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Microgrids system consisting of single or multiple energy resources and storage is used to provide electricity to remote rural areas. Subsequently, they can be worked in both grid-connected and islanded modes. Microgrids can provide stable energy solutions to areas where grid extension is either costly or not feasible. The system's long-term economic stability and sustainability must be considered throughout the microgrid's design. Renewable energy sources have a variety of objectives and possible restrictions. The current plan suggests a rural microgrid with integrated solar, diesel, and battery systems. The proposed microgrid for the rural area of Uttarakhand (India) is given a techno-economic and feasibility analysis. For the hilly region of India, a standalone microgrid is created to handle the home peak load of 13kW. Moth flam optimization (MFO) is utilized to optimize the proposed energy framework, and the results are compared with those of a genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The optimal hybrid system's net current and energy costs are calculated to be $58372.00, with the cost of energy per unit being $0.14/kWh. Sensitivity analysis and robustness viability have been performed for the configuration. The finding suggested that the energy framework using MFO is 18% and 16% less expensive than GA and PSO, respectively. This research adds new direction to critical sustainable development among developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration of distributed energy resources into optimum location and a suitable size is still one of the major issues faced by electric utilities. In this article, a model is proposed that highlights the key issues of hybrid penetration and integrates renewable resources. In this context, optimization has been done that suggests the optimal combination of renewable energy sources based on cost and carbon emissions for the implementation of an integrated assessment of available energy resources. The proposed model is compared with grid-connected and various hybrid energy models. In addition to renewable penetration, the study also focused on significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. For analysis of the proposed approach, a study has been carried out on a selected test feeder named Ramchandrapura feeder of Kota, Rajasthan, India. The results obtained from the simulations include the optimal combination of cost-effective distributed energy resources considering actual weather conditions such as solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed. The overall optimization is done with the help of Homer-Pro software. The major contribution of the article is the economic study of test feeders with real geographic data which also considers the environmental impact of DER integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, linear programming and fuzzy optimization models are developed for planning and management of available land-water-crop system of Mahanadi-Kathajodi delta in eastern India. The models are used to optimize the economic return, production and labour utilization, and to search the related cropping patterns and intensities with specified land, water, fertilizer and labour availability, and water use pattern constraints. Due to extreme backwardness of the study area, it has been decided to keep all the three objectives of the linear programming models at the same priority level to obtain the compromised solution in a fuzzy environment that incorporates the imprecision in fuzzy goals and fuzzy constraints. These non-structural models facilitate the conjunctive use of available surface water and groundwater resources. A comparative evaluation along with the benefit-cost ratios of the existing and proposed farming systems is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]