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Fuel supplies for conventional vehicles are vulnerable to scarcity, which could ultimately lead to an increase in fuel prices. There has been a realization regarding national energy security as a result of these high gasoline costs, which further increase the overall cost of ownership. Additionally, the emissions from burning conventional fuels make consideration of the already pressing environmental issues necessary. On the other hand, because they have low running costs and no tailpipe emissions, electric vehicles are being considered as a viable alternative to conventional automobiles. But when a vehicle's whole life cycle is taken into account, the common-sense belief that electric vehicles are cheaper and emit no emissions may be misleading. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both the economic and environmental elements of whether electric vehicles are a viable alternative to conventional automobiles. In this article, a life cycle analysis-both economic and environmental—between battery-electric and conventional automobiles is presented in the context of India. For financial analysis, a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is created to show how compatible battery-electric vehicles are. OpenLCA software, which is based on the ReCePi 2016 technique, is used to conduct the environmental analysis for all impact categories at both the mid-point and end-point levels. According to the findings, electric vehicles are more expensive than conventional automobiles in India based on current data and regulations. However, it is shown that electric vehicles have cost parity and can sometimes even become more inexpensive than conventional automobiles by using specific optimizing factors in sensitivity analysis. The results of environmental studies show that battery electric vehicles emit fewer greenhouse gases (GHGs) than do conventional automobiles. Battery electric vehicles, however, had less of an impact in ten of the eighteen impact categories that were examined, and they even have a lower impact score at the end-point level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-efficiency and low-emissions heavy-duty (HD) internal combustion engines (ICEs) offer significant GHG reduction potential. Mild hybridization via regenerative braking and enabling the use of an electric heater component (EHC) for the aftertreatment system (ATS) warm-up extends these benefits, which can mitigate tailpipe GHG and NOx emissions simultaneously. Understanding such integrated hybrid powertrains is essential for the system optimization of real-world driving conditions. In the present work, the potential of a low engine-out NOx (1.5–2.5 g/kWh range) 'Low-NOx' HD diesel engine and EHCs were analyzed in a 48V P1 mild-hybrid system for a class 8 commercial vehicle concept and compared with those in an EPA-2010-certified HD diesel truck as a baseline under real-world driving cycles, including those from the US, Europe, India, China, as well as the world harmonized vehicle cycle (WHVC). For analysis, an integrated 1-D vehicle model was utilized that consisted of models of the 'Low-NOx' HD engine, the stock ATS, and a production EHC. For the real driving cycles, 'GT-RealDrive'-based vehicle speed profiles were generated for busy trucking routes for different markets. For each cycle, the effects of the Low-NOx and EHC performances were quantified in terms of the ATS warm-up time, engine-out NOx emissions, and net fuel consumption. Depending on the driving route, the regenerative braking fully or partly neutralized the EHC power penalty without a significant impact on the ATS thermal performance. For a two-EHC system, the fueling penalty associated with every second reduction in the warm-up time F C E H C (g/s) was several-fold higher for the real driving routes compared with the WHVC. Overall, while a multi-EHC setup accelerated the ATS warm-up, a single EHC integrated at the SCR inlet showed minimized EHC heating power, leading to a minimized fueling penalty. Finally, for the India and China routes, being highly transient, the P1 hybridization proved inadequate for GHG reduction due to the limited energy recuperation. A stronger hybridization was desirable for such driving cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines (H 2 ICEs) encourages a growing interest in studying the economic viability of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines (ICEs). The current study is a literature review based on the bibliometric method to analyse bibliographic data and generate visual representations and historical development of scientific studies on H 2 ICEs. The study analyses 2892 Scopus database documents from 1927 to 2023, including publication trends, publication types, research areas, sources, citations, collaborations, bursts, and keywords analysis, using VOSviewer (v1.6.19), CiteSpace (v6.2. R4), and Microsoft Excel. China, India, the United States, and Verhelst S., with a burst strength of 14.18, prevail in H 2 ICE studies. The analysis suggests major hotspot keywords for future studies, including nanoparticles, ammonia, machine learning, optimisation, injection strategy, learning algorithms, and ignition timing, with a focus on addressing major concerns, including knock, backfire, NOx emissions, and optimising the thermal and fuel efficiency of the engine. [Display omitted] • International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is the most prolific in H 2 ICEs studies. • China, India, and the United States are the most cited countries. • Knock, backfire, pre-ignition and NOx remain the major challenges of H 2 ICEs. • Emphasis is on providing more infrastructure for hydrogen refuelling stations. • Additives, learning algorithms and combustion parameters are the hotspots keywords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing conventional vehicle transportation landscape in India is grappling with challenges stemming from extensive air pollution, health risks, surging oil prices, limited fossil fuel resources, substantial oil import expenses and energy volatility. To counter these issues, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are progressively replacing internal combustion engines, offering a promising route toward decarbonization and mitigating climate concerns. EVs rely on electric motors powered by batteries, predominantly Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), known for their superior attributes such as low self-discharge, high energy density and extended life cycle. Nevertheless, LIB performance is significantly influenced by operating temperatures, with suboptimal conditions leading to decreased efficiency, power loss and faster aging. Addressing this, an effective Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) becomes crucial to maintain batteries at optimal temperatures, enhancing their efficiency and safety. This study focuses on a computational analysis of passive heating systems employing Fins and Phase Change Materials (PCM) for 18650 Li-ion battery thermal management at low temperatures, with specific attention to battery module analysis. Numerical analysis using ANSYS FLUENT investigates the influence of varying PCM thickness on heat transfer, predicting temperature distribution and discussing its impact on battery output performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propulsion systems and characteristics of electric vehicles (EV) are different from that of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) and are considered to be environmentally friendly. It is relevant to access their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a life cycle perspective for a specific location. In this study, the life cycle GHG emissions of electric vehicles in terms of equivalent carbon emission (kgCO2eq) are compared with conventional vehicles for a life cycle inventory in Indian conditions. It has been concluded that there is a reduction of about 40% embodied equivalent carbon in an ICEV in comparison with an EV in Indian conditions. Vehicle emission factor has been introduced to normalize the emission value with respect to the vehicle life in km. It varies as 0.27 kgCO2eq/km and 0.24 kgCO2eq/km for an ICEV, with high value for the petrol variant. Similar values for EVs are 0.37 kgCO2eq/km, 0.34 kgCO2eq/km and 0.32 kgCO2eq/km, with highest value for LFP and the least for LMO variants. The study concludes that the high value of emission parameters for EVs in comparison with ICEVs is due to the high rated battery component, emission factor due to the Indian generation mix and energy intensive manufacturing techniques. The emission footprint of EVs can be reduced by improved material production and manufacturing techniques of the vehicle components, increased penetration of renewable in the generation sector and enhanced usage of recycled components in vehicle industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events like heatwaves and abnormal rainfall are a glimpse of the devastating effects of human induced climate change. No country is immune to its effects, but a developing country like India is particularly vulnerable. This research, for the individual states of India, explores the technical feasibility and economic viability of a renewable transition pathway for the power sector. Based on the assumptions of this study, we show that a renewables-based power system by 2050 is lower in cost than the current coal dominated system, has zero greenhouse gas emissions and provides reliable electricity to around 1.7 billion people. Electricity generation will be based on solar PV, wind energy, and hydropower, while batteries and multi-fuel reciprocating internal combustion engines based on synthetic fuels provide the required flexibility to the power system. This transition would address multiple imperatives: affordability, accessibility, and sustainability without compromising economic growth. A new study assesses the feasibility of a fully renewable based power system by 2050 across India, finding this option to be cost competitive with the status quo and with zero GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a critical assessment of H 2 from the standpoint of more widespread use as a sustainable fuel for Indian mobility applications in the global context. The potential techno-economic advantages of utilizing H 2 for automobiles rather than battery electric vehicles or conventional internal combustion engine vehicles are emphasized. The present assessment demonstrates that H 2 production, storage, and distribution costs are the primary challenges, and a significant improvement is still necessary for H 2 to compete either against the internal combustion engine vehicle or the battery electric vehicle to win the race, arguably. The secondary challenges have also been demonstrated, which include the cost of the fuel cell stack and the modifications associated with internal combustion engine vehicles, as well as regulatory and safety concerns, which impede the widespread usage of H 2. It is critical that policy-making for sustainable mobility in India is possible with the aid of a National H 2 Energy Road-Map. This in turn can achieve a cost target of $0.5/kg for H 2. [Display omitted] • Strategies on achieving H 2 production cost of $0.5 per kg is discussed. • Indian H 2 Roadmap targets $1 per kg for H 2 dispensed by 2030. • Projected zero emission vehicle population in India is set to reach 30 M by 2035. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As electric vehicles share strong linkage with multiple sustainable development goals, India is aiming to achieve 30% electric vehicle (EV) share by year 2030 under the EV30@30 Campaign. The projected transition to EVs would: a) reduce consumption of petroleum fuels currently used for road transportation; b) shift the consumer demand from internal combustion engine based automobiles to EVs; and c) require additional electricity and network of charging infrastructure for energizing EVs. These changes are going to affect multiple stakeholders in different ways. This paper is a modest attempt to capture the projected transition to EVs in India and its impact on the stakeholders. Impact assessment of stakeholders under various scenarios highlight that the transition is going to be challenging for central and state governments, petroleum sector and automobile industry whereas for electricity sector, it is expected to open new investment and business opportunities. For smooth transition to EVs, this study proposes synergy between stakeholders, revamping of automobile industry and introduction of green/pollution taxes on additional products and services. • Transition to electric vehicles in India would affect multiple stakeholders. • The transition would be fiscally challenging for federal and state governments. • For petroleum and automobile industries, it would necessitate structural changes. • In electricity sector, the transition would open new business opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EV) are considered as an alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles to address concerns over greenhouse gas emissions and overseas dependence on crude oil. If we consider 100% replacement of two-wheeler (2 W), three-wheeler (3 W), four-wheeler (4 W) and bus segment in India by 2030 with EVs, electricity requirement is 868.50 billion units, representing 34.63% of the then total generation, which can be met from renewable energy (RE) generation. Even though India has vast potential for RE power generation, presently it is limited to certain states. This study proposes a model in which electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) on an aggregate are accorded high-tension industrial status, allowing them to purchase electricity under open access (OA). Among analyzed states, West Bengal imposes the highest OA charges amounting to 6.02 Rs/kWh and 4.82 Rs/kWh under long-term open access (LTOA) and short-term open access (STOA) for non-captive RE power procurement. Chhattisgarh does not impose any OA charges for LTOA and STOA power procurement for captive RE. Breakeven tariff (BET) is defined to analyze the commercial viability of power purchase through OA. Haryana has the highest BET of 6.82 Rs/kWh for captive as well as non-captive RE power procurement under LTOA and STOA. The least BET for LTOA and STOA is 0.42 Rs/kWh and 1.62 Rs/kWh, respectively, obtained for West Bengal on non-captive RE power procurement. The study reveals that procurement of power from captive RE power generators under STOA is the best possible business opportunity for EVCSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deterioration of air quality through the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels has been one of the global transboundary problems put before the research community since last five decades. According to the updated statistics, 79% of energy needs in India are met by fossil fuel combustion which results in the emission of toxic pollutants like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and unburned hydrocarbons. Air quality has seriously been affected in many parts of India, and statistically, 13 out of 15 most polluted cities in the world lie in India. Magnetic field-assisted combustion has been proven as a reliable technology in internal combustion engines for enhancing the combustion of fuels and reduction of harmful emissions that are the byproducts of incomplete combustion of fuels. In the present work, the magnetic field-assisted combustion of a liquid-phase and a gas-phase fuel (gasoline and LPG) has been studied in a multicylinder automobile engine replicating on road driving conditions in a laboratory focusing on the levels of emissions in comparison with normal combustion of both the fuels. The experimental study concludes that the applied magnetic field positively influences combustion, resulting in reduced level of emission of toxic components irrespective of the phase of hydrocarbon fuels. It is also observed that the percentage reduction in emissions increases with increase in intensity of magnetization. The maximum reduction obtained for CO and UBHC emissions through this technique is 20.58% and 14.47%, respectively. The effectiveness of MFAC in countering air pollution from vehicular exhaust is also studied with respect to fuel phase and mode of operation. The effectiveness of MFAC is observed to be more in high-speed operation of the engine and decreases in the order CO > UBHC > NO. The obtained emission results have a cumulative significance as 45% of total air pollution in India is caused by combustion of hydrocarbons in automotive engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the evaluation of near-future advanced internal combustion engine technologies to reach near zero-emission in vehicles with in the Indian market. Extensive research was carried out to propose the rationalise the most promising, new ICE technologies which can be implemented in the vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions until the year 2030. A total of six technologies were considered that could be implemented in the Indian market. An initial market survey was carried out on the Indian automotive industry and electric vehicles in India, followed by an in-depth analysis and understanding of each technology through literature review. The main aim of the paper was to construct methods for a successful implementation of clean ICE technologies in the near future and to, also, predict a percentage reduction of CO2 tailpipe emissions from the vehicles. To do this, different objectives were laid out with a view to reducing the tailpipe CO2 emissions. Especially with the recent and legitimate focus on climate change in the world, this study aims to provide practical solutions pathway for India. Widespread research was carried out on all six technologies proposed within the automotive market in India and a set of main graphs represent CO2 emission reduction starting from 2020 until 2030. A significant reduction of CO2 was observed in the graph plot at the end of the paper and the technologies were successfully implemented for the Indian market to curb tailpipe CO2 emissions. A methodology based on calculating the vehicle fuel consumption was implemented and a graph was plotted showing the reduction of CO2 emissions until 2030. The starting point of the graph is 2020, when BS-VI comes into effect in India (April 2020). The CO2 limit taken into consideration here has been defined by the Government at 113 CO2 g/km. The paper fulfilled the aim of predicting the effects of implementing the technologies and the subsequent reductions of CO2 emissions for India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-wheeler electric vehicles are receiving exclusive attention in developing countries like India. For short-distance transportation of public and cargo facilities, these vehicles are extensibly used. These vehicles have the potential to decarbonize the road transportation sector. Additionally, these vehicles are concise, lightweight, and green vehicles compared to internal combustion engine technology-based three-wheeler vehicles. The heart of the three-wheeler electric vehicle is the propulsion system, which supplies the required traction power to move the vehicle. In this study, an accurate estimation of the electric propulsion system is presented as per the existing Indian driving cycle for three-wheeler vehicles. Technological evaluation of appropriate electric propulsion system for three-wheeler electric vehicles among several motors according to their operating performance is carried out. Furthermore, the operating power, torque, and speed of the electric propulsion system are computed from the longitudinal vehicle dynamic model based on the existing Indian driving cycle. Simulations are performed in MATLAB® programming environment to compute operating parameters of an electric propulsion system. Finally, a comparison is conducted between the present study model and literature model of an electric propulsion system for three-wheeler battery vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity generation in developing countries is dependent on fossil fuel–based thermal power plants, and the introduction of electric vehicles will only shift the threat of emissions from the operation stage to the energy generation stage. India is one of the developing countries in South Asia where fossil fuel–based power plants make major contributions to electricity generation. In this paper, a detailed review of the challenges faced by electric vehicles is discussed, and an analysis was conducted on the equivalent C emissions from electric vehicles by considering 3 scenarios in India: 1) current electricity generation, 2) power generation considering the installed capacity, and 3) Vision 2022. Based on these 3 scenarios, the main objectives of this work are to understand the potential of electric vehicles to reduce the overall C emissions after considering the indirect C emissions from electricity generation and to highlight the importance of emission control techniques. Experimental investigations of the conversion efficiency of diesel oxidation catalysis (DOC) systems have been conducted for comparative studies. The results of the analysis showed that the indirect C emissions from electric vehicles are higher than the C emissions from internal combustion engines for scenarios 1 and 2. In scenario 3, the C emissions from electric and fossil fuel–powered vehicles are found to be in the same range. The DOC system had an average conversion efficiency of 56% for hydrocarbons and 59% for particle number emissions. The posttreatment emission control systems in internal combustion engines will be the best possible solution, compared to electric vehicles, for reducing overall vehicular emissions until renewable energy sources have a major share in electricity generation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:234–244. © 2019 SETAC KEY POINTS: Introduction of electric vehicles in countries relying on fossil fuel for electricity generation will only shift the threat of emissions from the operation phase to the energy generation phase.Indirect C emissions from electric vehicles were evaluated for 3 different energy mix scenarios in India to understand their potential to reduce overall C emissions.Experimental investigation on conversion efficiency of diesel oxidation catalysis system was conducted on multicylinder diesel engine, and results showed that it has average conversion efficiency of 56% for hydrocarbons and 59% for particle number emissions.The development of posttreatment engine emission control techniques would be the best alternate solution to reduce overall C emissions until power generation from renewable energy sources has taken control over fossil fuel–based power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and depletion of fossil fuel are the major drivers that initiated the transition from conventional internal combustion engines to electric transportation. India has already embraced the policies and methodologies needed to decarbonize its transportation sector. In this phase of transformation, government policies of subsidies are essential to achieve the climate action objectives of sustainable development goals (SDG). However, the extant research rarely quantifies the stakeholder's responsibilities in terms of global perspectives. This study emphasizes on the steps involved in developing policies, organizing projects, and carrying out infrastructure for charging electric vehicles across a large country like India. It also covers the technological components, legal framework, standards that must be met, and financially feasible models in the context of global development. To achieve these objectives, this analysis utilizes reviews, journals, magazines, conference publications, government portals and industry published documents spanning from 2010 to 2022. The findings include a comparative study of policies, incentives, and objectives related to hastening the transition of electrification between India and other countries which targets climate action objectives of UN-SDG. This study sheds light on potential challenges as well as opportunities related to the transition's effects on the present models and related businesses. To promote the transformation, this work suggests some recommendations to stakeholders and policymakers for a more smooth transition towards the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in India. [Display omitted] • Detailed analysis of EV charging infrastructure, prerequisites, standards and guidelines are presented. • Comprehensive discussion on charging infrastructure location planning, and presently available EV models. • SWOT analysis to assess the adversity to implement the upcoming projects. • Global perspective of infrastructure planning is discussed. • Outlooks and research opportunities are discussed with a few recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of waste plastic solids are becoming more than a crisis with respect to environmental safety. Proper disposal system may either be very expensive or leads to side effect. Hence researchers are looking for suitable methods to reuse them. Oils as substitute for petroleum products in internal combustion engines are gaining focus in India, because of its potential to generate large scale employment and relatively low environmental poverty. The present work aims at utilizing this waste plastic oil in a low heat rejection retarded timing engine whose combustion chamber surface is coated with partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) ceramic. The influence of fuel injection timing was studied to completely understand the waste plastic oil performance in low heat rejection engine. The results revealed great improvement in performance, and emission characteristics. As a compensation, NOx formation was slightly increased. Overall performance of the low heat rejection engine with waste plastic oil fuel was better with 14° bTDC retarded injection time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal combustion engines power the great majority of automobiles on the road today. However, the challenges of complying with other propulsion systems and near-zero-emission standards are inevitable. Current stringent emission standards are becoming universal and globally harmonized test cycles are being recommended. As per the BS-VI norms, PM and NOx emissions are to be reduced by 80% and 70%, respectively for diesel engines. Indian OEMs are integrating the Euro-VI emission control technologies into their vehicle and also limiting the production of diesel engines, especially in the passenger sector. In this respect, it is necessary to enhance the current understanding of the improvements in combustion chambers, after-treatment devices, and potential low-carbon fuels for sustainable transport mobility. This paper comprehensively outlines the prospects of future fuels, modified combustion systems, and after-treatment devices. The fuel composition of both fossil and biofuels plays a vital role in altering the exhaust soot and NOx characteristics. Thus an overview of hydrogen formulated fuels, the optimal combinations of the fuel–engine–after-treatment systems are also highlighted. In the end, a brief discussion concerning the total life cycle analysis is also presented in this paper. The review concludes by suggesting potential fuels and technologies for lowering the emission levels and provides directions for future work to address the challenges facing alternate energy resources for automotive applications, particularly in India. • Comprehensively outlines the prospects of future fuels, combustion systems and after-treatment devices. • Fuel composition affects the emissions of NOx and soot formation. • Biodiesel operation enhances the filter regeneration rate and the conversion efficiency of the diesel oxidation catalyst. • Displacing 50% diesel with hydrogen is found to lower the total GHG by 47%. • Implications for technology development roadmap in India are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of its infinite source potential and 'clean-burning' characteristics, hydrogen is being considered as a prospective alternative fuel for the transport and power sector. This paper describes the use potential of hydrogen in existing designs of internal combustion engines typical of those which are being widely adopted for transport and power applications in India. Exhaustive tests carried out in the Indian Institute of Technology for a period of more than a decade and a half have shown that fuel induction technique plays a very critical role in system development. Timed manifold injection has been observed to be the most effective to ensure optimum performance and emission characteristics in the existing Spark Ignition (SI) engines. The diesel engines can adopt a substantial level of energy substitution. The other mode of fuelling could be by introducing hydrogen into the existing Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) operated vehicles in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in population and urbanization has led to an enormous increase in the overall vehicular demand. In India, most vehicles run on conventional fuels producing harmful gases and particulate matter, causing an adverse effect on the human health & environment. Most urban cities in India are witnessing a rapid increase in the level of urban air pollution, which can be largely attributed to the continuous surge in the number of on-road vehicles. According to a KPMG report, it is estimated that by 2030 there will be a 100% incremental adoption of electric vehicles which will lead to the minimization of the pollution level generated from the conventional cars. However, in India, 57.3% of electricity is produced through coal thermal power plant. It cannot be denied that coal leaves behind harmful by-products upon combustion. The emissions from the coal power plants in India increased from 901.7 g CO 2 /kWh in 2005 to 926 g CO 2 /kWh in 2012. This is much higher than global averages in the same period, which were 542 g and 533 g CO 2 /kWh, respectively. The increase in the number of electric vehicles is likely to increase the demand for electricity, which may result in a rise in emissions from thermal power plants, thus offsetting the reductions in tailpipe emissions. This study deals with assessing the impact of shifting the fleet from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EV) on power generation sources, i.e., coal power plants, and its impact on the environment in India. The implication viability of electric vehicle over internal combustion engine vehicle has been assessed with exergy analysis, taking into account the total emissions involved from well to wheel. In the current power generation scenario of India, a comparative analysis of direct and indirect emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles and electric vehicles (powered with coal power generation) shows that electric vehicles emit less CO 2 and CO, whereas SO 2 and Oxides of nitrogen (NO x) emisions (indirectly from the thermal power plant), are higher. • Well to wheel emission comparison of electric vehicle and I.C. engine vehicle. • Degree of implication viability of Electric vehicle is formulated and assessed. • Switching to the electric vehicle is not a panacea for reducing all types of emissions. • Electric vehicle as a viable option in India if power generation shifts to clean mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article "Bi-piston combustion engine patented," which appeared in the forums.bharatrakshak.com web site. A new rotary bi-piston internal combustion engine and compression for use in automobile engines was patented by Dr. A.K. Pandey, the Principal Secretary of the Civil Aviation department in India.