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The cell transmission model (CTM) is a macroscopic model that describes the dynamics of traffic flow over time and space. The effectiveness and accuracy of the CTM are discussed in this paper. First, the CTM formula is recognized as a finite-volume discretization of the kinematic traffic model with a trapezoidal flux function. To validate the constructed scheme, the simulation of shock waves and rarefaction waves as two important elements of traffic dynamics was performed. Adaptation of the CTM for intersecting and splitting cells is discussed. Its implementation on the road segment with traffic influx produces results that are consistent with the analytical solution of the kinematic model. Furthermore, a simulation on a simple road network shows the back and forth propagation of shock waves and rarefaction waves. Our numerical result agrees well with the existing result of Godunov's finite-volume scheme. In addition, from this accurately proven scheme, we can extract information for the average travel time on a certain route, which is the most important information a traveller needs. It appears from simulations of different scenarios that, depending on the circumstances, a longer route may have a shorter travel time. Finally, there is a discussion on the possible application for traffic management in Indonesia during the Eid al-Fitr exodus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Leucocytozoonosis is a protozoan disease in chickens with high mortality and is an endemic in Indonesia. The aims of this research to analyze the immune response of humoral (IgG) and cellular (CD4) in rabbits immunized by the antigenic proteins of L. caulleryi. Methods: The research were done: separation and extraction of antigenic proteins of L. caulleryi from liver chicken, immunize rabbits with antigenic proteins, detection of IgG titers with indirect ELISA, and detection of CD4 expression with Immunocytochemistry, and visualized by fluorescein isothiocyanate with fluorescence microscope. Results: The immunization results indicate that the protein from the liver contains L. caulleryi which is antigenic and has ability to produce and increase the antibody titers (IgG) of rabbits at a dose of 500 µg per booster. Activation cellular response (CD4) was shown a greenish color by fluorescence microscopy on the fifth booster. Conclusion: The antigenic proteins of L. caulleryi dose of 500 µg with 5 times booster can induce a humoral (IgG) and cellular immune response (CD4) in the fifth booster or 10 weeks after the rabbit is immunized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a green strategy using fifty-eight plant extracts that originated from Vietnam and Indonesia. Among the fifty-eight AgNP samples, we selected six AgNP samples synthesized by the extracts of Areca catechu , Hypotrachyna laevigata , Ardisia incarnata , Maesa calophylla , Maesa laxiflora and Adinandra poilanei. Remarkably, these six extracts exhibited higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power than the other extracts. Furthermore, the contents of total phenolic compounds and reducing sugars in the six selected extracts were also higher than those in the other extracts. The six selected AgNP samples showed strong surface plasmon resonance in the range of 416–438 nm. They were all spherical shaped with an average size from 12.5 ± 1.0 nm to 21.3 ± 4.9 nm as measured by field-emission transmission electron microscopy images. The hydrodynamic sizes were measured to be 49.5–122.6 nm with negative zeta potential values. Colloidal stability was excellent on the shelf for 28 days and in cell culture medium. The cytotoxicity assessment and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 and HeLa cells demonstrated that the AgNP samples prepared by Ardisia incarnata , Maesa calophylla , and Maesa laxiflora showed relatively high cytotoxicity and excess ROS generation among the six selected AgNP samples. Exposure of the AgNP samples to A549 and HeLa cells resulted in cell death, which was mostly due to necrosis but slightly due to late apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the cell population in the S phase. The green-synthesized AgNPs induced cell death, suggesting anticancer prospects that may offer new insight into the development of an anticancer nanomedicine. Unlabelled Image • Fifty-eight plant extracts are used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. • Synthetic process is totally sustainable and green. • Silver nanoparticles are cytotoxic and generate ROS in cancer cells. • Silver nanoparticles induce cell death via mostly necrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]