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The aim of this research was to assess the classification of science test items of TIMSS grade 8 based on higher order thinking skills (HOTS) and determine whether those classified-science test items can be an assessment tool in science class. Sixteen sample test items of HOTS were chosen from 37 reasoning items of TIMSS 1999, 2003, and 2011; which were 6 of analysing, 6 of evaluating, and 4 of creating. The selected items were tested to 410 ninth grade students in 14 public schools in Jember, Indonesia. Data were analysed by using point-biserial correlation to measure the index of discrimination and degree of difficulty at items of each level of HOTS test. The result revealed that the point-biserial index of discrimination for each item was higher than 0.25. The degree of difficulty of analysing, evaluating and creating test items exhibited a similar trend, which was in good range. Each test item has significant validity. Whilst reliability analysis showed that each test item was acceptable and indicating a high level of internal consistency. In conclusion, the classified science test items of TIMSS are good to use as assessment tools to measure HOTS of students in science class.

Background: The number of Indonesian care staff working in hospitals and long‐term care facilities caring for persons with dementia in Japan is increasing; however, there is no instrument available in the Indonesian language to assess their dementia care practice. Objectives: This study aimed to translate the Person‐centered Care Assessment Tool (P‐CAT) and evaluate its psychometric properties in a sample of Indonesian care staff working in dementia care and long‐term care facilities in Japan. Methods: This is a descriptive, methodological, and cross‐sectional study. The P‐CAT was translated into the Indonesian language. The draft was administered to Indonesian care staff (n = 218) working at long‐term care facilities in Japan. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), known‐group validity, internal consistency, and test–retest reliability. Results: EFA showed three‐factor and CFA of the three‐factor indicated that the model had an acceptable fit (chi‐squared statistics/degree of freedom = 1.78, comparative fit index = 0.94, root mean square error of approximation = 0.06) with a slightly different structure compared to the original P‐CAT. Regarding known‐group validity, the P‐CAT total score was significantly higher for those who had training in dementia, who knew about person‐centred care, and who showed satisfaction in the job. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of the total scale was 0.68 which is considered acceptable, and the test–retest reliability intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.61 which is considered moderate. Conclusion: The Indonesian P‐CAT indicated sound validity and reliability to measure person‐centred care among Indonesian care staff working in dementia care and long‐term care facilities in Japan. Implication for Practice: The development of Indonesian P‐CAT allows the evaluation of dementia care, promotes and further improves person‐centred care for persons with dementia provided by Indonesian care staff working in long‐term care facilities in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. G12 RVA strains have emerged globally since 2007. There has been no report of the whole genome sequences of G12 RVAs in Indonesia. We performed the complete genome analysis by the next‐generation sequencing of five G12 strains from hospitalized children with AGE in Surabaya from 2017 to 2018. All five G12 strains were Wa‐like strains (G12‐P[8]‐I1‐R1‐C1‐M1‐A1‐N1‐T1‐E1‐H1) and were clustered into lineage‐III of VP7 gene phylogenetic tree. STM430 sample was observed as a mixed‐infection between G12 and G1 strains: G12/G1‐P[8]‐I1‐R1‐C1‐M1‐A1‐N1‐T1‐E1‐H1. A phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that all five Indonesian G12 strains (SOEP379, STM371, STM413, STM430, and STM433) were genetically close to each other in all 11 genome segments with 98.0%–100% nucleotide identities, except VP3 and NSP4 of STM430, suggesting that these strains have originated from a similar ancestral G12 RVA. The VP3 and NSP4 genome segments of STM430‐G12P[8] were separated phylogenetically from those of the other four G12 strains, probably due to intra‐genotype reassortment between the G12 and G1 Wa‐like strains. The change from G12P[6] lineage‐II in 2007 to G12P[8] lineage‐III 2017–2018 suggests the evolution and diversity of G12 RVAs in Indonesia over the past approximately 10 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rats are a major carrier of several pathogens, including zoonotic pathogens that can cause fatal diseases in humans. Indonesia has one of the fastest growing populations, with high infestation of rats in urban areas. Therefore, this study aims to assess the seropositivity of zoonotic pathogens in rats from four markets in Bogor, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) were captured from the markets and screened for the presence of some zoonotic pathogens, specifically hantavirus, Leptospira spp., Orientia tsutsugamushi, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) antibodies, using indirect fluorescence assay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Among the 80 rats, 40% were seropositive for hantavirus, 36.3% for Leptospira spp., 11.3% for O. tsutsugamushi, 6.3% for TBEV, and 0% for LCMV. Conclusion: Overall, these results indicate that rats in Bogor pose a potential zoonotic risk to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association of socio-economic-demographic (SED; e.g., income-related) factors with depression is widely confirmed in the literature. We conducted a hospital-based case–control study of 160 patients with psychiatrist-diagnosed clinical depression. The control group comprised 160 participants recruited from local communities. We used a questionnaire to collect SED data from all participants. We replaced missing values using multiple imputation analyses and further analyzed the pooled data of five imputations. We also recorded the results from the original analysis and each imputation. Univariate analyses showed income was associated with depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that, among all SED variables, high income (odds ratio = 2.088 [95% confidence interval = 1.178–3.700]; p = 0.012), middle-level (completed junior or senior high school) education (1.688 [1.042–2.734]; p = 0.033) and cohabitating with four or more family members (1.632 [1.025–2.597]; p = 0.039) were significant predictors for the case group. We conclude that cash income is a determinant of depression in hospital outpatients in Indonesia. This study suggests health policy implications toward better hospital access and service for people with depression in middle- or low-income households, and recommends considering high income as correlated with a high risk of depression, owing to socio-cultural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the contribution of visitor expenditure on West Papua's regional economy. It accomplishes three objectives: (1) to estimate the economic contribution of domestic and inbound visitor expenditure; (2) to measure the economic contribution of tourist spending at various accommodation classes; and (3) to describe the use of local commodities and labor in the regional accommodation industry. To accomplish the first and second objectives, an input-output multiplier analysis was employed. As for the third objective, interviews were conducted with 35 representatives from regional accommodation establishments. Tourism is found to contribute greatly to the regional economy, as shown from the higher overall output multiplier for tourist expenditure as compared to the regional output multiplier. The output multiplier for inbound tourist expenditure is higher than the domestic tourist. Three-star accommodations are found to be the biggest contributor with outstanding inter-sectoral impact on fisheries; food, beverage, and tobacco manufacture; and agriculture. The qualitative analysis suggests the existence of a large leakage (±90%), mainly in produce and chemicals used in daily operations. Fisheries and wood furniture are the exception. Overall, the accommodation sector absorbs a considerable extent of local labor (73%), 23% of which are Indigenous Papuans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cimanuk River with a total watershed area of 4010.8 km2 flowing from the Garut Regency to Indramayu Delta is the longest in West Java Province. However, the cumulative effects of climate change, increased population, and fish farming in the coastal area have continuously pressured the availability of water resources in its watershed. This study was, therefore, aimed to analyze the impact of land use and climate change on surface runoff and groundwater using a SWAT model. This is a physically based semi-distributed hydrological model with various applications, particularly to simulate water balance and watershed management. Daily discharge record for 2005–2008, land use data for 2002–2017, and the simulated climate (1979–2003) and projected climate data (2075–2099) retrieved from MRI-AGCM3.2 20-km by the Meteorological Research Institute of Japan Meteorological Agency were used in this research. The result showed that the calibration and validation of SWAT model have exhibited satisfactory criteria for hydrological simulations. The modeled period showed land use changes caused a general increase in runoff and decline in base flow contribution to annual streamflow. The changes between the current and projected climate exhibited increase in Qmax/Qmin ratio in certain years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora palmivora infects hundreds of plant species around the world. Determining the genetic diversity among isolates is necessary to establish more effective control strategies, manage resistance and understand epidemiology, long-term evolution of the pathogen, host–pathogen coevolution, and evolutionary processes. Here genetic diversity among 81 isolates of P. palmivora from various host plants and geographical regions in Indonesia and Japan was evaluated using rep-PCR (BOX, ERIC, REP and M13) and microsatellite markers. With both methods, the isolates clustered into six groups, which corresponded more to geographic regions rather than host plants or mating types, although the respective members of each group were not always consistent between the two methods. Isolates from Indonesia, Japan and other countries clearly clustered into separate groups in the rep-PCR analysis. The rep-PCR consistently grouped the isolates from Sumatera Island with some isolates from Sulawesi, but microsatellite markers grouped them with those from the Java islands. A typical A1-mating type from one region grouped in one cluster using both methods. Both DNA fingerprinting markers also grouped the isolates from Nusa Tenggara and Papua islands with those from Japan. Genetic variation was recognized within and among populations of P. palmivora based on geographical areas, host plants and mating types. Possible explanations for the results and suggested strategies for disease management are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were 211,000 Indonesian Hajj pilgrims going to Mecca through 11 main airports in 2015 who were at risk of contracting the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We aimed to find out whether there was any occurrence of MERS-CoV by performing screening on 28,197 returning pilgrims. Those with a body temperature of > 38 °C and respiratory symptoms were sent to the airport clinic to have an oropharyngeal swab and a bacterial culture. Fifteen pilgrims had fever (> 38 °C) accompanied by respiratory symptoms; of these, 12 patients were diagnosed with upper and lower respiratory tract infections and three patients with pneumonia. However, none of them were found to be infected with MERS-CoV. The bacterial cultures showed evidence of normal flora growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Terasi, Indonesian fermented shrimp paste, was prepared on a laboratory scale. • Tropomyosin, shrimp major allergen, was degraded during Terasi manufacturing. • Allergenicity of processed shrimp would be diminished during the Terasi production. • The allergen degradation has no impact on the Terasi quality. • Terasi becomes a low allergenic seafood by producing under appropriate conditions. Terasi is a fermented shrimp paste in Indonesia. We examined the effect of the Terasi manufacturing process on the abundance of the allergen tropomyosin (TM) and its IgG/IgE-binding ability. Terasi was produced from three shrimps, Akiami (Acetes japonicus), Okiami (Euphausia pacifica), and Isazaami (Neomysis awatchensis). Protein degradation and TM IgE-binding activity were examined by immunoblotting using anti-TM rabbit IgG and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using shrimp-allergic patients' sera. The processing caused TM degradation, and the IgG-specific response in Akiami meat disappeared at the second fermentation step but remained in both Okiami and Isazaami Terasi. In contrast, TM IgE-binding in all meats decreased gradually during manufacturing and nearly completely disappeared in Akiami Terasi. Conclusively, Terasi production is an effective manufacturing process to reduce the IgE-binding ability of TM, and Terasi can be recognized as a low allergenic seafood when produced under an appropriate manufacturing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In searching for a new material made from natural resources that could be used as a whitening agent, we focused on the plants used for skin treatment by the native people of East Kalimantan. The methanol extract of the leaves of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl showed antimelanogenesis activity in a melanin biosynthesis assay. By activity-guided fractionation, 7-methoxycoumarin (1) was isolated as an active compound. The IC50 of 1 on mushroom tyrosinase was 2360μM (L-tyrosine was used as the substrate) and above 2840μM (L-DOPA was used as the substrate), respectively. Regarding melanin formation inhibition in B16 melanoma cells, the IC50 of 1 was 1780μM with 83% cell viability at IC50. Based on these results, we validated that the leaf extract is in line with the traditional use of the Dayak tribe in East Kalimantan. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The crystal chemistry of volcanic allanites from both the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT), Sumatra, Indonesia and SK100 volcanic ash beds (SK100-VAB), Niigata, Japan has been examined by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis (FTIR), and single-crystal structure analysis. In the FTIR study, based on the Diamond ATR accessory, YTT and SK100- VAB allanites were observed to have different OH contents, respectively: the former has 0.64 wt% H2O (OH: 0.40 apfu.), while the latter has 1.65 wt% H2O (OH: 1.00 apfu.). The crystal structures of these two allanites have been refined to individual R indices (3.64 and 4.25) based on 1350 observed reflections (|Fo| > 4sig|Fo|) measured using a single-crystal diffractometer with MoKα X-radiation. The OH-poor YTT allanite has a shorter b axis, a longer c axis, and larger β value than the relatively OH-rich SK100-VAB one. The bond valence sums of O4 (accepter oxygen for H atom) and O10 (donor oxygen for H atom) are 1.962 and 1.709 v.u. for YTT allanite (valence sum: 3.671 v.u.) and 1.754 and 1.271 v.u. for SK100-VAB one (valence sum: 3.025 v.u.). The difference from the ideal total bond valence value (4.00 v.u.) of O4 and O10 in YTT allanite (0.33 v.u.) is smaller than that in SK100-VAB (0.98 v.u.). These difference values are also broadly consistent with the corresponding differences in OH content between the YTT (OH: 0.40 apfu.) and SK100-VAB allanites (OH: 1.00 apfu.) determined by FTIR- ATR. Chemical analyses, FTIR-ATR and crystal structure refinement of YTT and SK100-VAB allanites yielded the following crystal chemical formula: YTT: (Ca0.83Mn2+ 0.06Fe2+ 0.11)(La0.24Ce0.32Pr0.04Nd0.11Sm0.02Th0.04Ca0.21)(Al0.73Fe3+ 0.19Ti0.08)(Al0.89Fe3+ 0.11)(Fe2+ 0.22Fe3+ 0.62Mg0.16)(SiO4)Si2O7O1.6(OH)0.4, SK100-VAB: (Ca0.81Fe2+ 0.13Mn2+ 0.06)(La0.22Ce0.34Pr0.05Nd0.13Sm0.02Th0.02Ca0.22)(Al0.76Fe3+ 0.19Ti0.05)Al1.00(Fe2+ 0.73Fe3+ 0.17Mg0.10)(Si0.96Al0.04O4)Si2O7O(OH). Therefore, it is concluded that welding of the Youngest Toba Tuff caused the following post-crystallization changes to occur in YTT allanite: oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, release of H2, and the concomitant replacement of OH− by O2−. These oxidation and dehydrogenation processes advanced during the welding to thereby produce oxyallanite. Oxyallanite had been reported only in laboratory studies where it was produced by heating natural allanite. Our report on natural oxyallanite suggests that it may be present in other welded silicic volcanic rocks as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) caused by a 27-bp deletion in the band 3 gene (Band3Δ 27) are well-documented genetic traits resistant to malarial diseases; however, relationships between these traits and asymptomatic malaria infection hitherto had not been investigated. Filter-blotted blood samples were collected from a total of 210 healthy individuals, 100 males and 110 females, aged 6–17 years, in Sumba island, Indonesia, to survey for the presence of Plasmodium parasites, G6PD activity and the Band3Δ 27 mutation. Presence of P. falciparum and/or P. vivax was identified in 25 subjects (11.9%). In all, 24 subjects (11.4%) showed Band3Δ 27 heterozygously. In males and females, eight and nine subjects, respectively, showed G6PD deficiency. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection between individuals with or without these traits ( P>0.05). No alterations in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection suggest that parasite invasion into erythrocytes is unlikely to be a target phase in which the two polymorphisms demonstrate possible protective effects against malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We investigated the leaves of Kleinhovia hospita, a plant which has been traditionally used in Indonesia as phytotherapy to cure liver disease, to describe antioxidant materials from plant sources. K. hospita leaves were extracted with methanol and further partitioned into n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity of each fraction and the residue was assessed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and their cytotoxicity on HepG2 liver cancer cells was determined by a MTT assay. The K. hospita leaf methanol extract showed strong antioxidant activity (96%) compared with vitamin C (98%) by the DPPH method and the measured activity from the subsequent extracts of the methanol extract were 48.9% for n-hexane, 74.0% for diethyl ether, 84.3% for ethyl acetate, and 77.1% for the residue. The MTT assay showed the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract on HepG2 cells at 14%, 76%, and 80% at concentrations of 50μg/mL, 87.5μg/mL, and 125μg/mL, respectively. Leaf extracts of the medicinal plant K. hospita showed potent antioxidant activity and moderate cytotoxicity on HepG2 liver cancer cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals worldwide. As a result of the segmented nature of the rotavirus genome, genetic reassortment commonly occurs. This study aims to clarify the genetic characteristics of RVAs circulating in Indonesia. From June 2015 through August 2016, stool samples were collected from 134 children aged <5 years (71 male and 63 female) with acute gastroenteritis who were inpatients at a private hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia. All stool samples were screened for RVA antigen using immunochromatography. Forty-two samples (31.3%, 42/134) were RVA antigen-positive. All RVA positive samples tested showed the unusual combinations of G3P[8] ( n  = 36) and G3P[6] ( n  = 3) with a short RNA pattern by G/P typing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Whole genome analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for 11 strains to determine the RVA genotypes. Eleven rotavirus strains were found to carry a DS-like genetic backbone; nine strains showed a G3-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 genome constellation, which was recently reported in Australia, Hungary, Spain and Brazil; as well, two strains showed a G3-P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 genome constellation. The phylogenetic tree based on the VP7 gene showed that all 11 strains were classified as equine-like G3, which is genetically distinct and different in origin from typical human G3 strains. The phylogenetic tree based on the NSP4 gene showed that six strains were classified as bovine-like strain and the remaining five were classified as human strain. In conclusion, we identified the strains which are intergenogroup reassortants containing an equine-like G3 VP7, a P[8])/P[6] VP4, with a DS-1-like genetic backbone. These findings suggest that equine-like G3P[8] and P[6] RVA strains have been circulating in the Indonesian population for at least 1 year and probably longer, indicating a diversity of RVAs in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the course to find a new whitening agent, we evaluated the methanol extract from bud of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) on melanin formation in B16 melanoma cells. Eugenol and eugenol acetate were isolated as the active compounds and showed melanin inhibition of 60% and 40% in B16 melanoma cell with less cytotoxicity at the concentration of 100 and 200μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, an essential oil prepared from the bud of clove, which contain eugenol and eugenol acetate as dominant components, showed melanin inhibition of 50% and 80% in B16 melanoma cells at the concentration of 100 and 200μg/mL, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Noroviruses are recognized as a leading cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among individuals of all ages worldwide, especially in children <5 years old. We investigated the epidemiology of noroviruses among hospitalized children at two hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. Stool samples were collected from 966 children with AGE during September 2015–July 2019. All samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the amplification of both the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the capsid genes of noroviruses. The genotypes were determined by phylogenetic analyses. In 2015–2019, noroviruses were detected in 12.3% (119/966) of the samples. Children <2 years old showed a significantly higher prevalence than those ≥2 years old (P = 0.01). NoV infections were observed throughout the year, with the highest prevalence in December. Based on our genetic analyses of RdRp, GII.[P31] (43.7%, 31/71) was the most prevalent RdRp genotype, followed by GII.[P16] (36.6%, 26/71). GII.[P31] was a dominant genotype in 2016 and 2018, whereas GII.[P16] was a dominant genotype in 2015 and 2017. Among the capsid genotypes, the most predominant norovirus genotype from 2015 to 2018 was GII.4 Sydney_2012 (33.6%, 40/119). The most prevalent genotype in each year was GII.13 in 2015, GII.4 Sydney_2012 in 2016 and 2018, and GII.3 in 2017. Based on the genetic analyses of RdRp and capsid sequences, the strains were clustered into 13 RdRp/capsid genotypes; 12 of them were discordant, e.g., GII.4 Sydney[P31], GII.3[P16], and GII.13[P16]. The predominant genotype in each year was GII.13[P16] in 2015, GII.4 Sydney[P31] in 2016, GII.3[P16] in 2017, and GII.4 Sydney[P31] in 2018. Our results demonstrate high detection rates and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genotypes in pediatric AGE samples from Indonesia. These findings strengthen the importance of the continuous molecular surveillance of emerging norovirus strains. • Noroviruses were detected in 12.3% (119/966) of the samples during 2015–2019. • GII.[P16] was dominant in 2015 and 2017 but GII.[P31] was in 2016 and 2018. • GII.13 was dominant in 2015, GII.4 Sydney_2012 in 2016 and 2018, and GII.3 in 2017. • The diversity of norovirus GII genotypes and rapid evolution in Indonesia is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Detailed kinematic source model was constructed for 2018 Palu earthquake. • Slip and fault geometry were simultaneously resolved by teleseismic potency-density inversion. • Transient slip acceleration and deceleration across fault bends sustained supershear rupture. How does fault slip follow an earthquake rupture front propagating faster than the local shear-wave velocity (i.e., at supershear speed)? How does a supershear rupture front pass through a geometrically complex fault system? Resolving the evolution of such complex earthquake ruptures is fundamental to our understanding of earthquake-source physics, but these events have not been well captured by conventional waveform inversions of observational data. We applied a new framework of finite-fault inversion to globally observed teleseismic waveforms and resolved both the spatiotemporal evolution of slip and the fault geometry of the 2018 Palu earthquake (moment magnitude 7.6) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. We show that supershear rupture propagation for this event was sustained by transient slip stagnation and advancement as the rupture front passed through the geometrically complex fault system. This peculiar inchworm-like slip evolution was caused by the rupture front encountering fault bends with favorable and unfavorable orientations for rupture propagation. Our analysis also identified the possible existence of a fault junction beneath Palu Bay connecting an unmapped primary fault in northern Sulawesi with the Palu-Koro fault in the south. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven sulfonamides, trimethoprim, five macrolides, lincomycin and three tetracyclines were measured in 150 water samples of sewage, livestock and aquaculture wastewater, and river and coastal waters, in five tropical Asian countries. The sum of the concentrations of the target antibiotics in sewage and heavily sewage-impacted waters were at sub- to low-ppb levels. The most abundant antibiotic was sulfamethoxazole (SMX), followed by lincomycin and sulfathiazole. The average concentration of SMX in sewage or heavily sewage-impacted waters was 1720 ng/L in Vietnam (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Can Tho; n=15), 802ng/L in the Philippines (Manila; n=4), 538 ng/L in India (Kolkata; n=4), 282 ng/L in Indonesia (Jakarta; n=10), and 76 ng/L in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur; n=6). These concentrations were higher than those in Japan, China, Europe, the US and Canada. A predominance of sulfonamides, especially SMX, is notable in these tropical countries. The higher average concentrations, and the predominance of SMX, can be ascribed to the lower cost of the antibiotics. Both the concentration and composition of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture wastewater varied widely. In many cases, sulfamethazine (SMT), oxytetracycline (OTC), lincomycin, and SMX were predominant in livestock and aquaculture wastewater. Both human and animal antibiotics were widely distributed in the respective receiving waters (i.e., the Mekong River and Manila Bay). SMT/SMX ratios indicate a significant contribution from livestock wastewater to the Mekong River and nearby canals, with an estimated ~10% of river water SMX derived from such wastewater. Mass flow calculations estimate that 12 tons of SMX is discharged annually from the Mekong River into the South China Sea. Riverine inputs of antibiotics may significantly increase the concentration of such antibiotics in the coastal waters., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)