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Introduction: The increase in gingivitis cases based on RISKESDAS data in 2018 is an urgency that requires alternatives to prevent the recurrence of the increase in gingivitis cases in Indonesia. Gingivitis can continue to spread to hard tissue lesions and develop into periodontitis, leading to tooth loss or tooth loss if not treated right away. Chitosan Patch as a treatment for gingivitis can active in a focuse conducting in a focused manner on the target site because it does not go through first-pass metabolism in the liver. The rind of rambutan fruit can be anti-inflammatory and antibacterial with a high content of polyphenols and flavonoids. Methods: The study was divided into five groups, namely two control group and three treatment groups, each treated using a chitosan mucoadhesive patch combined with rambutan peel extract with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. On the sixth day after patching, Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria were cultured on the rat gingiva, and bacterial colonies were counted using a colony counter and continued with data analysis. Results: The results showed that the mucoadhesive patch of chitosan combined with rambutan peel extract could significantly reduce the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterial colonies in all groups (P>0,05). Conclusion: Chitosan mucoadhesive patch combination of rambutan peel extract can be an alternative therapy as an antibacterial against gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable plastics were synthesized from young coconut husk which taken from Medan Area district, Medan city, North Sumatera, Indonesia, and modified by increasing the mixtures of chitosan (CS) and glycerol (G) with ratios of C:G and G:C as 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The increase of glycerol produces a thin plastic of 1.04mm with a water resistance of 24.48%. It also produces a flexible plastic with an elongation of 96.89% and a lower tensile strength of 0.48 Pa. Meanwhile, the increase of chitosan results in a thicker plastic of 8.2mm with a water resistance of 74.26% and tensile strength of 3.85 Pa, albeit with a lower elongation of 12.21%. The process of plastic degradation was observed for 15 days; the plastic with high glycerol content characterised an increased degradation percentage of 96.07%, while those with high chitosan content had a degradation percentage of 52.45%. The increasing amount of glycerol in the mixture results in a thinner and more flexible biodegradable plastic that decomposes easily in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to manage shell and shell waste from fishery products into chitosan. The processing was carried out by isolating and characterizing chitosan from the shells of vaname shrimp (Litopenaeus vanname), the shells of the coral crab (Charybdis ferryatus) and the shells of the freshwater lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus). The isolation method was carried out in several stages starting with demineralization, deproteination, depigmentation, deacetylation and then the characterization of the isolated chitosan. Characterization includes determining the degree of deacetylation, yield percentage, and absorption analysis of the isolated chitosan functional group using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry. The isolation results obtained chitosan from vaname shrimp shell waste, coral crab shells and freshwater crayfish shells with a degree of deacetylation (%) of 82.84±0.13; 82.84±0.13; and 67.84±0.05. Chitosan from the isolation of vaname shrimp shell waste, coral crab shells is in accordance with the Standard National Indonesian (SNI) quality, while chitosan from freshwater crayfish shell waste is not suitable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Lady Finger' banana is one of the most-produced bananas in Indonesia. Unfortunately, it has a short fruit shelf life, which became a major problem in post-harvest handling. Shelf life in climacteric fruits can be improved through the inhibition of physiological processes such as ethylene production, respiration, and transpiration by the application of 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and chitosan. Physiological process inhibition will influence fruit color, firmness, sugar content, and other postharvest qualities. The potential use of 1-MCP, chitosan, and a combination of both toward postharvest life quality of 'Lady Finger' banana were assessed in this study. Four concentrations of 1-MCP (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 µL/L) and also its combination with 1.25% chitosan were applied to the 'Lady Finger' banana. The result showed that the combination of 1-MCP and chitosan improved the postharvest life quality of the 'Lady Finger' banana. The combination of 1-MCP (0.5–1.0 µL/L) and chitosan increased fruit shelf life up to 5–6 days longer compared to control and inhibited the change of fruit pH, TA, TSS, total sugar, color index, and weight loss. These results indicate that the effect of 1-MCP will be more effective in improving the fruit shelf life of bananas if it is combined with chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World-wide, Indonesia is ranked 17th in oral cancers, with deaths reaching 2.326 cases. Of the oral cancers, 90% are squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3). Unfortunately, conventional cancer therapy still has many ill side effects. Therefore, pharmacologists have looked for natural ingredients to prevent the growth of oral cancer cells. One source is Cymbopogon citratus leaf. Research shows that the active compound of C. citratus leaf is a chemopreventive, doing so by increasing the production of re-active oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. The active compound of C. citratus leaf has low stability and solubility, so it is necessary to use an encapsulation matrix such as chitosan, and modify it into smaller particles to increase its effectiveness. Purpose is determining the effect of nano chitosan encapsulation of C. citratus leaf ethanol extract (NCECC) on the reactive oxygen species of HSC-3 tongue cancer cells. This study is divided into ten groups – without treatment, doxorubicin (positive control), hydrogen peroxide, nano chitosan and C. citratus leaf extract groups, and five groups of NCECC treatment – concentrations of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%, respectively. The 100% NCECC group showed the highest ROS concentration (p<0.05), compared to 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% NCECC groups, and the 100% NCECC was higher than the positive control group. NCECC is effective in inducing oxidative stress on HSC-3 through increased production of ROS. Moreover, the higher the encapsulation concentration given, the greater the increase in ROS production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mango ginger (Curcuma mangga) is one of Indonesia's medicinal plants widely used in most communities as a lust booster and for detoxifying purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles from mango ginger extract, determine their chemical contents, the nano chitosan characteristics, and its antioxidant activity. Methods: In this study, we macerated mango ginger using 70% ethanol solvent, then performed phytochemical test and formulation of chitosan nanoparticles of mango ginger extract. The group of secondary metabolites that showed positive results with the reagent test was further identified through TLC. Results: The results showed that the extract contained flavonoids and triterpenoids. Also, characterization of chitosan nanoparticles from the extract was conducted with FTIR test, PSA, XRD, and SEM. Based on the results, the nano chitosan particle size was 993 nm and examination with FTIR showed the presence of N-H and P=O groups, indicating ammonium ion interaction from chitosan with the polyanion from TPP and Mango ginger. Additionally, the XRD results showed that the crystals formed were in an amorphous form, which was supported by particle morphology images from SEM. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed very strong antioxidant activity based on the reaction with DPPH. Conclusion: Based on these results, the phytochemical identification of mango ginger extract showed positive results in flavonoid and triterpenoid compounds. In addition, based on the characterization of the nanoparticles, the mango ginger extract showed positive results, illustrating that the nano chitosan synthesis was successful. Furthermore, the nano chitosan has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 18.08 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a great potential to be exploited for its abundant marine resources, e.g. the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus). During 2018 in West Java, P. pelagicus is highly utilized (8.423,89 tons or 5.127% of the total production throughout Indonesia). However, the shell waste (approximately 40-60% of the total crab weight) is usually deserted and needs to be further exploited. In this work, we extracted chitin from P. pelagicus shells originated from Cirebon-West Java, Indonesia, using the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES): a mixture of choline chloride and malic acid. The extraction was carried out twice using the same solvents. The chitin produced, by employing NADES, was proximate-analyzed and UV/IR spectrophotometric-characterized. The two times-extraction of chitin from P. pelagicus shells using NADES yielded chitin powder of 35.43% w/w. The proximate analysis indicates that our chitin meets the Indonesian National Standard requirements, and its infra-red spectrum confirms the β-chitin form. It could be concluded that chitin extracted from the wasted shell of P. pelagicus possesses a good quality, very low level of arsenic and lead, and therefore could be further developed as active pharmaceutical ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer belongs to the main cancer group experienced by women in developing countries, including Indonesia. An estimated 95% of cervical cancer is related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. HPV has oncoprotein E6 and E7, which can degrade p53, a tumor-suppressor gene, subsequently interfering with the activity of the p21 and caspase-3 genes and disrupting apoptosis and cell proliferation activity. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is an active substance derived from cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) that has been studied for its anticancer capability. Here, eugenol was optimized with modifications for nanoparticle encapsulation with chitosan (nano-eugenol) to improve its bioavailability and stability, reduce its toxicity, and also to improve its anti-cancer capabilities. This research examined the effect of nano-eugenol on HeLa cell viability using trypan blue method, HeLa cell cycle analyzed using flow cytometry. Eugenol was successfully loaded onto nanoparticles sized 250 nm and 351 nm and with a polydispersity index of <0.5. Compared to eugenol alone, the nano-eugenol reduced cell viability (p < 0.0001) and inhibited the cell cycle in G0/G1 (p < 0.0001) effectively. We may conclude that modifying eugenol with chitosan encapsulation nanoparticles can optimize the anti-cancer effect of eugenol itself on cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musa troglodytarum L. ('Pisang Tongkat Langit'), a banana cultivar which originated from Eastern Indonesia, has an economic potential due to the high β-carotene content on its pulp. Being a climacteric fruit, M. troglodytarum has a short shelf-life that can reduce fruit quality. In this study, the effect of 1.25% (w/v) chitosan coating on M. troglodytarum fruit shelf-life and ACS1 and ACO1 gene expression analysis using quantitative PCR were evaluated. Results showed that the application of chitosan coating delayed the fruit ripening process for two days by delaying several fruit physical and chemical changes. ACS1 and ACO1 gene expression analysis showed a different expression pattern, the expression level was lower on chitosan-coated fruits on the first day compared to control. In conclusion, chitosan-based edible coating delayed M. troglodytarum fruit ripening and changed the ACS1 and ACO1 gene expression pattern, compared with the chitosan coating effect on Cavendish banana which also prolonged fruit ripening and suppressed ACS1 and ACO1 expression in a previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global water scarcity problem has encouraged the development of various technologies to support limited direct access to water in nature. In this research, a chitosan-starch forward osmosis (FO) membrane was prepared from chitosan and starch polymers using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent and glycerol as a plasticizer. The crosslinking reaction was indicated with Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis and corroborated with a significant increase in the tensile strength. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed an endothermic peak at 135 °C, associated with the presence of water. Meanwhile, an exothermic peak at 320 °C was assigned to the initial thermal degradation of the membrane. The membrane porosity and the swelling degree were revealed to be 54.36% and 78.98%, respectively. FO membrane was applied to purify the brackish water on different osmotic pressure in the draw solution. The draw solution used was 1 M sucrose. High water flux was obtained in the FO process for 1 hour with a flux value of 4 L/m²h and with the rejection value closed to 100%. The quality of water has met the drinking water standards based on the regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number 492/MENKES/PER/VI/2010. In conclusion, chitosan-starch forward osmosis membranes can be developed as a way to produce drinking water from brackish water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of starch as bioplastic has been widely studied; however, the quality needs to be improved before it can substitute the commercial plastic. Sago is one of starch sources that can be used for this purpose and is available in considerable amounts in Indonesia. Previous research to synthesize a modified sago starch thermoplastics (TPS) in-situ by reacting plasticized starch with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and castor oil; simultaneously to produce polyurethane prepolymer (PUP) in more homogeneous phase and smaller size has been successfully done. At this phase, chitosan of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 gram was added into the compound and acted as filler to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of TPS. The chitosan was first diluted into acetate acid and mixed rigorously with the starch and PUP. Sorbitol was added as plasticizer. The modified TPSchitosan was then characterized mechanically, thermally, and biodegradability. The results of this study showed that the optimum mechanical properties of modified TPS were obtained with an addition of 1 gram chitosan; tensile strength and elongation were 200.04 MPa and 24.96 % respectively. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis showed that modified TPS-chitosan had a good thermal stability and could only be degraded at high temperature of 534oC. DSC result showed that modified TPS-chitosan had a high melting point of 385.41oC and ΔH152.61 J/g. This value is higher than melting point of TPS alone which is 104.69oC. Modified TPS-chitosan was degraded earlier than TPS which was 19 days in nature compared to 2-4 months. Overall, mechanical and thermal properties of modified TPS are improved with the addition of chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa L) is indigenous shrub found in Indonesia commonly used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory effects. This study was conducted to assay Mahkota Dewa leaf extract packaged in chitosan nanoparticles provides superior anti-inflammatory effects on ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) compared to Mahkota Dewa leaf extract alone. This study used 36 mice divided into 6 groups: normal, negative control, leaf extract dose 12.5 mg, leaf extract dose 25 mg, leaf extract chitosan nanoparticle dose 6.25 mg, and leaf extract chitosan nanoparticle dose 12.5 mg. Colitis was induced by administering DSS (2 % w/v) through drinking water at 1, 3, and 5 weeks of treatment. At the end of the study, colon samples were taken from the mice for immunohistochemical analysis; the anti-inflammatory effects of each extract were evaluated by determining the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and induducible mitric oxide synthase (iNOS) score 0 - 4 in the mouse colon using the image G profiler method. Mice administered Mahkota Dewa leaf extract at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg and Mahkota Dewa leaf extract in chitosan nanoparticles at doses of 6.25 and 12.5 mg all demonstrated significantly decreased expression of COX-2 and iNOS (p < 0.001). No significant differences between Mahkota Dewa leaf extract and Mahkota Dewa leaf extract in chitosan nanoparticles were observed. Mahkota Dewa leaf extract and Mahkota Dewa leaf extract in chitosan nanoparticles are equally effective at suppressing COX-2 and iNOS expression in mice with DSS-induced colitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has committed to restoring degraded peatlands by revegetating them with paddy plants using paludiculture systems. Nanofertilizers derived from chitosan and oil palm biomass can be used to enhance paddy growth. This study analyzed the potential growth media of chitosan nanocomposite films for paddy seeds grown in tropical peatland. Chitosan nanocomposites were synthesized by reinforcing chitosan with activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNPs), nonactivated carbon nanoparticles (n-ACNPs), and lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNFs). All carbon nanoparticles were reversibly aggregated, whereas LCNFs did not have a tendency to aggregate but were entangled. The highest specific surface area and pore volume are on EFB ACNPs, followed by OPT LCNFs and EFB n-ACNPs. Both nanocomposites' tensile strength and elastic modulus value were reduced with an average of 45.77% and 34.00%, respectively, because of the lack of nano- and micro-aggregates formation, good dispersion, and incompatibility. In a germination test, chitosan nanocomposites provided the best growth patterns for the Dendang paddy variety, whereas, in a greenhouse test, the nanocomposites had the best growth patterns for the Indragiri paddy variety. Chitosan/empty fruit bunch ACNP nanocomposites grown in a germinator had the highest growth normality (100.00%), highest maximum growth potential (100.00%), and highest height average (11.27 cm). In the greenhouse test, chitosan/oil palm trunk n-ACNPs achieved the highest growth natality (16.44%) and growth rate (65.74%). All chitosan nanocomposites had a synergetic biofertilizing effect on fungi and mycorrhiza. Chitosan nanocomposites can be used as a growth regulator for peatland paddy varieties and can accelerate peatland restoration in tropical areas. [Display omitted] • CNPs and LCNFs isolated from oil palm biomass had the potential as growth media for peatland paddy. • Chitosan/CNPs and chitosan/LCNFs composites had different growth patterns in tested growth media. • Dendang and Indragiri paddy had the best growth properties in germination and greenhouse, respectively. • Chitosan nanocomposites had synergistic fertilizing actions against fungi and mycorrhiza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Chitosan can be produced through the enzymatic process catalyzed by chitin deacetylase which can be produced by bacteria. The biotransformation of chitin to chitosan by bacteria is interesting because the process is economical and environmentally friendly. This study described the potential of sponge-associated bacterium capability in degrading chitin and forming chitosan., Materials and Methods: The bacteria were isolated from sponge Cribrochalina sp. at Manado Bay, Indonesia. In the screening of the chitinase activity of bacteria, chitin media was used. Meanwhile, the transformation of chitin to chitosan was tested by using Chitinase Degrading Activity media. Molecular identification of bacteria was based on 16S rRNA gene sequences., Results: The results showed that the SS1, SS2, SS3, SS4 and SS5 bacterial isolates could degrade chitin based on chitinolytic indexes. These five bacteria could also form chitosan exhibited through the presence of chitosan in the form of precipitation in the fermented broth of bacteria. SS1 had the highest chitinase activity based on the chitinolytic index identified as Bacillus subtilis (100% identity), hence it is called B. subtilis strain SS1. The partial rRNA gene sequences data were deposited at GenBank under accession number MN999892., Conclusion: The bacteria strain isolated from Cribrochalina sp. can be utilized in degrading chitin and form chitosan which could be a promising candidate for an economical and eco-friendly process of chitosan.