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Social network members play a crucial role in shaping one's health. Children can be considered the most proximal members of one's social network; thus, the upward transmission of human capital from children to parents could be expected. Using nationally representative data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI, 2017-2018), this study investigated the relationship between children's education and parental depression among Indian older parents. The study also explored gender differences and potential mediating factors in the relationship between children's education and parental depression. Children's education was found to be significantly associated with parental depression, meaning that parents of well-educated children had significantly lower odds of depression than their counterparts. The association between children's education and parental depression did not differ significantly depending on the parent's sex. Life satisfaction, self-rated health, and parents' health status were found to be significant mediators of the relationship between children's education and parental mental health. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that children's education might be a potential factor in shaping the mental health of elderly parents in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food systems and their normative goal of achieving food security remain a robust global agenda. However, with the shifts toward a sustainable food system, there is an increasing interest in consolidating evidence on multiple dimensions of the food system. This article is an empirically grounded argument for using intergenerational relations to expand understanding of food systems by looking beyond the usual security outcomes and emphasising social welfare outcomes. Drawing on ethnographic research in an indigenous village in western India, I examine a rural, local food system and the transformations therein because of various socio-economic drivers, including changing livelihood opportunities. Evidence shows growing generational solidarity, with some positive effects for environmental sustainability and for revaluing indigenous culture, including traditional food systems, and generating new local livelihoods. Simultaneously, though, tensions are being created around intergenerational autonomy and cultural expressions. Moreover, the food transition has resulted in a decline in the nutritional content of local diets, which has health implications. This article raises questions whether trends towards sustainability and resilience are necessarily mutually reinforcing for natural resource-dependent indigenous communities and our natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in the United Kingdom have shown distinctions in intergenerational co-residency between UK-born and foreign-born individuals, however, little research has examined how factors such as immigrant incorporation, economic adaptation, and kin availability shape household formation patterns among immigrants. This paper uses data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009–2010) to explore differences in the likelihood of UK-born and foreign-born working-aged adults to co-reside with at least one parent, highlighting distinctions by life stage (age) at migration and gender. Results show that, regardless of life stage at migration, foreign-born women and men are less likely to co-reside with parents than UK-born, however, intergenerational co-residency is high among some second-generation immigrant groups, particularly UK-born Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi individuals. These findings challenge cultural assumptions about household formation patterns and point to the need for additional research on how economic inequality, kin availability, and gender norms shape immigrant household composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Partition of India evokes tragic images of violence, separation, displacement, loss, and suffering. It was the largest mass migration recorded in human history. With one single decision, millions of people became strangers in the lands of their own ancestors and pushed out to new, unfamiliar territory that they would have to spend the rest of their lives in. However, this was not the end. With this displacement came a life, if only temporary, where mass slaughter became a frightening reality. Amidst this chaotic violence, people had no choice but to watch their lives take a turn they never expected it would and to survive with whatever lay ahead, for as long as they could. The present research was conducted to explore the phenomena of intergenerational trauma in the context of the Partition. Items from the Danieli Inventory for Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma were administered to children and grandchildren of Partition survivors currently living in India. An independent samples t-test was used to assess the significance of the difference between the relevant groups, using SPSS version 27.0.1. The results indicated that both generations scored in the medium range, which was a notable level of intergenerational trauma. It is interesting to note that though intergenerational trauma was numerically higher in grandchildren of Partition survivors, this difference was not significant (p =.49). The paper discusses these results and the implications of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tradition of intergenerational care and support exchanges in Indian families is assumed to be disturbed because of changes in family structure brought on by modern life, which is mainly based on studies investigating experiences of older adults regarding the impact of socio-economic change on their care arrangement. However, there is a large gap in understanding the experiences of adult children from a larger relational perspective, more than just care provision to their older relatives. Drawing on 26 in-depth interviews with adult children living in modern and traditional living arrangements from South India, the study explores their experiences with their parents with regard to reciprocity of care and support, the challenges they experience and strategies they adopt to overcome those challenges. The analysis shows adult children perceive the increased demands of modern work life and their older kin's preferences to be heard, lack of flexibility and related extra domestic work and costs, do cause a bigger burden for them in both living arrangements. However, adult children strive to uphold the traditional values of caring for their older kin and sharing emotional bonding with them. This inspiration helps them to employ strategies to accept their older relatives as they are, focus their attention on the benefits they receive from them and distribute care tasks with other relatives to overcome the challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has documented intergenerational transmission of human capital from children to parents. Less is known, however, about heterogeneity in this 'upward transmission' in low-resource settings. We examine whether co-resident adult children's education is associated with improved health among older parents in India, using nationally representative data from the 2014 Indian National Sample Survey. Parents of children with tertiary education had a lower probability of reporting poor health than parents of children with less than primary education. The benefits of children's education persisted after controlling for economic factors, suggesting that non-pecuniary pathways—such as health knowledge or skills—may play an important role. The association was more pronounced among economically dependent parents and those living in the North and West regions. Taken together, our results point to a strong positive association between children's education and parental health, the role of non-pecuniary pathways, and the importance of subnational heterogeneity in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic identity is a dynamic, multidimensional construct that refers to one's identity, or sense of self as a member of an ethnic group that is identity is constructed and modified as individuals become aware of their ethnicity, within the larger sociocultural sett ing. Achievement of ethnic identity has been found to be an important predictor of self-esteem. It is usually during adolescence that individuals head from an unexamined state of ethnic identity to ethnic identity search as they have interactions that cause them to explore their identities. In a country as diverse as India, the metropolitan societies off er multiple avenues of encounters and interactions with ethnicity, it is a difficult process to achieve and establish ethno-regional identity for emerging adults and middle-aged adults. This correlational study aimed to explore the relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem in emerging adults and middle-aged individuals living in urban India, and to evaluate diff erences in the two generations. The fi ndings were that emerging adults had greater ethnic identity search than middle-aged adults, and middle-aged adults had greater self-esteem. It was also seen that middle-aged adults who were still in search of ethnic identity had lower self-esteem. This indicates the importance of ethnic identity achievement for self-esteem in adults across generations in urban India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from an interview based household survey of 453 older parent(s) and adult children (sons and daughters-in-law) in the Ahmedabad district, this study utilised the solidarity-conflict-ambivalence models to understand both the perceptions and experience of joint living. Overall, findings reinforce popular imagination of the socially-sanctioned joint family as a site of reassuring continuity with high levels of congruence in reporting relational sentiments. Evidence of intergenerational stake phenomenon was observed in responses of older adults when compared with the mature child. In addition to examining normative ambivalence, I contend that joint family relations embody a concept of 'ambiguity' – an uncertain, somewhat conflictual emotive space that offers members a temporary escape without confronting the contradictions in the objective demands of expected roles. In conclusion, I assert the need to go beyond the western tools of measurement to capture a deeply complex emotive space with its regularities, irrationalities and incoherences in the experience of everyday life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we portray the Indian experience of mobility and inequality since the early 1990 s. First, we address the question of heightening Indian inequality. Inequality has tended to rise substantially and can be understood in terms of the growing distance among social classes. Second, we present an analysis of migration in class terms and examine whether it has contributed to a reduction or heightening of inequality. Migrants as a group, across classes, have tended to do better than non-migrants at source and equivalent classes at destination. This finding is somewhat curious and counter-intuitive, and we explain it through the logic of endowments that these different groups possess. The better performance of the migrants has only further heightened the tendencies towards increasing inequality. Third, we analyse intergenerational occupational mobility to see if there is evidence for greater social mobility through the heightened presence of markets in our midst. Broadly, in an overall context of heightening inequality in India, it appears as if the forces fostering upward social mobility have not dominated over the forces that perpetuate social distance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents a child rights-based, participatory and intergenerational assessment and planning methodology that empowers communities to collect, analyze, and act upon data summarizing the opinions and experiences of children, adolescents and parents to influence local development processes at different scales of change. The article critically reflects upon two case studies of this methodology as adapted in India by the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) working within the informal settlements of Mumbai City, and by Shaishav, a child rights-based organization in Bhavnagar City. The unique methodology explicitly addresses the spatial and physical dimensions of children's rights and enables the collection of comparable, scalable data. In Mumbai City, 1,876 participants across six communities and four schools gathered and analyzed data and identified priority needs. Shaishav initially gathered and analyzed data with 3,516 participants in 27 communities within Bhavnagar City, then scaled the methodology with another 3,000 participants across the state of Gujarat. Case study findings across both cities, drawn from participant observations, field notes and informal interviews, reveal the importance children, adolescents and their families place on both genders having opportunities for safe play places, as well as access to basic services such as safe and secure housing, toilets, water, and health care. The methodology engendered intergenerational empathy and action in communities, as well as change at larger geographic and institutional scales, although the impact of these efforts is not yet known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most evidence on multimorbidity is drawn from an individual level assessment despite the fact that multimorbidity is modulated by shared risk factors prevailing within the household environment. Our study reports the magnitude of family-level multimorbidity, its correlates, and healthcare expenditure among older adults using data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), wave-1. LASI is a nationwide survey amongst older adults aged ≥45 years conducted in 2017-2018. We included ( n = 22,526) families defined as two or more members coresiding in the same household. We propose a new term, "family-level multimorbidity", defined as two or more members of a family having multimorbidity. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess correlates, expressed as adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. Family-level multimorbidity was prevalent among 44.46% families, whereas 41.8% had conjugal multimorbidity. Amongst siblings, 42.86% reported multimorbidity and intergenerational (three generations) was 46.07%. Family-level multimorbidity was predominantly associated with the urban and affluent class. Healthcare expenditure increased with more multimorbid individuals in a family. Our findings depict family-centred interventions that may be considered to mitigate multimorbidity. Future studies should explore family-level multimorbidity to help inform programs and policies in strategising preventive as well as curative services with the family as a unit.

The focus of this article is on the economic situation of people in India between 15 and 59 years of age, and those 60 years of age and over. It argues that the plight of senior citizens in India cannot be improved without improvement in education, training and employment opportunities for younger persons. This is because the economic welfare of one generation is dependent on the economic condition of other generations. Further, the paper argues that retirement planning should begin at the start of work life and not when one is nearing 50 years of age. In light of this, the paper describes the employment, education and training realities in India faced by those 15 to 59 and over 60 years of age. It also describes measures that the government of India has initiated to improve the education, training and employment opportunities for those 15 years of age and older, and specific economic measures for improving the status of senior citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental influence may be a strong modifiable risk factor in the initiation of Tobacco habits among young adults. Parenting style may modify the risk of initiation of Tobacco use., Objective: To examine the intergenerational transfer of Tobacco habits amongst the urban and tribal populations in Kerala., Methodology: A hospital based unmatched case control study was undertaken in urban and tribal health centres in Kerala, India. 239 cases (19-30 years of age using any form of Tobacco, 64.10% males) and 256 controls (35.90% males) were enrolled. Parental Tobacco exposure ascertainment was done by conducting in depth interviews using a validated structured questionnaire, parent bonding instrument and life grid technique. Multiple logistic regressions were performed., Results: The odds of a case initiating the habit of Tobacco use was nearly four times more when the parent was a Tobacco user [adjusted OR 4.26 (95% CI 2.39 - 7.58)] as opposed to controls. Among other covariates examined, low parental bonding with subject (especially father- warmth/care) was a strong risk factor for Tobacco usage [OR 2.17 (95% 1.11 - 4.23)]. The cases had nearly four times the probability of Tobacco uptake compared to controls if the mothers had no formal schooling [adjusted OR of 3.93 (95% CI, 2.12 - 7.26)]., Conclusion: Parental use of Tobacco influences the uptake of Tobacco habits in their children, with the father's parenting (low paternal warmth) being a strong risk factor.

Prior research on assessing intergenerational influences on child anaemia has largely approached it from purely maternal perspective. Although there is much merit to focus on that, it is an extremely limited/reductionist view of understanding intergenerational influences. We expanded the intergenerational influences to include the fathers and overall of intergenerational household transfers. We analysed a sample of 19,619 mother-father-offspring trios from the 2015-2016 Indian National Fertility and Health Survey with available data on haemoglobin (Hb). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to establish associations between parent anaemia, household characteristics, and categories of offspring anaemia. Maternal and paternal Hb was measured as in children using a finger prick blood sample. The primary outcome was child's Hb level (in g/dl) and grades of anaemia defined as mild (10-10.9 g/dl), moderate (7-9.9 g/dl), and severe (<7 g/dl). Mean Hb was 10.1 g/dl for children, 14.2 g/dl among fathers, and 11.4 g/dl among mothers. Hb correlation was 0.1 between fathers and offspring and 0.2 between mothers and offspring (P < 0.001 for all correlations). Maternal-paternal Hb correlations were consistent across quintiles of wealth index. Maternal anaemia was associated with odds ratio of 1.3 (95% CI [1.1, 1.4]) and 1.6 (95% CI [1.4, 1.7]) for childhood mild and moderate/severe anaemia, respectively. Paternal mild anaemia was associated with an odds ratio of 1.1 (95% CI [0.9, 1.4]) and 1.4 (95% CI [1.2, 1.7]) for child moderate/severe anaemia. The clustering of poor circumstances suggests that public health strategies target social deprivation at the household level. A comprehensive perspective will provide holistic interventions to control childhood anaemia., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)