound healing. This study was a secondary analysis of five previous investigations and was conducted using DMIST based on the diabetic foot ulcer assessment scale score and DFU images. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after simultaneously controlling for potential confounders. The examined DFU healing status revealed that some DFUs healed at 4 weeks from baseline, whereas some DFUs did not. Variables considered in the models were the scores of each DMIST domain. The study population comprised 146 Indonesian patients and 33 Japanese patients. Depth, maceration, and size were associated with DFU healing at 4 weeks from baseline [depth: OR = 0.317 (95% CI: 0.145‐0.693, P = 0.004); maceration: OR = 0.445 (95% CI: 0.221‐0.896, P = 0.023); size: OR = 0.623 (95% CI: 0.451‐0.862, P = 0.004)]. Our findings suggest that appropriate management of maceration promotes DFU healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fig (Ficus carica L., Moraceae) contains phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, sesquiterpenes, and organic acids. These secondary metabolites content creates an opportunity to utilize fig as a functional food or standardized herbal preparations. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of fig leaves extract by the colorimetric method. In this study, fig leaves from Ciwidey District, West Java Province, Indonesia were used. Fig leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol by the maceration method. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenolic content and AlCl3 method was used to determine total flavonoid content. Fig leaves extract had total phenolic content of 2.52 ± 0.243 mg GAE/g simplicia and total flavonoid content of 2.028 ± 0.007 mg RE/g simplicia. Fig leaves from Ciwidey District, West Java, contain good total phenolic and flavonoid content, so they have the potential to be developed into standardized herbal preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Shallots (Allium cepa L. var. Garden Onion of Brebes) are one of abundant plants from Indonesia with high flavonoid content. Different drying processes can characterize different of flavonoid contents with two different solvents as a comparison. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of dry shallot leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods and fractionation. Methods: In this study, the simplicia of shallots were dried at a temperature 30, 40, and 60 ℃ and each was macerated using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The highest flavonoid content was fractionated using ethyl acetate as a solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:10, then the extract obtained was carried out with of the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The result showed that the highest flavonoid content of shallots ethanol extract are 2.715±0.005 mg QE/g samples and ethyl acetate fraction 115.7±0.025 ng QE/g samples with dried at 40℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. (local name: tombe uwa) is a plant endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and grows around lakes or aquatic environments where fish live. Based on phytochemical screening in previous studies, i.e. methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., the methanol extract gives positive results containing polyphenol compounds in the flavonoid group which have been known to have strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Objective: To test the effectiveness of the comparison of the natural content in the compounds (antibacterial and antioxidant properties) and the total content of phenol in Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., which was extracted using two methods, i.e. maceration and Ultrasonic- Assisted Extraction (UAE), in fish-disease bacteria. Method: The leaves were separated to be extracted with two different methods: maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Extracts were first screened qualitatively for antioxidant activity and then quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined by the paper disc diffusion method and microdilution. Results: 70% Ethanol in leaves extract of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. The extract which has the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test is the extract from UAE extraction with IC50 value of 9.81512 μg/mL and ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) value of 1.661.3 μmol/gr. UAE method also has a higher potential in antibacterial activity based on the diffusion method of paper discs and microdilution with the MIC obtained as much as 390.6 μg/mL. Conclusion: the UAE extraction method is better at scanning polyphenol compounds compared to the conventional maceration extraction method. Therefore, the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity using the UAE method are better than the maceration method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]