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Commercial direct dyes are frequently employed in the dyeing of Jumputan, a traditional craft originating from South Sumatra, Indonesia. The introduction of synthetic dyes into the environment can have a detrimental impact on ecosystem stability, necessitating the implementation of remedial measures. There has been a growing interest in the utilization of White Rot Fungi (WRF) as a viable biological agent for the purpose of decolorizing and detoxifying synthetic colors. However, it is imperative to investigate the isolated WRF from Berbak-Sembilang National Park (TNBS) due to the varying capacities of decolorization and detoxification exhibited by each WRF. The study involved 5 WRF from TNBS screened in solid media, and grown in a liquid medium containing commercial direct dyes (direct turquoise, direct orange and direct yellow). WRF grown on liquid medium contains a single dye, mixture dyes and temperature characterization. It measured decolorization, biomass and enzyme activities. Toxicity is measured by the BSLT method. The findings indicated that 3 specific fungi, namely Phellinus noxius (BRB 11), Lentinus sajor-caju (BRB 12) and Leotrametes menziesii (BRB 73), exhibited a significant capacity to remove the color from both individual and mixture of direct dyes through the production of laccase and MnP enzymes. The optimal temperature for decolorization of the mixture of direct dyes was 35 °C for BRB 11 (61.4 %) and BRB 73 (60.7 %), whereas BRB 12 (47.4 %) exhibited optimal temperature at 30 °C. The toxicity assay conducted using A. salina showed a progressive rise in the LC50 value, from 15.37 mgL-1 in the control group to a range of 21.63 - 35.84 mgL-1 in the treated group, indicating a detoxification process. However, the most toxic isolate was BRB 12. This study proposes the potential of 2 isolates, Phellinus noxius (BRB 11) and Leotrametes menziesii BRB 73, from TNBS for degradation of single and mixture dye wastewater in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of NiOAg were grown onto glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique at 13.56 MHz RF with variation in oxygen pressure. The research was conducted on preparation and characterization of NiOAg thin films, applicated as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue. X-ray diffraction analysis showed stronger intensity (111) and (200) planes at peak 2θ of 37.66° and 43.23°. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis showed the following composition: Ni = 40.45%, Ag = 13.01%, and O = 46.53%. Based on UV–vis, it was found that the bandgap energy was 2.8, 3.1, and 3.2 eV for oxygen pressures of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 × 10−2 mbar, respectively. From the experiment on the degradation of methylene blue, which was taken from textile factory dye waste in Yogyakarta/Indonesia, the best value of degradation was obtained as 91.96%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose and its derivatives have been widely used in various applications. Cellulose can be isolated from sugarcane bagasse waste. This research aims to isolate and modify the sugarcane bagasse cellulose to improve its characteristics and usability. Cellulose was isolated using the alkalization and bleaching method, wherein the alkalization processes the biomass was immersed in a sodium hydroxide solution and bleached using hydrogen peroxide. Cellulose modification was performed using alkali treatment and etherification stages with monochloroacetic acid in an isopropanol solvent. The β‐(1,4)‐glycosidic vibration absorption on both the bleaching products at 896 cm−1 confirmed pure cellulose, while a carbonyl group at 1610 cm−1 in the modified cellulose product confirmed the pure CMC product. The CMC obtained had lower thermal stability in the interval 241.35–299.87 compared to cellulose as its source, indicating an increase in the amorphous region. According to experimental findings from the MB adsorption investigation, citric acid‐crosslinked sugarcane bagasse derivatives of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were more effective adsorbents for removing MB than commercial CMC with the same formulation (2 : 1). The study's findings also indicated that an increase in the percentage of MB degradation was correlated with an effect of adsorbent dose and contact time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a combination method of roasting process with soda ash (Na2CO3) and hydrochloric acid leaching, a TiO2-based photocatalyst was successfully synthesized from Indonesia ilmenite ore. The study investigated the effect of Na2CO3 ratios, roasting times, and HCl concentration on the physical and photocatalytic properties of the photocatalyst. The results revealed that HCl concentration played a critical role in altering the characteristics of the prepared photocatalyst. TiO2 composition increased by 61% compared to ilmenite ore when 20% HCl was used, whereas Fe2O3 composition decreased by 88%. The physical properties and photocatalytic activity of the prepared TiO2 were similar to those of low-grade commercial TiO2. When conducted to 3 h of low-power (8 W) UV light irradiation, the photocatalyst decomposed Eriochrome Black-T, an organic dye model pollutant, by up to 83%. This study's findings provide crucial implications for further research on recovering TiO2-based photocatalyst from ilmenite ore using a simple method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the recipe for and standard methods of dyeing cotton fabric with natural dyes from jackfruit wood extract. The dyeing of the fabric was performed by immersion it without heating for a short time to obtain the best results. Design/methodology/approach: The dyeing experiment using cotton fabric with jackfruit wood extract was conducted by immersion at room temperature. The independent variables studied were the mordant method, type of mordant, mordant concentration, salt concentration and dyeing pH. The dependent variables were colour strength and colour fastness to washing and rubbing. The orthogonal array L16 (45) was used in the study to obtain the optimal values for each parameter of the response variables. The multi-response signal-to-noise (MRSN) method was used to optimise the five response variables with different quality characteristics so that the best parameters could be obtained based on the highest MRSN ratio value. Findings: The best parameters were obtained at an MRSN value of 4.5254 under A3B3C1D2E4 conditions, namely, the dyeing process with post mordant, aluminium nitrate type mordant, mordant concentration of 10 g/L, salt concentration of 15 g/L and dyeing a pH: of 10. Under these conditions, the value of K/S was obtained at 1.893, colour fastness to washing (GS: 4) and (SS: 4–5), dry rubbing (SS: 5) and wet rubbing (SS: 4–5). Research limitations/implications: Obtaining a standard recipe and method for dyeing cotton cloth with jackfruit wood extract by immersion without heating is expected to lead to the development of natural dyes, and especially their application on an industrial scale. This standard and method can be used as technical guidelines by industry. The use of aluminum nitrate as a mordant will help achieve optimal dyeing results. The use of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) mordant, which has the potential to produce high colour strength, and papaya fruit sap, which has the capacity to increase colour fastness, still need to be developed to improve the results of natural dyes. Practical implications: The standard recipe and dyeing method will be able to improve the results of the dyeing of cotton fabrics with natural dyes. Short immersion dyeing without heating and the optimal results obtained are the main attractions for their use by the textile/batik industry, as the process is easier and a lower cost. The results of dyeing with dark colours and good colour fastness mean the textile products are of the higher quality demanded by consumers, thereby increasing sales. This will encourage the use of and increase the need for natural dyes by industry, consequently reducing the use of synthetic dyes. Social implications: The use of natural dyes, chemical mordant from aluminum salts, and natural mordant from papaya fruit sap in the dyeing process in the textile/batik industry in Indonesia will produce eco-textile and eco-batik products that are environmentally friendly and of high quality. This in turn will increase consumer interest and sales, meaning that the income and economy of workers in the textile industry/crafts sector will also increase. In addition, the use of natural dyes with the selection of a safe mordant (not containing heavy metals) will reduce the use of synthetic dyes, which pollute and damage the aquatic environment. Originality/value: This study found a standard recipe and method of dyeing cotton fabric with natural dyes from jackfruit wood extracted by immersion without heating for a short time to obtain the best results. In addition, the discovery was of PAC, a new mordant which is effective in the use of natural dyes can give high colour strength to cotton fabric. In addition to the discovery of a new mordant, PAC, which has the potential to produce high colour strength, papaya fruit sap also has the capacity to increase colour fastness with the use of natural dyes from the flavonoid group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical substances used during batik processing may affect the physiological function of the batik worker's skin barrier. This study assessed the level of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, and skin acidity in 61 batik workers from the batik center in Paseseh village, Tanjung Bumi subdistrict, Madura Island, Indonesia. Forty-five batik workers involved in dry work including drawing patterns on the cloth with wax and sixteen batik workers involved in wet work including dyeing the cloth with a dye bath were included in this study. The mean TEWL level in the dry work section was 59.87 ± 11.94 g/m2/h on the palmar and 29.00 ± 13.09 g/m2/h on the dorsal side of the hand, while the mean TEWL in the wet work section were 47.39 ± 9.66 g/m2/h on the palmar and 37.07 ± 10.00 g/m2/h on the dorsal side of the hand. The mean skin hydration level in the dry work section was 49.80 ± 19.16 arbitrary units (a.u.) for the palmar side and 52.77 ± 16.21 a.u. for the dorsal side of the hand, while the mean levels of skin hydration in the wet work section were 47 ± 12.73 a.u. and 62.94 ± 10.09 a.u. for palmar and dorsal side, respectively. The mean levels of skin acidity in the dry work section were 5.45 ± 0.19 for the palmar side and 5.30 ± 0.20 for the dorsal side of the hand, while the wet work section had 5.30 ± 0.19 and 5.10 ± 0.19 for the palmar and dorsal side of the hand, respectively. The TEWL levels were found to be higher on the palmar side of the hand in both the dry work and wet work sections, which was consistent with the measurement of skin hydration levels that were lower on the palmar side of the hand. The mean skin pH levels for both work sections were considered within the normal range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the potential for sustainable use of M. cochinchinensis, a yellow dye used in Javanese soga batik. Prices paid for M. cochinchinensis heartwood at the start of the value–chain (IDR 1,000/kg [USD 0.071/kg]) in West Timor are low, despite depleted wild stocks. Bulk suppliers to the batik industry in Java, however, sell M. cochinchinensis dye–wood at IDR 21,000/kg (USD 1.50/kg), trying to source this heartwood at low prices. Although we estimated 14.12 stems/ha, most (87%) were small stems (< 10 cm basal circumference [BC], 11.53 stems/ha). M. cochinchinensis dye is heartwood from large diameter (> 29 cm BC) stems (0.8 stems/ha [5.5%]). Recruitment of medium and large stems is poor due to browse of small stems by livestock. Wild stocks are unlikely to sustain current commercial demand. Natural mortality rates of this dense (c. 0.8 g/cm3) hardwood species are low, so we also concluded that the option of sustainable harvesting deadwood based on natural mortality rates was not economically viable. The most appropriate ways forward are first, to conserve M. cochinchinensis populations in remnant le'u ("sacred") forests and maintain "trellis trees" in the surrounding landscape. Second, to promote M. cochinchinensis cultivation along wooden fence lines (bahan). Implementation of "living fences" at a large scale is possible, also improving food security by reducing livestock damage to crops. Third, to develop niche markets paying fair prices for sustainably harvested M. cochinchinensis dye–wood. Studi ini difokuskan pada potensi pemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan dari M. cochinchinensis, yaitu pewarna kuning yang digunakan pada resep soga oleh pembatik di Jawa. Harga yang dibayarkan kepada pemanen hati kayu M. cochinchinensis yang berada pada rantai pasar paling pertama di Timor Barat tergolong rendah (Rp. 1000 / kg (USD 0,071 / kg), padahal stok liar yang layak panen telah habis. Akan tetapi, penjual grosir untuk industri batik di Jawa menjual hati kayu M. cochinchinensis dengan harga Rp 21.000 / kg (USD 1,50 / kg), padahal mereka membeli dengan harga rendah. Dari kepadatan populasi yang diperkirakan 14,12 batang / ha, sebagian besar (87%) adalah batang kecil (< 10 cm lingkar basal (BC), 11,53 batang / ha). Bagian yang menghasilkan warna dari M. cochinchinensis adalah hati kayu dari batang berdiameter besar (> 29 cm BC) (0,8 batang / ha (5,5%). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup batang berukuran sedang dan besar tidak bagus karena anakan dimakan ternak. Stok liar tidak mungkin bisa menopang permintaan komersial saat ini. Oleh karena tingkat kematian alami dari jenis kayu keras dan padat ini cukup rendah (c. 0.8 g / cm3) kami menyimpulkan bahwa pemanenan kayu mati tidak layak secara ekonomi. Jalan untuk menjaga ketersediaan tumbuhan ini terdiri dari tiga tahap. Pertama, melestarikan populasi M. cochinchinensis di sisa hutan le'u (hutan keramat) dan memelihara "pohon terali" di area sekitarnya. Kedua, mempromosikan pembudidayaan M. cochinchinensis di garis pagar kayu (bahan). Penerapan "pagar hidup" dalam skala besar dimungkinkan, dan akan meningkatkan ketahanan pangan dengan mengurangi kerusakan kebun oleh ternak. Ketiga, mengembangkan pasar khusus yang mau membayar harga yang wajar untuk kayu pewarna M. cochinchinensis yang dipanen secara berkelanjutan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market is one of the public places frequented by the public, thus allowing transmission of the disease both directly and indirectly through vectors such as fies. Market cleanliness must be kept clean so that food contamination is less likely to occur so that the food to be consumed remains good, clean and safe to eat. This reseach to identification boraks and methanil yellow. The sample is a portion taken from the whole object under study and is considered to represent the population. Sampling in this study was conducted by total sampling for interviews with hawker food vendors. food samples to see the content of Borax and 3 food and beverage samples to see the content of Rodamint B. The content of Borax and Rhodamin in street food vendors in the Eggplant Market shows that 6 traders who tested the content of Borax on meatballs obtained negative results, while for 3 traders tested the content of Rhodamin B in food sold obtained positive results or did not meet the requirements for consumption. Hygiene in serving food obtained that 20 (64.5%) hawker food vendors in the Eggplant Market did not meet the requirements. Hygiene and sanitation of sales locations shows that 20 (64.5%) of traders are in sales locations that are not good or have not met the requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate batik quality by chrome tanned leather. Study was conducted in two stages, in which the first stage aimed to evaluate sodium silica as batik wax releasing agent on chrome leather. Completely randomized design (CRD) was applied in this study. The concentration of sodium silica was treated as treatments, in which Tl = 0, T2 = 2 g/L, T3: 4 g/L and T4 = 6 g/L. The second stage of the study was aimed to evaluate the type of dye used in batik method dyeing on chrome-tanned goat leather. CRD was used and the treatments were types of dye, i.e. T'1 = acid, T'2= indigosol, T'3 = napthol, T'4 = remazol. In both studies, 9 replicates were applied for each treatment. The use of sodium silicate concentration of 2 g/L resulted in the percentage of release wax of 91.4% and did not degrade the quality of chrome leather. The type of acid dyes and naphthol provided the best adhesion and color brightness and resistance to washing treatment, water, sweat, bend, and rub at 4/5 to 5 on a scale of gray. In conclusion, chrome tanned goat leather with batik dyeing method was recommended to become one of the raw materials of leather goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batik industry, Indonesia's traditional practice of dying cloth through wax resist methods, is considered an important source of intangible cultural heritage and protected under UNESCO. The industry is very diverse and many different colors and motives are used. Research in this article focuses on Batik in Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Lasem, Tuban and Garut regions. This paper studies the connotative implications of Batik's cultural significations that pass on from older to younger generations revealing the importance of visuality and touch in constructing meaning within certain cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses key issues concerning the aesthetics, design and motifs of Jambi batik in Indonesia. Difference between Jambi and Javanese batik; Uses of the textiles; Implications for sociological studies of Indonesia.

The article presents facts about Javanese Batik, the major textile tradition throughout Indonesia. The finest Javanese batiks are tulis which are waxed with a canting, a wax pen, between dye baths. The two Javanese regions that are particularly recognized for batik production are Yogyakarta and Surakarta. It explains the classification and symbolism of designs of batiks.

The article reports on the expansion of textile dyes company DyStar in the Asian market, despite the decline in the global market for textile dyes due to the Asian crisis in the first nine months of 1999. Dystar is reported to have posted sales of around DM 1.075 billion, a decrease of 13% compared with the first three quarters of 1998. The decline of the value of Asia's share to the global market is discussed. The article also talks about the DyStar's plans to invest in the expansion of Indonesian facilities.

The article reports that DyStar company is going to expand its marketing and manufacturing capacity in Asia particularly in China and Indonesia. The DyStar production facility in Wuxi, China is a joint venture between DyStar and a Chinese partner which includes a formulating plant with annual production capacity of 2000 disperse dyes. DyStar's reactive dye production facility in Cilegon, Indonesia into an international site for dye export. The company expressed their promise to continue abiding environmental law in their production operations.