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Throughout the globe morphological, biochemical and genetic variability exists in chilli and is harnessed to achieve specific breeding objectives. In this study, chilli germplasm was characterized based on horticultural traits, biochemical quantification and simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism for diversity estimation. A total of 36 SSR primers were utilised to study the genetic divergence among 48 genotypes of chilli collected from nine states of India. Among the 36 primers, sixteen amplified null alleles. A total of 41 alleles were detected with average 2.05 alleles per locus. The largest number of alleles (5) were obtained with marker CAMS-234. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.06 to 0.72 with an average of 0.50. On the basis of SSR analysis, the UPGMA cluster classified 48 genotypes into three groups. There was significant variability in germplasm for all morpho-biochemical traits. Kashi Anmol (100.50 q/ha) expressed the highest yield. Highest vitamin C content at green stage was recorded in IC-561635 (187 mg/100 g) and the greatest capsaicin content (9547.90 µg/g) equivalent to pungency of 171,862.2 Scoville heat units (SHU) was recorded in Bhut Jolokia. Principal component analysis indicates that the first five principal components explain 74.63% per cent of the total variation. Additionally, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 1% of the total genetic variation occurred among the population and 99% genetic variation within the populations, whereas the pairwise Fst specified the moderate genetic variation ranging from 0.002 to 0.020. The present investigation has strengthened the knowledge of genetic worth of this germplasm for application in various genetic improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of Piper chaba (PC) growing in the northern region of India, having differences in the phytochemicals, nutritional content, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties by reducing power assay (RPA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, phosphomolybdate assay, and antidiabetic potential by α-amylase assay with change in the geographical location. Outcomes of the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that phytochemicals such as piperine (46.69%), kusunokinin (8.9%), and sitostenone (7.57%) are the prominent compounds found in PC. The plant has also shown a good nutritional value, i.e., iron (11.25 mg), calcium (147 mg), and vitamin C (9.30 mg) per 100 g. PC has a higher phenolic content than other species (⁓ 13.75 g/100 g plant powder). Among the four tested bacterial strains, the extract is best responsive toward Escherichia coli (35 ± 0.68 mm) which is more than the standard ciprofloxacin (24 ± 0.8 mm). Similarly, among two tested fungal strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows the best zone of inhibition (ZOI) (27.5 ± 0.8 mm), which is greater than tat of standard amphotericin (20.25 ± 0.28 mm). The DDPH method demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (⁓ 42.61 ± 1.82 µg/ml). IC50 for the antidiabetic potential of PC was found to be 23.09 ± 0.3 µg/ml against α-amylase assay. A molecular docking study revealed that three compounds, piperine, sitostenone and kusunokinin, showed strong binding affinity toward bacterial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases, fungal dihydrofolate reductase, and α-amylase, respectively. Therefore, the findings of the current study indicate that PC can be considered as a source of food and medicines, either in the form of traditional preparations or as pure active constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drying methods significantly alter Moringa fruit pulp powder's composition, color, and ascorbic acid content. • Freeze-drying maintains maximum moisture, while oven drying minimizes it. • Freeze-dried MPP shows superior whiteness and less browning, ideal for food applications. • Freeze-drying improves water solubility, absorption, total phenol, and flavonoid content in MPP. • Freeze-dried MPP boasts top-notch in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, promising for functional foods. Moringa oleifera , a medicinal plant of considerable interest, has been extensively studied for its leaves' functional properties, while its pods have received relatively less attention, despite being widely consumed in India and other regions. This study investigates the effect of various drying methods on the crude composition, color, ascorbic acid content, water solubility, water absorption, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Moringa pod pulp powder (MPP). The study reveals significant variations in the proximate composition, color attributes, and bioactive compounds of MPP resulting from freeze drying, microwave drying, oven drying, and sun drying methods. Freeze drying preserves the highest moisture content, while oven drying results in the lowest. Carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and crude fiber contents remain consistent across all drying methods, confirming MPP's nutritional value. Furthermore, freeze drying leads to higher ascorbic acid retention, highlighting its effectiveness in preserving this essential vitamin. The study demonstrates that freeze drying enhances water solubility, water absorption, total phenol content, and total flavonoid content in MPP. Notably, freeze dried MPP exhibits the highest in vitro antioxidant activity and antidiabetic potential, with significant α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE inhibition properties. The findings underscore the importance of drying methods in preserving the quality and bioactive compounds of MPP, making it a valuable ingredient for various applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ladakh's wild edible plant species (WEPs) provide a vital source of food, nutrition, and medicine to the region's indigenous populations. However, WEPs' nutritional and antioxidant properties are missing in the region. The current study examined the nutritional values, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capabilities of 11 WEPs from the cold-arid region of Ladakh, India. Lactucata tatarica had the greatest carbohydrate content (36.48 ± 0.15 mg g-1Dw) among 11 wild edible plant species. Malva verticillata had a greater glucose concentration (292.74 ± 0.01 ng g-1Dw), and Urtica hyperborea had higher protein and vitamin C levels (38.07 ± 2.44 and 49.95 ± 1.18 mg g-1Dw, respectively). The plant samples collected were also shown to have high total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant capabilities. Our findings revealed that these species should be promoted as a natural source of nutraceuticals, with the potential to supplement the diets of locals. To boost food availability in a location noted for its intense weather conditions and short vegetative period, an agroforestry system that promotes sustainable use and increases the output of these species is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The burden of sepsis is high in India and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Vitamin C, an endogenous antioxidant, may improve patient outcomes. Methods: This was a parallel-group pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial conducted at 2 intensive care units in India. Adult patients (≥18 years) with proven or suspected infection as the main diagnosis and needing a continuous intravenous vasopressor infusion were randomized to intravenous vitamin C (50 mg/kg every 6 hours for a maximum of 16 doses) or matching placebo. Primary outcomes were related to protocol adherence and feasibility (enrollment per month). The key secondary outcome was the composite of mortality or persistent organ dysfunction (POD) at day 28 after randomization. Results: 60 patients were screened, 51 were eligible, 32 were randomized, and 30 were included in the analysis (randomized/eligible ratio: 0.63). The overall rate of enrollment was 1.5 patients per month. The median (IQR) age was 63.5 (51.0, 70.0) and 70.0% of the patients were male. In both arms, all patients received ≥90% of scheduled doses of the study drug. No patient received open-label vitamin C and there were no deviations from the glucose monitoring protocol. The composite outcome of mortality or POD at day 28 occurred in 56.3% (9/16) in the vitamin C arm as compared to 42.9% (6/14) in the placebo arm [RR: 1.31 (95% CI: 0.62, 2.76), p = 0.47]. Conclusion: In this pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial of vitamin C for adult patients with sepsis, protocol adherence was excellent and feasibility endpoints were met. Trial registration: CTRI/2020/03/024371. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The endemic plant of Seshachalam hills, Eastern Ghats, India, known as Pimpinella tirupatiensis (Pt). Objectives: It was examined in this study for its protective effects against oxidative damage in the kidney of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: After the induction of diabetes with Streptozotocin (40 mg kg-1 b.w), PTAq, an aqueous extract of Pt was directed orally at a dose of 750 mg kg-1 b.w. day-1. Results: Diabetic rats displayed significant decreases in Glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, and Vitamin E content (p<0.01) and significant elevations in lipid peroxidation (as MDA), uric acid content, and Xanthine Oxidase (XOD) activity (p<0.01). However, PTAq supplementation in the diabetic group resulted in significant (p<0.01) increases in Glutathione (GSH), Ascorbic Acid (AA), and Vitamin E content and declined MDA content, uric acid content, and XOD activity. Conclusion: The results advocate that Pt has the potential to avert diabetic complications triggered by oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats and could have therapeutic implications for diabetes management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most important research activities around the world is the screening of various plant components for novel anticancer medicines. The anticancer activities of Aconitum heterophyllum were studied in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells in this study. Since tumorigenesis is thought to be the result of a series of progressive gene alterations, including oncogene activation and tumour suppressor gene in-activation, the expression of genes like p53, p21, STAT, and Bcl-2, which are thought to be important in tumorigenesis and cell death, was determined. In the present study there was an upregulation in the level expression of p53and p21 and down regulation in the expression of BCL2 and STAT. However, there is increase and decrease level of gene expression in Aconitum heterophyllum roots loaded Phyto-Niosomes (nEEAH), when compared to ethanolic root extract of Aconitum heterophyllum EEAH extract treated MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Methods: The enzymatic antioxidants such as CAT, SOD, GR, GST, and GPX as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, Vitamin E and Vitamin C were estimated in the treated MDA-MB-231 cells at the end of incubation. The RT-PCR technique was performed to study the expression patterns of apoptotic genes such as p53 and p21 and anti-apoptotic genes BCL2 and STAT in the drug treated MDA-MB-231 cells Results: In the present study there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in CAT and glu-tathione levels and a decrease in Vit C, Vit E and SOD, GR, GST, GPX levels in the untreated MDA-MB-231 cells. Increased apoptotic gene expression and decreased anti-apoptotic gene expression suggest the anti-proliferative nature of the drug extract was comparable to the doxorubicin the positive drug used in the present study. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of Aconitum heterophyllum roots loaded Phyto-Niosomes (nEEAH), when compared to ethanolic root extract of Aconitum heterophyllum EEAH extract treated MDA-MB-231 cell lines exert its anti-cancer activity by activating the apoptotic genes, suppressing anti-apoptotic genes as well as modulating the antioxidant enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nutrient deficiency after malabsorptive bariatric procedure is a common phenomenon. The study aims to determine the prevalence of nutritional insufficiencies (specific with Ascorbic acid, Cobalamin, calciferol and calcium) in obese population opting for One Ananstomosis Gastric Bypass surgery (OAGB), and also to understand the association of these nutrients with change in Body Mass Index (BMI) after the surgery. Methods: One hundred fifty subjects comprising males and females aged 20-60 years were randomly selected at a bariatric center in India. Subjects belonged to both grade III and grade II obesity. Plasma aa, serum vitB12, serum VitD3 and serum calcium concentrations were prospectively assessed at 0m, 3m, and 6m of surgery through high-performance liquid chromatography. Result: The values of nutrients beyond the standard levels are considered as deficiency. Both follow up values showed a significant increase in cobalamin, Calciferol, and ascorbic acid levels compared to baseline data. Conclusion: Nutrition depletion and deficiency are often seen in post bariatric cases. The contributing factors included high BMI, food intolerance, and non-adherence to supplements and correct dietary regimens. With the correction of weight and comorbidities, the levels also showed a stable and positive level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Yacon is rich in polyphenols, fructooligosaccharide which leads browning reactions. • Different pre-drying treatment with anti-browning agents were applied to yacon slices. • Dipping with KMS (0.3%) with citric acid (0.05%) for 20 min was most effective. • Mechanical cabinet drier (60 °C) showed best quality yacon powder with less browning. Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. and Endl.) H. Robinson) is a sweet-tasting tuber that is considered a functional food due to its richness in many bioactive compounds like polyphenols, phytoalexins, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), etc. Its full potential has not been utilized in India due to browning problem during its processing and short life span owing to high moisture content so the present study was conducted. The goal of this research was to standardize the optimal pre-drying treatment with the use of different anti-browning agents and drying mode for reducing browning and prolonging shelf life while eliminating unnecessary functional changes. Different pretreatments methods like blanching and dipping methods were analyzed and it was observed that dipping treatment with KMS (0.30%) in combination with citric acid (0.05%) for 20 min followed by drying in mechanical cabinet drier at 60±2 °C showed best quality characteristics of yacon powder with least biochemical changes due to browning. Sensory evaluation also favored the standardized pre-treated yacon powder. Mechanical cabinet drier took least time (7.4 h) to dry as compared to other drying modes. The cabinet drier powder retained highest amount of TSS (81 °B), reducing sugar (39.09%), total sugar (68.82%), carbohydrates (74.07%), proteins (0.78%), ascorbic acid (22.95 mg/100 g), total phenols (309.72 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity (93.80%), rehydration ratio (5.40) and L* value (68.93). While the same powder retained least amount of moisture (4.31%), a w (0.203), yield (11.12%), NEB (0.06), HMF (1.43 ppm), furfural (0.018ppb), ash (3.55%) and acid insoluble ash (0.71%) showed no significant differences. Further, the mechanical cabinet dried powder with very low moisture and water activity which makes it shelf-stable food, received highest sensory scores for various parameters as compared to powder obtained through solar tunnel drier and sun drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted comprising of four widely divergent genetic materials of tomato viz. BCT- 111 rin possessing specific mutant genes and CLN B, Patharkutchi, BCT-53 are normal lines without possessing specific genes in Central Research Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India during autumn-winter (2018‒19 to 2019‒20) aimed to evaluate genotype level variation due to rin gene in both homozygous and heterozygous condition for different characters. Three hybrids viz. BCT-111 rin×CLN B, BCT-111 rin×Patharkuchi, BCT-111 rin×BCT-53 were developed involving BCT-111 rin and normal 3 genotypes. The seven genotypes including the parental lines and hybrids exhibited wide range of variations in different traits namely, plant height (84.59‒106.94 cm), number of days to first flowering after transplanting (25.7‒41.26), number of flower clusters plant-1 (18.21‒25.69), number of flowers cluster-1 (5.73‒8.48), number of fruits plant-1 (49.22‒76.02), fruit weight (37.89‒97.50 g), equatorial diameter (24.71‒52.60 mm), polar diameter (26.00‒47.81 mm), locule number fruit-1 (2.48‒3.96), pericarp thickness (4.94‒6.84), fruit yield plant-1 (2.93‒4.07 kg), total soluble solids (3.95‒6.21° brix), total sugar content (1.43‒3.47%), reducing sugar (1.21%‒2.58%), titratable acidity (0.36%‒0.64%), ascorbic acid content (25.66‒34.76 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight), lycopene content (0.38‒4.16 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) and β-carotene (0.24‒0.60 µg 100 g-1 fresh weight). In the genotype possessing the ripening inhibitor rin gene in homozygous condition, fruit did not ripe and lycopene biosynthesis was severely reduced. However, in heterozygous condition, lycopene biosynthesis was almost normal which amply justified the possibility of utilizing the genotype possessing ripening inhibitor rin gene for development of commercial hybrids of tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phytochemicals in Dendrobium aphyllum leaf extracts were detected using GC-MS equipment. • Pharmacological studies of these phytochemicals were conducted in vitro. • The GC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extract showed the highest number of phytoconstituents. • Methanol leaf extract showed good antioxidant and anticancer activity against the cell lines tested when compared to ethyl acetate extract. • There is a positive correlation between the antioxidant and anticancer activity of leaf extracts. • D. aphyllum has significant therapeutic potential but more studies are required to explore its potential. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C. Fischer commonly known as 'Thuur' is an ethnomedicinally important, epiphytic orchid, distributed in different hilly regions of India. The leaves of this plant have been used by the tribal healers of Darjeeling Himalaya and elsewhere for curing various ailments. In the present investigation, leaf extracts were prepared using various solvents, and analyzed the presence of phytochemicals with GC-MS. The antioxidant property of these leaf extracts has been done by DPPH free radical scavenging method. Further, the anticancer potentiality of these extracts has been carried out by MTT assay against the cancer cell lines. Of the different solvents used, methanol produced a higher yield of chemical extraction. The GC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extract showed the highest number of phytoconstituents. Antioxidant studies revealed that methanol leaf extracts showed the highest percentage of inhibition (83±0.48%) at 120 µg/mL and an IC 50 value (50% inhibition) was observed at 20.75 µg/mL concentration, which was found close to that of ascorbic acid (positive control). Further, methanol leaf extract showed better cytotoxic effects (maximum percentage of cell death) with the MDA MB 231, HepG2 and HeLa cancer cell lines when compared to ethyl acetate extract. It showed good IC 50 values such as 45.67 µg/mL and 46.07 µg/mL for MDA-MB231 and HePG2 cancer cells respectively. The leaf extracts showed good antioxidant and anticancer activities potentially due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, morin, oleic acid, flavone, caryophyllene, cyclotetracosane and α-humulene. This study explores the potentiality of D. aphyllum in drug development from its chemical constituents possessing antioxidant and anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera, native to India, grows in tropical and subtropical regions around the world and has valuable pharmacological properties such as anti-asthmatic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infertility, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, antioxidant, and many more. The purpose of this study was to assess the free radical scavenging ability of two extracts and two pure compounds of M. oleifera Lam (hexane, ethanol, compound E3, and compound Ra) against reactive oxygen species, as well as their reducing power and antimicrobial activities. Bioautography antioxidant assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radical scavenging, and iron (iii) (Fe3+ to Fe2+) chloride reducing power assays were used to assess the extracts' qualitative and quantitative free radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the extract and the compounds were tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains suspended in Mueller–Hinton Broth. The extracts and pure compounds showed noteworthy antioxidant potential, with positive compound bands in the Rf range of 0.05–0.89. DPPH), H2O2, and Fe3+ to Fe2+ reduction assays revealed that ethanol extract has a high antioxidant potential, followed by compound E3, compound Ra, and finally hexane extract. Using regression analysis, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for test and control samples were calculated. Compound Ra and ethanol exhibited high antioxidant activity at concentrations as low as ≈ 0.28 mg/mL in comparison with n-hexane extract, compound E3, ascorbic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene standards. The radical scavenging activity of almost all M. oleifera plant extracts against DPPH was observed at 0.28 mg/mL; however, the highest activity was observed at the same concentration for ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with a low IC50 value of 0.08 mg/mL and compound Ra and ethanol with a low IC50 of 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts and pure compounds of M. oleifera have little to no antibacterial potential. M. oleifera extracts contain antioxidant agents efficient to alleviate degenerative conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular disease but have little activity against infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litsea belonging to the family Lauraceae, is among the most diverse genera of evergreen shrubs and trees. Litsea is distributed majorly in the Western Ghats of India. Litsea are traditionally used to treat cold, fever, bruises, insect bites and other diseases. The objective of this study was to understand the phytochemistry of the methanol extract of Litsea ghatica stem bark and evaluate it for potential antioxidant activity in an effort to understand the nature of phytoconstituents present in the stem bark. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrates. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanol extract was determined by Folin Ciocalteau's and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power and NO radical scavenging assays. The methanol extract showed significant potential antioxidant activity, namely 93.08 and 95.1 % radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay at 100 ppm for the methanol extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. In FRAP and NO radical scavenging assay, the methanol extract showed dose dependent antioxidant activity reaching maximum at 100 ppm concentration. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by in vitro albumin denaturation assay using naproxen as the reference standard. The results indicated encouraging anti-inflammatory activity with 18.53% inhibition at 60 ppm of the methanol extract. This preliminary anti-inflammatory data needs to be substantiated with additional in vitro and in vivo studies for conclusive evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycads are used mainly as source of food starch and in traditional medicine in Asia, Americas, Australia, Sub-Saharan Africa and some Pacific islands by the local communities. Of the 118 known species of the Cycas (Cycadaceae), Cycas sphaerica Roxb. is an endemic species of the Eastern Ghats of India having considerable ethno-botanical, nutritional and medicinal importance. The present paper reports for the first time the nutritional and anti-nutritional properties, physical and functional attributes and chemical constituents of C. sphaerica seed flour. Results of the present study revealed that the flour is rich source of carbohydrate (66.48 g/100 g), protein (16.8 g/100 g), fat (3.61 g/100 g), fibre (2.79 g/100 g), ash (2.32 g/100 g), essential amino acids (methionine: 0.37 g/100 g; threonine: 0.50 g/100 g; leucine: 0.92 g/100 g), non-essential amino acids (cystine: 1.39 g/100 g; serine:0.73 g/100 g; alanine: 0.77 g/100 g) and vitamin C (32.6 mg/100 g). Besides, it is a rich in potassium (10310 mg/100 g), magnesium (1260 mg/100 g), iron (15.67 mg/100 g) and manganese (3.61 mg/100 g). Antinutrients such as phytate, oxalate and tannin were detected within the safe dietary limits. The seed flour had good water and oil absorption capacities. The metabolite profiling of seed flour by GCQ-MS identified a total of 20 phytochemicals, out of which 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, ethyl α-D-glucopyranoside and cis-vaccenic acid were the most dominant components. The seed flour extract exhibited moderate antioxidant potential due to the presence of certain phenolics and flavonoids. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that C. sphaerica seed flour has high nutritional value and may be used as a food supplement and nutraceutical. The identified phytoconstituents may serve as source compounds for pharmaceutical applications. [Display omitted] • Cycas sphaerica is an endemic cycad of Eastern Ghats region of India having multipurpose use. • Its seed flour is widely used by tribals of the region as a food supplement and nutraceutical. • This is the first report on the nutritional and phytochemical properties of this tribal food plant. • Seed flour was rich in carbohydrate, protein, fibre, amino acids, vitamin C and useful elements. • 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, ethylα-D-glucopyranoside & cis-vaccenic acid were the dominant phytoconstituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrol contains mixture of mutagens and carcinogens which have potential health risk after prolonged occupational exposure. We have compared genotoxicity and its amelioration in blood samples from 70 petrol pump attendants, working in congested area of the Ahmedabad city, India and similar number (n = 70) of Control samples from office workers dwelling in less polluted areas of the city. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay showed highly significant frequencies of micronucleus in Exposed than in the Controls. The sister chromatid exchanges were also significantly increased while the cell cycle proliferative index was significantly decreased in the Exposed individuals than the Controls. Addition of standardized doses of vitamin C and vitamin E in the lymphocyte cultures (in vitro) significantly improved all the biomarkers. The long-term occupational petrol exposure causes genotoxic effects and use of vitamins C and E for protection should be further explored in randomized controlled studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lablab Bean had been considered as an excellent source of protein (20-25%) with it's two different groups, like Wal (highly fibrous) and Papdi (less fibrous). Cooking alters the level of nutrient content and as well as the antinutrient content and based on this concept the following experiment had been carried out. Methods: The study was carried out in Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India, in 2016-17. Two different groups of Indian bean (Lablab purpureus L.) including Wal group (Guj.W.1, Guj. W.2, 125-36, NIBD-15-05, NIBD-15-10) and Papdi group (GNIB-21, NIBD-15-09, NIBD-15-10, NIBD-14-01, NIBD-14-04) were analyzed for their nutrients and anti-nutritional contents for raw and cooked (boiling) vegetables. Result: Papdi group was proved to be comparatively rich in some nutrient contents like ascorbic acid, flavonoid, Fe, Mn whereas Wal was found to be rich in the other nutrient contents like crude fibre, carbohydrate, S, Zn, Cu, ß-carotene etc. Both groups performed well for antioxidant activities and protein content. Hence, it was difficult to detect the particular group distinctly and reported that Wal was found to be comparatively nutritionally rich after cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To study the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in management of moderate and severe COVID-19. Objective: To determine the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in reducing in-hospital mortality in moderate and severe cases of COVID-19. Design: Parallel, double-blinded randomized controlled trial with placebo. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional ethics committee, AIIMS Patna. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry – India (registration number- CTRI/2020/11/029230.) Setting: A tertiary care centre in Bihar, India Participants: All patients above the age of 18 years both males and females, admitted in ICU with a diagnosis of moderate and severe COVID-19 (on the basis of a positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) report) at our facility during the study period (01/10/2020–31/12/2020) not having any of the exclusion criteria. Intervention: The patients in the intervention arm were given 1 gram (2 ampoules of 2 ml each containing 500 mg of vitamin C mixed in 100 ml normal saline) intravenous vitamin C 8 hourly for four days. The patients in the placebo arm received similar looking ampoules (2 ampoules of 2 ml sterile water for injection mixed in 100 ml normal saline) intravenously 8 hourly for four days. The rest of the treatment was given as per the standard operating procedure (SOP) of the institute with adjustments as per treating team's judgement. Outcome Measures: Primary outcome was reduction in in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were improvement in qSOFA score, pO2/fiO2 ratio, fall in inflammatory markers, need for mechanical ventilation and vasopressors. Results: Regarding primary outcome, 10 (33.3%) patients died in intervention group compared to 13 (43.3%) in placebo. Worth noting from baseline characteristics is that 86.7% in intervention arm were of severe category compared to 66.7% severe category patients in placebo group. Though number of severe cases were more in intervention arm there has been comparatively less mortality in this group. Regarding secondary outcomes, amongst 30 patients in vitamin C group, 11 (36.7%) required invasive mechanical ventilation compared to 14 (46.7%) out of 30 in placebo group but the difference was not statistically significant. Although there were a greater number of moderate cases in placebo group, invasive ventilation requirement (and NIV requirement) was more in this group, thus it could be considered that vitamin C might have a role in reducing the severity of disease. The need for vasopressor therapy was higher in intervention arm 33.3% compared to 26.7% in placebo but not significant statistically. The secondary outcomes of the study such as improvement in organ failure score (qSOFA Score), fall in level of inflammatory markers, improvement in respiratory index (pO2/fiO2 ratio), need for mechanical ventilation and need for vasopressors also shown encouraging results but not up to the statistically significant level due to moderate dosage of the drug and small sample size. Conclusion: In the current study, by the observations and results of the double-blind placebo controlled randomised trial, we concluded that as the primary outcome of the study, there was reduction in In-hospital mortality and need for mechanical ventilation in the vitamin C intervention group compared to placebo, although these results did not reach statistical significance due to small sample size and use of moderate dose of IV vitamin C. The secondary outcomes of the study such as improvement in organ failure score (qSOFA Score), fall in level of inflammatory markers, improvement in respiratory index (pO2/fiO2 ratio), need for mechanical ventilation and need for vasopressors also shown encouraging results but not up to the statistically significant level due to moderate dosage of the drug and small sample size. In summary, high dose of intravenous vitamin C may reduce inflammatory reaction, improve oxygen support status, and reduce mortality in COVID-19 patients, without adverse events. High dose intravenous vitamin C may be a promising therapy for patients of moderate to severe COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tomato is commonly treated as "Protective Food" as it contain high amounts of several nutritive compounds especially carotenoids such as lycopene and â carotene (Provitamin A), flavonoids, phenolic acids and ascorbic acid and minerals like calcium, iron and phosphorus. Development of high yielding varieties, genetic improvement and best selection are the basic outcome of a superior breeding programme. Therefore, a study was conducted out to analyze the combining ability for yield and yield contributing traits of tomato genotypes. Methods: This study analyzed the general combing ability (GCA) and specific combing ability (SCA) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculantum Mill.) including different breeding lines and landraces, which were grown during three seasons (March 2020, September 2020 and March 2021) with row to row and plant to plant spacing of 60 x 45 cm in randomized block designs (RBD) having three replications at the Agriculture research farm of Choudhary Chhotu Ram (PG) College, Muzaffarnagar U.P, India. Morpho-metric data were recorded on five competitive randomly selected plants in each line for sixteen traits. Result: Number of fruit per plant and fruits yield was governed by non-additive gene action suggesting the advancement of the generation for selection to improve these traits. The parents floradade, arka meghali and EC-164563 were estimated to be best combiners for the inclusion in further breeding programs. The cross EC-620406 x EC-528360, a product of good combiners was best performing and can be used to obtain superior recombinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments were undertaken at 'C' Block Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to study the genetic variability, heritability and genetic gain of 23 onion genotypes. Twenty open-pollinated varieties, two hybrid varieties were taken under consideration with one variety taken as standard check. Characters like number of leaves at 30 DAT and 90 DAT, neck thickness, number of scales per bulb, bolters, average weight of 10 bulbs, vitamin C content, dry matter, TSS, phenol content, severity of purple blotch disease, total yield and marketable yield expressed high heritability along with high genetic gain. These traits were least influenced by environmental effect, so, additive genetic effect might be the influential factor for expression of such traits. Traits with such high heritability values gives clear indication that the variability observed was mainly under genetic control and offers ample scope and opportunities to conduct selection based on phenotypic performances for improvement in future onion breeding programme. For traits with moderate heritability viz., double bolters, pyruvic acid, total sugar, storage loss, selection would be less effective in these traits but can still be taken up. Characters plant height at 90 DAT and unmarketable yield, which expressed low heritability are governed by non-additive genes and therefore, hybridization between diverse parents will be the best strategy for their improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of polymer coating and antioxidants on the soybean seed quality enhancement by reducing the oxidation process, the experiment was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, PJTSAU, India. Method: Soybean seed of JS 335 was treated with four antioxidants at concentrations of 100 ppm, 300 ppm, and 500 ppm, either individually or in combination with polymer at 8 ml kg-1 seed and stored in airtight containers. Seed quality parameters like seed germination, seedling abnormality, seed mortality, seedling length, seedling dry weight, and Seedling Vigour Index 1 and 2 were measured at various months of storage period. Results: Polymer coating, either individually or in combination with antioxidants, showed a significant influence on soybean seed quality and longevity. Six months after storage, seeds treated with polymer + ascorbic acid at 100 ppm recorded significantly (p < 0.05) higher germination %, speed of germination and field emergence % (92, 40, and 85), followed by polymer + ascorbic acid at 300 ppm with a high seedling vigour index-2 (86) compared to untreated control (86, 35, 79, and 76, respectively). Seed treated with tocopherol at 300 ppm + polymer recorded higher seedling length (cm) and seedling vigour index-1 (24.73 and 2258) than control (17.49 and 1709, respectively). Among chemical antioxidants, ascorbic acid, followed by tocopherol and reduced glutathione, showed a good effect on soybean seed longevity. Conclusion: Soybean seed quality could be enhanced either with a polymer coating or with a polymer + antioxidant coating with ascorbic acid at 100 and 300 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uses of indigenous herbs and spices have become ubiquitous on modern culinary systems. But to date literatures on nutritional aspects of these group of plants are limited. Therefore the present study was done to evaluate the nutritional and antinutritional compositions of five indigenous spices commonly used in Karbi cuisines. The present study will help identify long forgotten multifunctional food resources which was previously neglected due to its low quantity in use. Methods: The nutritional compositions were determined according to procedures established by Association of official Analytical chemists 1990 and the anti-nutritive factors of the samples were determined according to the procedure described in the reported scientific publications. Result: The results showed appreciable amount of nutrients in Citrus macroptera Montrouz., Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Ocimum citriodorum Vis., Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. and Zanthoxylum armatum DC. The energy value of these five spices showed remarkable values, with the highest value observed in Ocimum citriodorum Vis. (354.08 Kcal) and lowest in Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. (108.67 Kcal). The moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fats, total carbohydrate and crude fibre content of the studied spices vary from 0.85- 7.45%, 3.30-14.25%, 1.85-25.30%, 1.80-43.09%, 7.03-32.32% and 1.39-72.55% in range respectively. The vitamin C content was estimated highest in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. (34 mg/100 g) and lowest in Citrus macroptera Montrouz. (22 mg/100 g). The phytate (17.22-18.85 mg/100 g), oxalate (10.15-12.42 mg/100 g), tannin (9.45-11.61 mg/100 g) and saponin (8.82-10.55 mg/100 g) contents were very low and hence these spices are less toxic for human consumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty five chilli genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana state, India during Kharif, 2019 for seven months and at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi 2019-20 for seven months to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and genetic advance as % of mean of seventeen yield and yield related traits. For all the traits studied, the magnitude of PCV was higher than corresponding GCV. High Phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation estimates were recorded for plant height, plant spread, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit yield plant-1, fruit yield plot-1, ascorbic acid, capsaicin content and capsanthin content indicating the existence of wider genetic variability for these traits in the genotypes studied. High heritability was recorded for the traits Days to first flowering, Fruit length, Fruit diameter, No. of fruits plant-1, Fruit weight, Fruit yield plant-1, Fruit yield plot-1, Ascorbic acid, Chlorophyll content, Capsaicin content and Capsanthin content. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as % mean indicates existence of additive gene action which was observed in fruit length, fruit diameter, number of fruits plant-1, fruit weight, fruit yield plant-1, fruit yield plot-1, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll content, capsaicin content and capsanthin content. Hence these traits can be improved by direct selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the response of banana to boron (B) fertilization, two field experiments (main and a confirmatory trial) were conducted during 2018 and 2019 seasons in B deficient soils (Typic Rhodustalf) of Theni district, Tamil Nadu, India. The treatments consisted of soil and foliar application of boron replicated thrice in a randomized block design using banana cv. Nendran as the test crop. The results of field experiments revealed that banana plants responded well to soil and foliar application of B compared to control (recommended NPK alone). Among the treatments, soil application of 10 g borax plant−1 each at 3rd, 5th and 7th month after planting (MAP) in combination with recommended NPK in B deficient soils increased the availability of B in soil, its uptake by plants and also B fractions in soils than the rest of the treatments which ultimately resulted in an increase in pseudostem height, pseudostem girth, leaf area index, chlorophyll, and dry matter production. Similarly, soil application of boron enhanced finger length, finger girth, individual finger weight, and bunch weight of banana and the cumulative effect of these yield attributes favorably increased the fruit yield of banana (33.85 t/ha), which was 25% higher than control. Banana fruit quality traits, namely, total soluble solids, total sugar, ascorbic acid, and starch content, were also favorably influenced by B application. Thus, the results clearly indicated that soil applied B recorded comparatively higher banana yield than foliar application and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hippophae tibetana is valuable wild edible berry, which is utilized as a supplement of food, traditional‐folk medicine system by rural populace of the Johar valley, Pithoragarh district India. The study focused on quantitating the nutrient composition, polyphenols, and free radical scavenging activities of the specie (in different solvent extracts). Results represented a various concentration range of polyphenolics and antioxidants among studied solvents, and fresh berries exhibited good sources of polyphenols (phenolics 1.64; tannins 5.87; proanthcyanidins 1.47; flavonoids 5.74; flavonols 0.62 mg/g), antioxidants, and free radical scavenging activities (FRAP 9.55; DPPH 1.35; NO·1.14; ABTS 4.10; OH· 0.69 mM AAE/100 g), nutrients (carbohydrates 2.05; proteins 0.67; methionine 0.73; proline 1.03; sodium 0.37; potassium 3.0.25 mg/g) and vitamins (vitamin C 1.03; vitamin E 0.87; Vitamin A 0.59 mg/g), respectively, followed by dry berries and pomace. Outcomes of the study revealed that acetone and methanol are good for extraction for harnessing maximum potential from the species. Practical applications: H. tibetana has emerged as a potential source of nutritional and bioactive constituents, and moderate polarity solvents (acetone and methanol) are best for extraction and acetone should be prioritized for commercial utilization.In the present scenario, several communities worldwide are focused to consume natural antioxidant compounds for improving their health, immunity, and reducing the deficiency of malnutrition. The fresh berries of H. tibetana and their processed foodstuffs can be considered an option for fulfilling the basic requirements of nutrients in the future and will be helpful for reducing deficiency of malnutrition in the Himalayan populace.Present study highlighted that berries of H. tibetana are rich sources of various nutrients, polyphenols, and antioxidant contents and for harnessing maximum potential from the species their mass scale cultivation is required. Therefore, sensitization workshops and capacity‐building programs (for skill development) should be organized in the higher Himalayas for the promotion of cultivation practices/large‐scale plantation of H. tibetana in their suitable habitat (cold desert) through participatory approaches, also required to strengthen the sub help groups (SHG). This approach will fulfill the major issues of biodiversity conservation, wasteland reclamation, and generate employment opportunities for the local communities of Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made for drying of Bauhinia variegata flowers along with retaining its quality attributes. The effect of various pre‐treatments namely, steam blanching (0–6 min), potassium metabisulfite (KMS) (0–3,000 ppm), citric acid (0%–1%), and dipping time (0–45 min) was evaluated on physico‐chemical as well as phytochemical potential of dried B. variegata flowers. The optimized conditions (blanching time 1.20 min, KMS 1,031 ppm, citric acid 0.35%, and dipping time 18.72 min) for the pre‐treatment of B. variegata flowers resulted in desirable retention of the quality attributes (moisture: 14.34%, ash: 3.50%, phenolic: 407.67 mg/100 g, ascorbic acid: 66.38 mg/100 g, protein: 24.18 mg/100 g, tannins: 301 mg/100 g, antioxidant activity: 87.40%, flavonoids: 280.73 mg/100 g, and overall acceptability: 7.57). Cluster analysis revealed that all variables have significant and equal effect on the quality attributes of dried B. variegata flowers. Analysis through FTIR and HPLC counter confirmed the significant effect of the variables. Novelty impact statement: The Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata) is not only distributed throughout the India but has its roots throughout the world. It has gained popularity as a medicinal tree traditionally and is being utilized for curing different diseases. Despite of its composition and various health benefits, its commercial utilization is limited because of its availability at limited places for limited time. At various locations, the optimised conditions will aid in obtaining the joy of this nutritive flower for a much longer period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera Lam. (drumstick) belongs to the family Moringaceae that is originated from sub-Himalayan tracts of Northern India distributed worldwide in the tropics and sub-tropics. Immature pods and fresh leaves are widely used as vegetable and are rich source of minerals and vitamins. In the present work, we made an attempt to develop and use a set of RAPD-SCAR marker for the identification of superior germplasm of M. oleifera from the accessions collected from South India. Initially, 120 trees were surveyed based on total fruit yield, and single fruit weight from Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu states of India; 23 plants had 50% higher fruit yield and single fruit weight than average and were selected as Candidate Plus Trees (CPTs). On the basis of morphological and biochemical analysis, CPT17 was selected as elite germplasm. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of CPTs indicated 89.61% polymorphism among 23 CPTs. These markers could be used in marker-assisted selection and breeding programs in M. oleifera. Further, an attempt to develop a set of RAPD-SCAR marker for the identification of superior germplasm of M. oleifera was made. RAPD primer OPA-19 (CAAACGTCGG) revealed a unique band (1500-bp) in CPT17. The specific RAPD band was recovered from the gel, cloned, and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the CPT17 specific sequences revealed that no considerable similarity with known protein. Based on these unique characterized sequences, specific primers for CPT17 were designed. Specific amplification profile of this primer proved it as a SCAR marker (F2R2) for CPT17 genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elsholtzia communis (Collett & Hemsl.) Diels (family: Lamiaceae) is a wild edible plant employed as a remedy for skin irritation and consumed as vegetables by the indigenous tribes of North East, India. In view of its traditional uses, our present study aims to characterize the chemical constituents of the essential oil isolated from the leaf of E communis and evaluate its antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant and angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme inhibiting properties. GC‐FID and GC‐MS analyses of the essential oil led to the identification of fifty‐one compounds with a yield of 0.88% (v/w). 71.72% of compounds are identified under the category of oxygenated monoterpenes, where neral (28.85%) and geranial (24.1%) were the most prevalent compounds. Ethyl geranate (4.82%), methyl nerate (4.71%), piperitone (4.07%) and caryophyllene oxide (3.75%) were other major constituents of the oil. The oil displayed excellent antifungal properties against C albicans with MIC value of 7.5 ± 0.13 µg/mL, comparable with that of fluconazole (7.5 ± 0.25 µg/mL). Cytotoxic assay of the essential oil disclosed significant results with IC50 value of 8.09 ± 2.67 µg/mL and 26.13 ± 0.90 µg/mL against HeLa and L6 cell lines, respectively. DPPH scavenging capability was assessed using ascorbic acid (1.57 ± 0.001 µg/mL) as reference. The result explicates promising antioxidant behaviour of the oil (21.92 ± 0.074 µg/mL). The oil (23.82 ± 0.078 µg/mL) was also found to possess potential ACE inhibitory effects, with ramipril (9.35 ± 0.02 µg/mL) serving as standard. The diverse pharmacological properties of the essential oil truly justify its traditional uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the use of hips of different rose species has increased due to its nutritional and health-promoting benefits. Rose hips contain a rich amount of ascorbic acid, phenolics, and various other bioactive constituents. Based on the distribution and variation in the morphological characters, rose hips of nine accessions belonging to the three species viz. Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle, R. moschata Herrm., and R. canina L. were studied. The rose hips were evaluated for moisture, carbohydrates, total protein, crude fat, total phenolic, crude fibers, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, and mineral contents. An appreciable amount of the studied biochemical parameters with significant variations was observed in the rose hips originated from different regions. Results demonstrated the high nutraceutical potential of these species and indicated that their rose hips could be promoted as a functional food in the region. Furthermore, the phytonutrient-rich composition of the region's rose hips was revealed when the current study's findings were compared to previous studies. Therefore, they may be considered ingredients in food and dietary supplement formulations, phytopharmaceutical sector and can be quickly brought under cultivation. Furthermore, findings based on the scientific evidence indicate that the information on the pharmacological and toxicological of R. webbiana and R. moschata is very scanty or lacking; therefore, needing more research interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of cultivated mushrooms in Northeast India are well known for their taste, nutritional and medicinal benefits. Many wild-growing mushrooms are also consumed due to their exotic flavours and tastes; however, the scientific exploration of their nutritional and bioactive properties is still negligible. In the present study, the 32 wild edible mushroom samples of 11 species collected from different parts of Northeast India were evaluated for their proximate composition, mineral and vitamin (ascorbic acid and riboflavin) contents, antioxidant and antihaemolytic activity, and profiles of organic and phenolic acids. Lentinus sajor-caju and Lentinus squarrosulus had the highest carbohydrate content (49.80 g/100 g dry weight (d.w.) and 46.36 g/100 g d.w., respectively), crude protein content (20.72 g/100 g d.w. and 20.54 g/100 g d.w., respectively) and a considerable content of minerals. The highest fat content was determined in Lentinus velutinus (7.17 g/100 g d.w.). Among the minerals, potassium was found as the most abundant in all the samples. The extracts of L. sajor-caju, L. squarrosulus, and Pleurotus pulmonarius were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity, while these of L. sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. pulmonarius and Agaricus bisporus showed the highest antihaemolytic potential. The HPLC analysis allowed determining the high contents of ascorbic acid and a few organic and phenolic acids such as lactic acid, gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and trans-cinnamic acid in the tested mushrooms. Other compounds viz. citric acid, caffeic acid, riboflavin, vanillic acid, pyruvic acid, and p-coumaric acid were detected with variations. This study established the nutritional and health benefits of wild edible mushrooms of Northeast India region for consumption as functional foods in the human diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important protein-rich winter vegetable of our country but extensively grown in south Chhotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand during both kharif and rabi seasons. However, indiscriminate uses of agrochemicals lead to production of poor quality pods of the crop due to residual toxicity. Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of the crop varieties based on their yield and quality traits expression under organic growing condition. Methods: The present investigation was carried out by adopting five bush type varieties of French bean (V1: Arka Komal, V2: Swarna Priya, V3: HAFB-2, V4: HAFB-4 and V5: Falcon). They were grown independently under two growing conditions viz. organic farming (Oi) where FYM, vermicompost and Shasyagavya were used as organic inputs and absolute control (O0) where no organic input was applied. These varieties were grown with their four replications in each of the experimental situate following RCBD experimental design. Different yield and its attributes and proximate quality traits were studied under both growing conditions for their evaluation. Result: Findings revealed that most of the studied traits were influenced by organic growing condition with significant differences among varieties to pod length, pods per plant, pod weight, green pod yield, ascorbic acid, TSS and protein content. Consequently, the maximum green pod yield (17.55 t ha-1) was estimated in HAFB-4 under organic growing condition as against 7.57 t ha-1 under the absolute control condition. Different proximate quality traits were also expressed independently under different varietal situates but responded better under organic growing condition than its respective absolute control counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brinjal is one of the most popular and important vegetable crops grown throughout the year in India and other parts of the world. Though a large number of brinjal genotypes are available in India, only a few have good quality and yield during kharif. Therefore, the current study was carried out to identify and/or superior varieties with high yield and better quality brinjal during kharif, 2017-2018 consisted of thirty brinjal genotypes obtained from different places of India. Methods: All the genotypes were evaluated for fifteen morphological and six biochemical characters viz., plant height (cm), plant spread (cm), number of primary branches per plant, leaf blade length (cm), leaf blade width (cm), number of leaf prickles, days to first flowering (days), days to 50% flowering (days), fruit pedicel length (cm), fruit length (cm), fruit circumference (cm), number of fruits per plant, fruit weight (g), fruit yield per plant (kg), fruit yield per hectare (t), moisture content (%, FW), crude fiber content (%, DW), crude protein content (%, DW), ascorbic acid (mg/100g FW), solasodine content (mg/100g DW) and total phenol content (mg GAE/g FW). Result: Mean performance of brinjal genotypes revealed significant variation for morpho-biochemical characters. This variation may be due to the effect of genotype, environment or their interaction. Morphological characters of brinjal genotypes revealed that among the thirty genotypes, eighteen genotypes viz., Kuchia, Brinjal-3, Khoruah-1, Brinjal-6, Brinjal-8, Brinjal-4, Seujia Bengena, Brinjal-1, Brinjal-9, Brinjal-2, Brinjal Long, Green Long, Boga Bengena, Kajala, Sagolishingia, Long Khoruah, Brinjal-7 and Koni Bengena were found to be the superior performers for fruits/plant, primary branches per plant, days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering and fruit yield during kharif. The mean performance for biochemical characters also revealed wide variability among the genotypes in respect to quality performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several species of Cryptocarya (Lauraceae) are traditionally used in folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases and disorders in tropical and subtropical countries. The essential oil extracted from the leaves and barks of Cryptocarya species are reported to possess antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, and antitumoral activities. However, there are no scientific reports on the biological activity of essential oil extracted from the tropical Asiatic species Cryptocarya amygdalina. The present study was undertaken to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities of bark essential oil of C. amygdalina. A total of 57 constituents accounting for 99.05 % of the total essential oil content were identified by GC/MS. The bark essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (78.71 %) with β- caryophyllene (34.77 %), α-copaene (14.26 %), bicyclogermacrene (7.65 %), and δ-cadinene (4.42 %) as the major constituents. The essential oil exhibited good radical scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS, and Reducing power assay with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.97 ± 0.24, 1.28 ± 0.07, and 9.23 ± 0.34 μg/mL, respectively compared to ascorbic acid and BHT. The Pearson's coefficient analysis showed a significant correlation between TPC, TFC, and an antioxidant assay of C. amygdalina essential oil. The essential oil also showed potent cytotoxicity against human colon (HCT-116) and ovarian (PA-1) cancer cell lines with IC50 values lesser than 50 μg/mL in both cases. Besides, this bark essential oil at 50 μg/mL concentration exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting nitric oxide production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Integrated Child Development Services of India provides Supplementary Nutrition Program (SNP) to preschoolers. Using this platform, the current study examined the impact of diversifying a cereal/pulse-based SNPmeal with guava on iron status and cognitive development among 24-48 months old children. A three-arm, nonblinded, cluster-randomized controlled trial (CTRI/2014/09/004983) included 399 beneficiaries from28 preschools in 16 villages in Telangana state, India. The villages were randomly assigned to receive 25 g of guava (guava group (GG)), banana (banana group (BG)), or cucumber (cucumber group (CG)) along with a SNP meal for 140 days. Nutrient biomarkers (iron status, plasma vitamin C, vitamin B12, and folate), cognitive development, anthropometric indicators (WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ), and morbidity were assessed at baseline and endline. A linear mixed model and a generalized estimating equation were applied to compare changes in outcomes across the groups. All outcome variables were comparable across groups at baseline. The iron to vitamin C molar ratio improved in the GG from 1:1.4 to 1:12 but remained unaltered in control groups. Higher hemoglobin (P = 0.002), serum ferritin (SF; P < 0.001), vitamin C (P = 0.047), and lower soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR; P < 0.001) causing decreased prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) (P = 0.003) were observed in the GG compared with BG and CG. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) was lower in the GG (P = 0.035) versus controls. No impact was observed on cognitive development or growth. Thus, diversifying a cereal/pulse-basedmeal with guava increased meal vitamin C content, thereby reducing ID and ARI-related morbidity. This approach represents a valid and scalable strategy to address ID among young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like several indigenous populations, Sauria Paharias, a vulnerable indigenous tribal group residing in a biodiverse environment of Jharkhand, India, have high levels of undernutrition. We assessed agroforestry and dietary diversity, food consumption especially indigenous food (IF) intake and nutritional status of Sauria Paharia women through a cross‐sectional study conducted in 18 villages of Godda district, Jharkhand. Household level information was elicited through household surveys including a dietary survey and a food frequency questionnaire. Twenty‐four‐hour dietary recalls (24 HDR) and anthropometric assessments were taken on one randomly selected woman per household. An index, Food Accessed Diversity Index (FADI) created to measure agroforestry diversity, showed a low mean score of 0.21 ± 0.15 and range: 0, 0.85. Fifty‐nine percent of women consumed any IF during 24 HDR. Median minimum dietary diversity score for women (MDD‐W) was 3 (acceptable score ≥5). More than 96% of women had intakes below estimated average requirements for all nutrients studied (energy; vitamins A, C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine; folate; iron; calcium and zinc) except protein; 41% women were underweight. IF consumption was independently associated with calcium and vitamin A intake. Decision trees developed for micronutrient consumption at different levels of MDD‐W score and IF consumption scenarios revealed 1.3 to 2.9 times higher consumption of micronutrients among women with MDD‐W ≥ 3 or 4. Strategies like agricultural extension programmes promoting indigenous varieties and nutrition education for increasing dietary diversity with IFs have potential to address undernutrition in Sauria Paharia women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is an important, underutilized fruit crop of India. The thin layer drying of persimmon slices would make it a perfect snack that can be used in various recipes. The drying process of persimmon slices was optimized using Box–Behnken design in response surface methodology. Three categorical independent drying variables, such as temperature (50–70°C), air velocity (0.5–1.5 m/s), and sample thickness (4–8 mm), were considered for the study. The response variables include drying time, ascorbic acid content, browning index, and rehydration ratio were investigated. The air temperature and sample thickness showed a significant effect on drying time. Browning index and rehydration ratio were significantly affected by air temperature and air velocity. As per the given experimental design constraints, the optimum solutions obtained were air temperature (58°C), air velocity (1.40 m/s), and slice thickness (4 mm). The predicted responses for the optimized combination of the drying process were drying time (442.55 min), ascorbic acid (8.61 mg/g dry matter), browning index (0.396 absorbance unit), and rehydration ratio (5.47%). Therefore, this study would be beneficial for scaling up industrial drying of persimmon slices for commercial production to ensure smooth processing and achieve a profitable path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fortification of rice with micronutrients using extrusion technology is considered a sustainable strategy to prevent nutritional deficiencies in general population. The objective of the present study is to assess the retention, stability and iron bioavailability from indigenously developed triple fortified rice (iron, folic acid and vitamin B12) during rinsing and different cooking methods. Further, we also assessed the acceptability of fortified rice in adult human volunteers. The retention of iron during rinsing with excess water was ≥90%, whereas folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were reduced by ~25% during rinsing. Watertight cooking of rice (in electric cooker or on flame) had no additional effect on the nutrient levels as compared with rinsed rice, implying their stability during cooking. However, cooking with excess water followed by decanting led to loss of 45% iron and ≥70% folic acid and vitamin B12. The dialyzable iron and ferritin synthesis in Caco‐2 cells was significantly (P <.01) higher from fortified rice compared with unfortified rice. In addition, inclusion of ascorbic acid significantly (P <.01) increased the iron bioavailability from the fortified rice. Triangle tests in adult human subjects revealed that there are no significant sensory differences among fortified and unfortified rice. Further, fortified rice consumption appears to bridge the gaps in dietary iron intake deficits in children and women of reproductive age. These results suggest that the iron‐, folic acid‐ and vitamin B12‐fortified rice has higher retention and stability of fortified nutrients and is acceptable for consumption in adult human volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is considered to be one of the most prominent nongrain food crops throughout the world that can be regarded as most affordable and most accessible food to provide numerous health benefits. Potential role in improving human health is attributed to presence of wide range of phytonutrients in potatoes viz., polyphenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and proteins, vitamins as well as minerals. In India, more than 75% of the potato production is confined to Indo-Gangetic plains due to thermo-sensitivity of the crop. Several reports are available in recent years to develop new cultivars with improved nutritional value as well as nutrient evaluation of existing cultivars. Current status of research on potato phytonutrients particularly antioxidants, minerals and vitamins in relation to human health as well as research carried out on enhancement of these phytonutrients through genetic manipulations has been compiled in this review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to utilize the sapota fruit wasted during seasonal glut for the production of wine. Being rich in sugars, sapota is a suitable raw material for fermentation which is an efficient method for the preservation of the nutritional, antioxidative, and functional properties of this fruit. Effect of addition of various nitrogen and phosphorus supplements was studied whereby, an optimum 0.33% Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) led to the completion of fermentation in 7 days with an ethanol content of 8.15% (v/v). Under optimized conditions, fermentation validated at 3 L scale produced sapota wine having 9.04% ethanol along with total phenols, ascorbic acid, acidity, and pH of 98.1 mg/100 ml, 34.2 mg/100 ml, 0.21% (w/v), and 4.45, respectively. Organoleptic evaluation of dehydrated samples of sapota wine by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of esters, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Sensory evaluation on the basis of various attributes like appearance, taste, aroma, and overall feel showed the production of a sweet, nonastringent sapota wine. Practical applications: Sapota has a short shelf life and gets rapidly deteriorated resulting in seasonal glut which leads to high postharvest losses. Sapota fruit is rich in sugars, minerals, and polyphenols, hence production of wine may serve as a viable method to preserve the nutritional and antioxidant properties of the fruit. The present study has shown the production of a sweet, nonastringent wine from sapota through fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 11815 using YNB as the preferred supplement in the must. Therefore, production of wine from sapota will help to prolong the shelflife of the fruit, besides increasing the diversity of wines in India. Further, sapota wine industry may also help to generate the rural employment and better economic returns to the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The betel leaves are scientifically known as Piper betle L. and belong to the Black Pepper familyi.e. Piperaceae. They are commonly known as Paan in most parts of India and have deep greenheart shaped leaves. India is the inhabitant of forty varieties of betel leaves amongst the abouthundred varieties found in the world. These betel leaves have effective neutraceutical properties,anti-ulcer, anti-malarial, anti-filarial, anti-asthamatic, anti-cancer, cyto-toxic, wound healing,radioprotective and platelet inhibition activities. The betel leaf extract is known to beantioxidant, anticancer, anti-allergic etc. Owing to these properties, a study was conductedinvolving the development of novel foods with the incorporation of betel leaves, the organolepticproperties were evaluated and nutritive value of the food products was determined. Five recipeswere developed with three variations each in terms of the amount of betel leaves added. Theorganoleptic analysis revealed the acceptability of each variation for the five recipes in terms ofappearance, colour, flavour, taste and texture. The nutrient content of the betel leaf incorporatedrecipes was studied in terms of carbohydrate, protein, fat, ascorbic acid (24.5mg/100mg), β-carotene (4676μg/100μg), calcium (196mg/100mg) and potassium (678mg/100mg). The presentstudy aimed to branch out the association of betel leaves with nutrition in order to increase itsutility in everyday meal pattern and to combat malnutrition. As it is quite affordable, itsacceptance and utility would be more with the vulnerable population, which in turn would aid inhaving a better health status index in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on a population of 203 women attending the IVF clinic, Ahmedabad, India, to explore the role of stimulation protocol and the number of oocytes retrieved on oxidative stress in follicular fluid and IVF outcome. Follicular fluid was collected during ovum pick-up to determine the oxidative stress markers: superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total thiols (TT), l-ascorbic acid (AA), total protein, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GRD). The average number of oocytes retrieved was significantly higher in the women receiving a long GnRH agonist protocol compared to GnRH antagonist protocol while the percentage of women with positive IVF outcome was lower in the long agonist protocol. The level of total thiols was significantly lower in the group of women administered a short agonist protocol. The proportion of ETs carried out and positive IVF outcome were higher following retrieval of an intermediate number of oocytes (6–10 oocytes) compared to a lower (0–5 oocytes) and higher (>10 oocytes) number. Mean glutathione reductase (GRD) activity in follicular fluid was significantly elevated in the intermediate (6–10) and higher (>10) oocyte retrieval groups compared to the lower oocyte retrieval group. Positive IVF outcomes were highest when oocyte retrieval was in the range of 6–10 oocytes, and the level of MDA was lower (1.76 ± 0.13 nmol/ml) as compared to 0–5 and >10 oocytes retrieved groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon species from the Poaceae family are widely distributed in the Himalayan region of India and commonly used as flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is known to contain compound citral, which give the lemon scent to many of the plants of the cymbopogon genera. The essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus has high polyphenolic content which is responsible for antioxidant properties. Beside citral is also used for the synthesis of vitamin B and Ionones. The bioactive potential of Lemongrass and constituent are rapidly increasing which is reflected from growing number of reports being published. The present study was to know the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of C. flexuosus from Uttarakhand. The essential oils of Cymbopogon collected in the region of Uttarakhand were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves and analyzed for chemical composition by GC/MS. The antioxidant activity of essential oils at different concentrations was determined against DPPH radical activity and vitamin C as the standard antioxidant compound. The IC50 value and percentage of DPPH inhibition were recorded. Twenty-five compounds were identified in essential oil extracted from leaves representing 93.15% of the oil composition. The yield of essential oil of Cymbopogon was 0.6 + 0.1%and the major compound in the essential oil was citral (a racemic mixture of two isoforms geranial and nearl) followed by heptenone(1.98%), linalool(1.65%), geraniol (1.47%), ß-caryophyllene (1.14%), limonene (0.92%), nearl acetate (0.82%), citronellal(0.44%) and citronellol (0.22%). Radical scavenging capacity (Inhibition, %) of the C. flexuosus essential oil was high (78.19+1.11) at the concentration level of 150 µg/ml and IC50 value of the essential oil was 43.67µg/ml. The data of this study encourages to consider the essential oil of C. flexuosus as a source of bioactive compounds which may add great industrial value to this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prickly pear, an underutilized fruit in India is known for its functional benefits such as it boosts immunity, builds strong bones and teeth, maintains digestive health, enhances heart health, anti-carcinogenic effects, antioxidant potential, weight loss effects and suppresses inflammation. Gelatine based dessert was prepared using cactus pear juice and was compared with pectin based jellies prepared from the same juice. The loss in quality parameters was found lesser in gelatine based dessert than that in pectin jelly. Ascorbic acid analysis showed that the gelatine based dessert had more amount of ascorbic acid content as compared to pectin based jelly. The sensory evaluation was carried out to compare the consumer acceptance of gelatine based dessert and was observed that gelatine based dessert was sensorially superior than the pectin based jelly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon species from the Poaceae family are widely distributed in the Himalayan region of India and commonly used as flavors, fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is known to contain compound citral, which give the lemon scent to many of the plants of the cymbopogon genera. The essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus has high polyphenolic content which is responsible for antioxidant properties. Beside citral is also used for the synthesis of vitamin B and Ionones. The bioactive potential of Lemongrass and constituent are rapidly increasing which is reflected from growing number of reports being published. The present study was to know the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of essential oil of C. flexuosus from Uttarakhand. The essential oils of Cymbopogon collected in the region of Uttarakhand were obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves and analyzed for chemical composition by GC/MS. The antioxidant activity of essential oils at different concentrations was determined against DPPH radical activity and vitamin C as the standard antioxidant compound. The IC50 value and percentage of DPPH inhibition were recorded. Twenty-five compounds were identified in essential oil extracted from leaves representing 93.15% of the oil composition. The yield of essential oil of Cymbopogon was 0.6 ±0.1 %and the major compound in the essential oil was citral (a racemic mixture of two isoforms geranial and nearl) followed by heptenone(1.98%), linalool(1.65%), geraniol (1.47%), β-caryophyllene (1.14% ), limonene (0.92%), nearl acetate (0.82%), citronellal(0.44 %) and citronellol (0.22%). Radical scavenging capacity (Inhibition, %) of the C. flexuosus essential oil was high (78.19±1.11) at the concentration level of 150 µg/ml and IC50 value of the essential oil was 43.67 µg/ml. The data of this study encourages to consider the essential oil of C. flexuosus as a source of bioactive compounds which may add great industrial value to this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world because of their ability to carry and spread disease to humans and thus causes millions of deaths every year. India is struggling every year to get rid of deadly diseases caused by these mosquitoes like malaria, chickungunya and dengue etc. Pyrethroid based mosquito coils (PBMC) are most common used mosquito repellents in India because of its effectiveness, low cost and easy availability. This study is an attempt to delineate the effect of inhaling mosquito coil smoke on the histopathological changes in heart, lung and kidney of albino wistar rats along with possible protective role of vitamin C. A total of thirty-six (36) adult albino rats of the Wistar strain are randomly divided into three groups of twelve rats in each. Group I served as control (no exposure to mosquito coil smoke). Group II and III received mosquito coil smoke 8 hours a day, 7 days a week for 12 weeks. Group III rats are co-administered with oral supplementation of Vit. C (20 mg/kg body weight) once in a day for the same time period. At the end of each experimental period, rats are sacrificed, organs are removed, and formalin preserved for histopathological study. Each specimen is examined under 5x and 10x for any histological changes. These findings suggest that inhaling mosquito coil smoke cause significant histological damage in rats' lung and kidney but least effect on their heart. this study also demonstrate the protective effect of vitamin c in group III rats. Pyrethroid based mosquito repellents are toxic to our organ system so there should be vigorous effort to replace them with other nontoxic methods. Vitamin C has a protective effects against the damage caused by these Pyrethroid based mosquito coil (PBMC), so proper supplementation should be given to affected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the dietary inadequacies of micronutrients and the associated factors among the apparently healthy urban adults. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study involved 300 urban adults (distributed into age groups: 21–40, 41–60, and > 60 years) residing in Hyderabad city, South India. Hemoglobin in whole blood, ferritin, folate, and vitamin B12 (B12) in plasma was estimated. Dietary intakes were assessed by three 24-h dietary recalls and calculated the probability of adequacy (PA) using estimated average requirement. Results: The prevalence of anemia (30%), iron deficiency (ID, 23%), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA, 14.3%) was independent of age but higher in women. While folate deficiency (32.2%) was independent of age and gender, B12 deficiency (35.5%) varied by both age and gender. The PA of iron (89%) was higher, while that of folate, B12, and zinc (1–11%) were noticeably low. The mean PA (MPA) across the ten micronutrients was 38%, independent of age and gender, but associated with the educational status. Energy intake was a strong predictor of the MPA. Cereals and millets predominantly contributed to the intake of thiamine, niacin, zinc, and iron; green leafy vegetables and fruits to vitamins A, C, folate, and iron; animal foods to B12; and milk and milk products to calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, and B12. The unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models revealed that micronutrient inadequacy was associated with greater risk of IDA and folate deficiency. Conclusions: These results indicate a higher prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among the healthy urban adults possibly due to the inadequacy of multiple micronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Momordica charantia or bitter melon is a tropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceous widely grown in India. Its fruits have potent anti-oxidant properties due to the presence of tannins, vitamin C and flavonoids. There is much evidence it protects cognitive function and cholesterol level. In addition, there are reports of the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD)on memory. In this study, the effect of bitter melon on spatial memory in rats, following an HFD, in a water maze was examined. Material and methods: In this study, 28 male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks and weighing between 180 and 250 grams were divided into four groups (N=7). Control, High-fat, High-fat + bitter melon, and bitter melon. The control group was fed a standard rat diet, whereas the high-fat groups were fed the same standard diet containing 5% cholesterol for eight weeks, and the treated group received, in addition, 1 g/kg bitter melon fruit powder in their diet, Learning and spatial memory were evaluated by using a Morris Water Maze (MWM) for a six-day period, including five days of training, the last day was the test day (probe day). Results: The high-fat group was fed a high-fat diet for two months, this resulted in reduced learning ability;, this group took longer and travelled a longer distance compared to the control group. However, the administration of bitter melon improved memory function only in the high-fat group. Conclusion: The administration of bitter melon improves spatial-memory performance in rats receiving an HFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anemia prevalence in India remains high despite preventive iron supplementation programs. Consequently, concurrent national policies of iron fortification of staple foods have been initiated.Objectives: This study evaluated the relation between dietary iron intake and anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) in women of reproductive age (WRA; 15-49 y) with respect to iron fortification in India.Methods: Data from 2 national surveys were used. Data on hemoglobin in WRA were sourced from the National Family Health Survey-4, whereas dietary intakes were sourced from the National Sample Survey. Adjusted odds for anemia with increasing iron intake were estimated, along with the effect of modulating nutrients such as vitamins B-12 and C, from statistically matched household data from the 2 surveys. The risks of inadequate (less than the Estimated Average Requirement for WRA) and excess (more than the tolerable upper limit for WRA) intakes of iron were estimated by the probability approach.Results: The relation between iron intake and the odds of anemia was weak (OR: 0.992; 95% CI: 0.991, 0.994); increasing iron intake by 10 mg/d reduced the odds of anemia by 8%. Phytate and vitamin B-12 and C intakes modified this relation by reducing the odds by 1.5% when vitamin B-12 and C intakes were set at 2 μg/d and 40 mg/d, respectively. The additional intake of 10 mg/d of fortified iron reduced the risk of dietary iron inadequacy from 24-94% to 9-39% across states, with no risk of excess iron intake. Approximately doubling this additional iron intake reduced the risk of inadequacy to 2-12%, but the risk of excess intake reached 22%.Conclusions: Providing fortified iron alone may not result in substantial anemia reduction among WRA in India and could have variable benefits and risks across states. Geographically nuanced dietary strategies that include limited fortification and the intake of other beneficial nutrients should be carefully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted at the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Banasthali Vidyapith, Newai, Tonk, Rajasthan, India in 2006. A dairy by-product can be used to enrich fruit juices to enhance their therapeutic and nutritional value. This study was carried out to develop beverages using apple juice and incorporating whey at various percentage level and to conduct nutritional analysis. Protein value was varied between 0.72-1.9. Fat content was 0.50-1.10. The ascorbic acid level in the juices ranged between 2.97-0.85 and it was found to be decreasing with an increasing amount of whey. Acidity ranged was 0.20-0.34, it was increasing with the increasing amount of whey. Ash content level was also increased, the range was 0.20-1.50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work has been aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia vulgaris L. leaves by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry method (GC/MS), antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolic content, total flavanoid content compared to ascorbic acid for phenols and quercetin for flavonoids. The essential oil was further evaluated for antibacterial activity against five human pathogenic strains: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli compared to antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of Artemisia vulgaris leaves showed the presence of 38 compounds out of which 1,8-cineole, camphor, isopulegol, borneol, β-caryophyllene, chavicol and myrtenol are the major compounds. The IC50 value of the DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the essential oil was 2.745 μg mL-1 and 2.845 μg mL-1 respectively as compared to ascorbic acid with IC50 value of 10.83 μg mL-1 and 21.15 μg mL-1. The total phenolic content and total flavanoids content of the plant essential oil were found to be 6.2 mg mL-1 and 220 mg mL-1 respectively. The essential oil showed antibacterial activity against all the selected strains with lowest MIC value of 5 μg mL-1 and 20 μg mL-1 shown by Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and MBC value of 80 μg mL-1 and 100 μg mL-1 shown by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]