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Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important contributor towards edible oil supply in India. Traditional Indian mustard varieties contain high proportion of 18C polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) and large amounts of long-chain monounsaturated FAs, mainly erucic acid, in seeds. Oleate desaturase (FAD2) regulates the composition of 18C PUFAs in cellular membranes and TAG in seed oil. The present study was conducted to gain insight into the allelic diversity of the FAD2 gene in Indian mustard. Analyses of cloned FAD2 genes of three Indian mustard varieties revealed a novel FAD2 gene that has a longer ORF (1167 bp) owing to insertions and several SNPs across its length that distinguish it from the more prevalent native FAD2 gene. Overall, the Indian mustard varieties possess three FAD2 alleles, but there is limited nucleotide diversity among members of each FAD2 type across varieties, suggesting narrow genetic diversity among the varieties examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) was used as a super food from ancient times. In recent days with increase in the health awareness throughout the world, it demands for healthy food, using chia seeds in daily diet may prevent many diseases (diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular). Chia was domesticated almost 4,500 years ago in Mesoamerica and it was used as food and medicine. Chia seed is composed of high dietary fibre (18-30%), ash (4-5%), protein (15-25%), fats (30-33%), lipids (31-35%), carbohydrates (26-41%), minerals, vitamins and a high amount of antioxidants. It is having higher concentration of PUFAs (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids) of omega-3 (58-64% of the total lipids) and omega-6 essential fatty acids. Notably, chia seeds are free of gluten. It may be added to other foods as topping materials. Nutritional composition and health benefits of chia are presented here to create awareness. In recent years, India is one of the major producers and exporters of chia. Karnataka alone occupies more than 50 per cent of area of our country. Research on chia is gaining momentum for increasing productivity, but crop improvement research is lacking because of limited germplasm in this crop. Chia seeds are among the majorly exported commodities as the production of the commodity is limited to a few geographies. However, the COVID pandemic has increased the health consciousness among consumers, which has opened an opportunity for super foods, including chia seeds. This factor is anticipated to propel the market during the 2020-26. The Global Chia Seeds Market is projected to grow at a significant rate of 8.86 per cent from 2019 to 2024 to reach a market value of USD 450 million by the end of 2024. Information contained in this review can be useful for health conscious people who want to be healthy through natural foods. This paper describes the huge nutritional and therapeutic potential of chia seed to make it the part of an average diet for better health and longevity. Present scenario in the country and future market potential in the country are also reviewed. Successful cultivation of chia crop in India will improve economic condition, living standards and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celastrus paniculatus, a medicinal plant with diverse therapeutic activities, is known as 'malkangani' in the traditional medicine system of India, Ayurveda. It is well known for its memory‐enhancing potential. The reported work involves the gas chromatography‐mass spectrophotometric analysis of cold‐pressed seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus. It revealed the presence of components such as monosaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated long‐chain fatty acids, and their derivatives. It also showed the presence of terpenes such as squalene, β amyrone, β amyrin acetate, and long‐chain hydrocarbons. Among all the constituents, squalene was found to be a major component. Hence, considering the potential pharmacological actions of squalene, a high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for its quantification and subsequently validated as per the International Conference of Harmonization guidelines. A HPTLC fingerprint of oil was obtained on pre‐coated silica gel 60 F254 aluminum sheets, using n‐hexane‐diethyl ether‐glacial acetic acid (7:3:0.05 v/v/v). A densitometric scan was performed at 470 nm after derivatization with vanillin sulphuric acid to quantify squalene. A well‐resolved squalene peak was obtained at a retardation factor of 0.85. It is a simple approach for the estimation of squalene in Celastrus paniculatus seed oil for quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread presence of organic aerosols (OA) in the atmosphere and their dominant role in climate forcing are increasingly recognized. Measurements from the high‐altitude region provide insights into the natural processes and long‐range transport of aerosols. We studied water‐soluble organic compounds in PM1.1 during January‐March 2020 and February‐April 2021 at Ponmudi (8.8°N and 77.1°E), a tropical hill station (960 m a.s.l.) located on the Western Ghats of India. The 5‐day backward trajectories of air masses presented that continental and marine sources impacted the site during the campaign, and thus we classified samples as mixed and marine air masses. Their molecular fingerprints revealed the prevalence of oxalic acid (C2), followed by terephthalic acid in mixed air mass and malonic (C3) or succinic (C4) acid in maritime air mass aerosol samples. This feature and the phthalic to azelaic acid ratio, as well as the C3 to C4 and fumaric to maleic acid ratios, evidenced that water‐soluble OA were of anthropogenic origin and less photochemically aged in mixed air mass samples, whereas they derived from biogenic sources and more photochemical aging in marine air mass samples. However, we found their comparable contributions in water‐soluble organic carbon under mixed and marine air masses. Linear correlations between C2 relative abundance and its ratios with the precursor compounds implied that the oxidation of precursors to oxalic acid occurs during atmospheric transport. The results revealed that the input of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors followed by atmospheric processing controlled the burden of water‐soluble OA across the Western Ghats. Plain Language Summary: Dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), oxocarboxylic acids and dicarbonyls are ubiquitous water‐soluble components of organic aerosol (OA) that can serve as cloud condensation nuclei and affect the climate of the Earth. We reveal for the first time the molecular fingerprints and sources as well as formation processes of water‐soluble OA in PM1.1 at a tropical hill station in Western Ghats of India. Significant differences in the molecular fingerprints and atmospheric processes of water‐soluble OA were found due to the influence of different air masses. DCAs and related compounds in mixed air mass aerosols originated from anthropogenic sources and produced in the atmosphere by photooxidation during long‐range transport whereas they were of biogenic origin followed by intense photochemical aging of biogenic volatile organic compounds such as isoprene and unsaturated fatty acids during atmospheric transport in marine air mass aerosols. The results revealed that DCAs substantially contribute to water‐soluble OA not only in mixed air mass aerosols but also in marine air mass aerosols at the tropical hill station in the Western Ghats. These findings have implications for assessing climate‐forcing feedback of secondary OA over the Western Ghats that is driven by anthropogenic and biogenic sources followed by photochemical processes. Key Points: Mixed and marine air masses drive the molecular fingerprints of atmospheric water‐soluble organic compounds over the Western GhatsAerosols of mixed air masses comprised dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) of anthropogenic origin and less photochemically processedDCAs were produced from biogenic sources followed by intense photochemical aging in marine air mass aerosols [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of supplementing omega fatty acids‐rich oil blend, composed of sunflower oil (1.5% and 3.0%), linseed oil (1.5% and 3.0%), and FineXNV1810 (20 g) on the carcass, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and genes (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A, and leptin) of Barbari goats. The goat kids (n = 18) were divided into three groups, namely, group A: basal diet; group B: basal diet + oil blend level 1; and group C: basal diet + oil blend level 2, and subjected to the feeding trial for 120 days followed by slaughter and meat quality studies. No treatment effect was recorded in carcass characteristics, pH, water holding capacity, and proximate composition of meat. However, a significant (p < 0.05) treatment effect was observed in cooking loss, lightness, yellowness, and shear force values of meat. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in linoleic acid, α‐linolenic acids, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n − 3 and n − 6 PUFA, PUFA/saturated fatty acids and n − 6/n − 3 ratios, and thrombogenic index among groups. An upregulation of the studied genes in the supplemented groups was observed. There were upregulations in the studied genes in the supplemented groups. Practical applications: Goat meat is in great demand the world over, especially in tropical countries, including India, and does not carry any social or religious prohibition. Although goat meat has relatively less fat, consumers express their concern over the presence of undesirable fatty acids. The present study shows that the fatty acid configuration of goat meat can be improved by a dietary supplementation of an oil blend rich in omega fatty acids. The amount of n − 3 PUFA, n − 6 PUFA, and CLA in goat meat was significantly increased due to the dietary oil blend making it healthy for the consumers. Moreover, the dietary oil blend at the studied levels did not significantly affect the growth and meat quality parameters of the goats. Thus, the studied approach can be successfully followed to produce healthier goat meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in India is lower than in America and Europe at 0.61 to 1.9%. Studies have shown that dietary patterns and consumption of certain food groups can influence the prevalence of agerelated macular degeneration (ARMD) in a given population. This study's goal was to evaluate the impact of dietary fat and food consumption patterns in Indians with ARMD and compare it to age-matched healthy individuals. 90 patients from a Mumbai ophthalmology outpatient clinic who were above 50 years were recruited to participate in the research. The participants were divided into groups of those with and without ARMD based on the fundus assessment. For each of the meals, a food frequency questionnaire was utilized to record the common foods that all of the individuals ate. They were asked to remember the foods they had just ingested. Based on consumption patterns, some were grouped as vegetarians who had only plant-based foods and others as non-vegetarians who consumed meat, fish and eggs. Using a conversion table created for Indian meals, the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids was quantified. The information was then analyzed between those with and without ARMD. 45/90 people were in the control group, and among the 45 cases. The amount of MUFA consumed was 44.29±26.00 and 40.53±17.18 and PUFA consumed was 35.57±26.34 and 43.61±27.27 by the cases and controls discretely. With regard to dietary fats, there was no statistically significant difference between them p=0.05. Further, the food types consumption was analysed and it showed that 13% of the cases were vegetarians whereas 47% of the controls were vegetarians. 12% of the servings consumed in the cases had meat whereas only 3% of the servings contained meat among the controls. The control group consumed 1.7% servings of fish whereas the cases consumed 0.59%. The present study results show that Indians consume foods rich in PUFA which could lower the risk of ARMD. The results further indicate that subjects who consumed more vegetarian foods and were lower on meat were at a reduced risk to develop ARMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salacia reticulata is a species of Salacia plants which are vine plants of the family Hippocrateaceae. The roots and stems of Salacia plants were used in traditional medicine in India and Sri Lanka to treat early diabetes and skin diseases. In this preliminary in vitro study, we examined the suppressive effects of leaf and stem extracts of S. reticulata on the production of aging odor components, such as 2-nonenal (2-NE) according to the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in in vitro system. Corn oil and palmitoleic acid were autoxidized by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 352 nm and 253.7 nm. The leaf or stem extracts of S. reticulata were added at final concentrations of 2% or 5% (w/w) to the oils before UV irradiation. The total levels of aldehydes and ketones produced from the oils were determined by a fluorometric method with 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD) or a colorimetric method with thiobarbituric acid (TBA). In addition, the amounts of 1-hexanal (HA) and 2-NE were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using ODS column. The levels of CHD reactive substances and TBA reactive substances were increased from corn oil and palmitoleic acid by UV irradiation for 120 min and 93 min, respectively. The addition of 2% stem extract of S. reticulata suppressed these levels. After UV irradiation for 48 min, HA was produced from corn oil and palmitoleic acid, whereas 2-NE was produced only from palmitoleic acid. The addition of 2% and 5% extracts of the leaf or stem suppressed the productions of these aldehydes. The effects of the stem extract on the production of 2-NE were almost the same as those of the leaf extract, while the effects of the stem extract on the productions of total aldehydes and HA tended to be stronger than those of the leaf extract. These results indicate that the extracts prepared from the leaf and stem of S. reticulata could prevent aging odor by the suppressive effects on the production of aldehydes in the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avocado is a food rich in mono unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, and procyanidins. In Southern India, avocado (Persea Americana) are frequently used for milkshakes and occasionally added to ice cream and other desserts. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporation of avocado pulp on the physico-chemical, sensory and microbial quality of chicken cutlets. Chicken cutlets were prepared with different levels of avocado pulp, viz., 0% (T1), 5% (T2) and 10 % (T3) and the physico-chemical, sensory and microbial quality of prepared chicken cutlets were assessed. The incorporation of avocado pulp into chicken cutlets reduced the extent of lipid oxidation and microbial count significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in cooking yield and textural properties were also recorded. However, the incorporation of avocado pulp @ 10% in the chicken cutlets showed no significant influence on the overall sensory acceptability of the chicken cutlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total carotenoid and flavonoid contents of flaxseeds were detected between 0.14 (Atalanta) and 0.66 μg/g (Sarı‐85) to 255.71 (Sarı‐85) and 424.29 mg/100 g (Cihanbeyli), respectively. Also, while total phenolic contents of flaxseeds are determined between 178.81 mg/100 g (Sarı‐85) and 243.73 mg/100 g (Cihanbeyli), antioxidant activities of flaxseed samples were determined between 9.42 (Sarı‐85) and 13.14 mmol/kg (Cihanbeyli). Quercetin and catechin contents of flaxseeds were identified between 26.19 (Sarı‐85) and 45.69 mg/100 g (Atalanta) to 10.82 (Atalanta) and 25.44 mg/100 g (Kulu), respectively. While rutin amounts of flaxseeds vary between 10.20 (Sarı‐85) and 15.78 mg/100 g (Kulu), resveratrol contents of flaxseed samples were detected between 5.72 (Atalanta) and 14.42 mg/100 g (Halfeti). Linolenic, oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were the most abundant fatty acids of flaxseed oils. Linolenic and oleic acid amounts of flaxseed oils are determined between 51.19 (Kulu) and 56.51% (Sarı‐85) to 20.27% (Sarı‐85) and 22.12% (Atalanta), respectively. The high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in flaxseed oils limits the use of this oil as cooking oil. Practical applications: Flaxseed oil has several industrial uses. It is a plant that is cultivated in a geography extending from the west of the Mediterranean to India and is used for various purposes. Flaxseed is used in the production of edible and non‐edible industrial oil. Its iodine number is around 180, and it is used in many fields, especially in the paint industry, and flaxseed, like other oilseeds, has a high oil content and a superior fatty acid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep-water shrimps are non-conventional culinary delicacies due to the presence of essential nutrients, although they are predominantly unexplored marine fishery resources. The nutritional composition of deep-water shrimp species Aristeus alcocki, Heterocarpus chani, Plesionika quasigrandis, Solenocera choprai, and Metapenaeopsis andamanensis captured from Arabian Sea (southwest coast of peninsular India) was determined. The shrimp demonstrated a well-composed essential/non-essential amino acids ratio (0.76-0.84). Among other deep-water shrimps, protein content, total aromatic, and sulfur-enclosing amino acids were substantially higher in A. alcocki (12.69 g 100 g-1, 344 and 270 mg 100 g-1 wet tissue, respectively). The C20-22n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid analogues (docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid) were found to be in appreciable quantities (82-130 and 56-120 mg 100 g-1 wet edible portion, respectively) in the studied deep-water shrimp species. Lower thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices (0.16-0.32 and 0.35-0.53, respectively) acknowledged the studied deep-water shrimp species as valuable health food items for cardioprotection and anti-platelet aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to identify the fatty acid composition in Prinsepia utilis seeds collected from diverse populations of Western Himalaya, India. The seeds contained higher saturated fatty acid (SFA43.09%; Average of all populations) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA - 29.57%) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA - 25.53%), however variations among growing populations was measured. The correlation analysis reveals a significant (p < 0.05) negative connection between 10-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester (FA1), and altitude. Edaphic factors like available nitrogen showed significantly (p < 0.05) but the negative correlation with cis-11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester (FA10; p < 0.001), Docosanoic acid, methyl ester (FA11; p < 0.05), Heptadecanoic acid, methyl ester (FA14; p < 0.05), and Tricosanoic acid, methyl ester (FA29; p < 0.05). Antioxidant activity did not show any variation in the seed oil of different populations but varied among the concentrations (5-50 µL) used. IC50 values of DPPH activity was significantly (p < 0.05) varied connect ranged from 11.31-24.21 µL/mL among the different populations. These variations in fatty acid composition and IC50 values of the DPPH activity can be one of the indicators for selecting a promising population that would be harnessed for its potential in nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to characterize "ghee" derived from Arunachali yak (AY), yak–cow hybrid (YCH), and cow reared under semi‐intensive conditions in Arunanchal Pradesh, India. The milk obtained from Arunachali yak has significantly (p < 0.05) higher fat, solids‐not‐fat, and protein content compared to YCH and cow. The ghee obtained from three different genotypes is characterized and showed significant variation (p < 0.05) in various physicochemical parameters viz., yield, moisture, specific gravity, saponification value, free fatty acid, cholesterol, vitamin A, and instrumental color profile. Further, the ghee obtained from YCH milk has significantly (p < 0.05) higher oleic acids (35.24% ± 0.21), linoleic acid content (1.18% ± 0.03), and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio (0.69 ± 0.01), whereas cow ghee has significantly (p < 0.05) higher α‐Linolenic acid (0.57% ± 0.04) compared to the other samples. AY ghee has higher saturated fatty acids (63.58% ± 0.07); however, no significant difference is observed in the total fatty acids content of the ghee obtained from AY and YCH. In Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) analysis, the characteristic intensity of the absorption peaks in the region of 650–4000 cm−1 is taken. They are nearly comparable, and no differences are detected by the naked eye. It can be concluded that the findings of this study will be useful for characterization and also provide scientific support for further in‐depth study. Practical applications: The experimental results of this study would aid the increase of information about physicochemical characterization of these three genotypes of foot hills of the Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of this study is uncovering potential strains of microalgae from Indore, Madhya Pradesh situated in central India with a diverse climate for sustainable production of different bio‐products. Assessing the entire biochemical profile is crucial to select species‐ specific metabolites for sustainability of algal bio‐refinery processes. In the current study, seven algal species (C. proboscideum, Desmodesmus psuedocommunis, Asterarcys quadricellulare, Ettlia texensis, Pediludiela daitoensis, Coelastrella sp., Pectinodesmus sp.) were isolated and identified using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18 s rRNA sequences, and these species found to be from the Chlorophyta phylum. The highest biomass productivity (51.25 ± 1.96 μg/ml/day) with chlorophyll content (33.07 ± 0.63 μg/ml) was observed in A. quadricellulare on 21st day (P < 0.0001). Biochemical profiling of isolated species showed each species is unique in its biochemical composition (total lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins). Coelastrella sp. and Pectinodesmus sp. was found to be accumulating considerable quantities of (P < 0.0001) carbohydrates (303.3 ± 1.11 μg/mg dry cell weight) and lipids (212.67 ± 2.53 μg/mg per dry cell weight), respectively. Whereas P. daitoensis was found best (P < 0.0001) for protein production (205.78 ± 2.56 μg/mg dry cell weight), on 21st day. Highest total fatty acid content was detected in Pectinodesmus sp. (115.74 μg/mg) on 21st day, which has shown good saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) percentage, inflicting high quality biodiesel production. Confocal microscopy further supported the data. Assessing the biochemical profile at different phases of growth for each species therefore reduce the production time of biofuels as well as make this process much more cost‐effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the most recent discoveries of various species of algae (seaweeds), their bioactive composition and the bioactive properties of algal extracts found along India's shorelines. India is the 12th position among the world's topmost mega-biodiversity countries. There are 770 species of bio-diverse marine algae, which cover 8100 kilometers of coastline in India. Gray, red and brown algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates and euglenophytes are among the marine algae found. Secondary metabolites that are structurally and biologically active can be located in abundance in seaweeds. Amino acids, fats, vitamins, carotenoids, polypeptides, polysaccharides, proteins, glycerolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, polyphenols, minerals and plant growth hormones are all contained in bioactive extracts. Several marine macro and micro-algae organisms contain biogenic compounds like halogenated complexes, alcoholic contents, aldehydes and some terpenes used in various activities. The extracts have several biologic effects which include antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antiviral, antifouling and cytotoxic activity. Seaweed species and their environment influence the composition, quantity and medicinal properties of extracts. A diverse algae biomass can be found along India's various coastlines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bhallataka Taila (Oil) is extracted with the help of Patala Yantra. It is one of the important formulations in Ayurveda pharmaceutics. Shelf life for various dosage forms are described in Ayurveda classics. In the current scenario, the amendment of Rule No. 161-B of the Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940, specifies the maximum shelf life of Ayurvedic formulations. However, there is a lack of shelf life data for individual formulations. Thus, the present study is aimed to evaluate the shelf life of Bhallataka Taila (Oil). Bhallataka Taila (Oil) was extracted following classical guidelines. The sample was subjected to an accelerated stability study maintaining the temperature and humidity 40 ± 2 °C and 75 ± 5 %, respectively. Physicochemical parameters were analysed at the initiation of the study and at an interval of 1, 3 and 6 months to check the degradation levels in the formulation. Tests for microbial limit and heavy metals were also conducted for the safety and quality of the product. On extrapolating the observations, the shelf life for Bhallataka Taila (Oil) was found to be 4.89 years, which exceeds the shelf life mentioned for Taila (Oil) in official gazettes of the Government of India. This oil preparation does not incorporate any liquid media such as Swarasa (Juice), Kwatha (decoction), etc. as required in any Taila Preparation, resulting in low degradation rate. The oil is rich in PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) content and tocopherols, which may contribute to the stability of the oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional composition and functional groups of the edible portion of the most often utilized cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis of Puducherry coastal waters, India was evaluated. Moisture is the basic component of the mantle with 82.45±0.15% followed by a good source of 14.5±0.1% protein. The ash, lipid, and carbohydrates were found less than 1%. The energetic value of the mantle of cuttlefish S. pharaonis is calculated as 6.06 KJ/g. Na and K were found in considerable quantities of 2772 and 3247 mg/kg respectively and the Na/K ratio (0.85) was less than 1. The amount of Zn, Mn, B, Al, Sr, and As was found to be relatively high when compared to a low or insignificant level of Cu, Mo, Se, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Hg. The fatty acid profile analysis revealed that it contains 71.67% saturated fatty acids,17.87% polyunsaturated fatty acids and 10.38% monounsaturated fatty acids. In all three types, the C16:0 palmitic acid (40.29%), C18:0 stearic acid (16.54%), and C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid (13.52%) represented as the dominant fatty acids. The FT-IR analysis disclosed the presence of various functional groups belonging to protein, lipids, and polysaccharides. Thus, the present study proved that the cuttlefish S pharaonisis considered as a potential nutraceutical and the right choice of food for greater and wider human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans fatty acids (TFA) are the geometrical isomers of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that affect the functional and physicochemical properties of these fatty acids, which in turn affect their metabolism in humans. Since the database available for trans fatty acids in food from India is scarce, the research report generates data about trans fatty acid content in selected foods popular in north India. In this report, various food samples like cookies, chocolates, biscuits, pizza, fries, indigenous snacks like samosa, pakora and indigenous sweets like jalebi, gulab jamun, and laddoo were analyzed for the Trans Fatty Acid (TFA) content by gas chromatography. A large variation was found in trans fatty acid content among these food samples. The results also showed that only 4.5% of the samples were found to contain TFA less than 0.5% while approximately 8% of samples having more than 5% TFA (1 branded and 6 non-branded samples). Also, a large variation was found in the trans fatty acid content of branded and non-branded food samples with the mean value of TFA in branded and non-branded food groups as 1.781 and 6.125 respectively and the t-value of 0.852 between the two groups. When regulations are emphasizing on labelling the TFA content on the product, there are arrays of unlabelled products which are not governed under any regulations. Hence there is a need for strong food regulations to bring levels of trans fats in processed foods to negligible levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses are widely consumed as a source of protein along with cereals. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the oldest and cultivated major pulse crop in India. It is a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber along with micronutrients. Its importance and utilization for several health ailments have been mentioned in ancient manuscripts and the ayurvedic system of medicine. This review gives an outline of the available literature on production, nutritional composition, bioactive components along with their health benefits and processing techniques used for the development of chickpea-based food products. Applications of chickpea in different food systems are included. Bioavailability of chickpea protein in the human body is higher as compared to other pulses. Chickpea protein hydrolysates have antioxidant and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-I (ACE-I) inhibitory properties. α- Galacto oligosaccharides present in chickpea act as prebiotic because they are indigestible and are fermented by the colonic bacteria resulting in the formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that are reported to have potential health benefits. Although chickpea contains only 2.70–6.50% fat, it is an important source of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic and oleic acid. Isoflavones and carotenoids are the major bioactive compounds present in chickpea. Chickpea has potential health benefits such as prevention of cardiovascular disease, hypo-cholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, and anti-inflammatory activity. Processing of chickpea before consumption results in the elimination of anti-nutritional factors. Germination, roasting, and extrusion results in an increase in in-vitro starch and protein digestibility. Chickpea protein isolates can be effectively used for encapsulation of flaxseed oil and folate. • Summarized the role of chickpea as functional food with potential health benefits. • Having edge of chickpea nutrients and phytochemicals over other legumes. • Comprehensive overview on the applications of chickpea in different food systems. • Illustrated the processing techniques of chickpea-based food products. • Protein rich and low glycaemic index of sattu may be a potential nutrient vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional composition and functional groups of the edible portion of the most commonly consumed cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis of Puducherry coastal waters, India was evaluated. Moisture is the main constituent of the mantle with 82.45± 0.15% followed by a good source of 14.5± 0.1% protein. The ash, lipid, and carbohydrates were found less than 1%. The energetic value of the mantle of cuttlefish S. pharaonis is calculated as 6.06 KJ/g. Na and K were found in considerable quantities of 2772 and 3247 mg/kg respectively and the Na/K ratio (0.85) remains in less than 1. The amount of Zn, Mn, B, Al, Sr, and As was found to be relatively high when compared to a low or insignificant level of Cu, Mo, Se, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Hg. The fatty acid profile indicated that the saturated fatty acids remain in the greater proportion of 71.67% followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (17.87 %) and monounsaturated fatty acids of 10.38%. In all the three types, the C16:0 palmitic acid (40.29%), C18:0 stearic acid (16.54%), and C22:6 docosahexaenoic acid (13.52%) represented as the dominant fatty acids. The FT-IR analysis disclosed the presence of various functional groups belonging to protein, lipids, and polysaccharides. Thus, the present study proved that the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis is considered as a potential health food that not only supplements the diet but also assists in treating or preventing various diseases and the right choice of food for greater and wider human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), Andhrapradesh, and Guntur municipal corporation, India announced a war against mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, dengue, chikungunya, and encephalitis. The Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose, Synonym: Acacia concinna (Wild.) DC., Family: Fabaceae is one of the ayurvedic medicinal plants and is commonly known as soap pod and shikakai in India. This research isolated and characterized a mixture of methyl esters of five polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): methyl oleate, glyceryl trilinoleate, methyl linoleate, methyl eicosenoate, and methyl vernolate from petroleum ether extract of pods of S rugata (PESR) and epigallocatechin (EGC) from the ethanol extract of S rugata pods (EESR) using column chromatography, ¹HNMR, 13CNMR, and IR spectral studies. The EESR, PESR, and PUFA emulsion (PFE) were evaluated for their larvicidal action against fifty larvae each of four mosquito species as per the guidelines for mosquito larvicidal bioassay, WHO. The LC50 and LC90 values of PFE were 10 ml and 15 ml respectively. The LC50 and LC90 values of PESR were 20 ml and 30 ml respectively. No mortality was observed with the EESR mixture. The result showed the concentrationdependent larvicidal actions of PFE and PESR. The Senegalia rugata environmentally friendly alternative in reducing the use of chemicals for mosquito control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel production from Jatropha Curcus through transesterification produces biodegradable and low emission substituted fuel that can reduce India's dependency to import crude oil. The properties of the various fatty esters are evaluated through the fatty acid's structural features and the composition percentage of fatty acid in the feedstock. The physico-chemical property of fatty acid esters is of particular importance for biodiesel kinetics and production. Natural vegetation produces a different composition of free fatty acid in Jatropha Curcus because of climate, soil, and photosynthesis. In this paper, the simulations used to assess its physic-chemical properties based on different fatty acid profiles and highlighted optimize biodiesel fuel physic-chemical characteristics. It has been observed that the degree of unsaturation and kinetic viscosity is the function of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and the double bond, while the higher biodegradability due to the presence of excess oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Smoking, the leading cause of oral cancer in India, kills over 5 people every hour. As high mortality is due to late diagnosis, early detection is vital. Free radical-induced lipid peroxidation (LP) is known to promote multistep oral carcinogenesis. Free radicals generated by smoking damage polyunsaturated fatty acids releasing end product malondialdehyde (MDA). A simple, home-based test was devised to determine salivary MDA to assess early risk of oral precancer and cancer. It was hypothesized that heavier smokers would exhibit greater degree of salivary LP. Materials and Methods: A highly sensitive QuitPuff reagent was formulated which when heated with saliva, produces a color change, directly proportional to the amount of MDA. The MDA level was measured by matching the color change with a colorimetric LP index (LPI) chart. QuitPuff was tested on 500 subjects, validated using the gold standard, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Results: The mean LPI was consistently and significantly elevated (P < 0.001) in smokers with oral precancer and cancer (4.34) and smokers who smoked more than 20 (4.12), between 10 and 20 (3.43), and <10 cigarettes per day (2.43) as compared to nonsmokers (0.26). The mean LPIs of the test and validation methods correlated. Spearman's correlation indicated significant positive association between color changes and UV spectroscopy readings (r = 0.93). QuitPuff detected salivary MDA levels with 96% accuracy. Conclusion: Smokers exhibited greater degree of salivary LP as compared to nonsmokers; the heavier the smoker, greater was the degree of LP. QuitPuff has great potential as a point-of-care test for oral precancer and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils are categorized as either edible or non-edible. One among the category that cannot be used for cooking is eucalyptus that is amply available within India. The eucalyptus oil is an excellent input for green fuel; the core of the eucalyptus tree has around 35 to 40 percentage of oil content in it. This paper describes the process involved in preparing green fuel from eucalyptus oil by using a trans-esterification method, before starting with the method varied characteristics of eucalyptus green fuel has been examined. It has been discovered that physico-chemical characteristics of the eucalyptus oil is within the range of the standards that have been set by different countries. Eucalyptus oil 40.4 saturated fatty acid 59.6% of unsaturated fatty acid. The sticky nature of the raw eucalyptus decreases posts trans-esterification, but still it is high when compared with mineral diesel. Other characteristics of cloud and pour point, cold filter plugging point (CFPP) are high than diesel. Eucalyptus green fuel mixed with diesel in various proportions. The characteristics of green fuel have been assessed alongside the related criterions. Resultant of the calculation shows that the constant value of the regression is high amongst green fuel characteristics and proportion of the blend. It has been concluded that the best proportion of blend can be up to the extent of 0.3 i.e., 30 percentages after taking into consideration the value of cold filter plugging point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet-derived fatty acids have well-proven varying effects on human health. In particular, trans fatty acids (TFA) are associated with high risk of cardiovascular diseases whereas, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are considered to be beneficial to the human health. In this study, we report fatty acid profiling of 75 food samples from India belonging to three broad categories, viz., perishable deep-fried, non-perishable deep-fried and bakery. Lipids were extracted from the snacks and fatty acids converted into methyl esters and analysed by gas chromatography. Thirty-seven detected fatty acids were classified into four categories: saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), PUFA, and TFA, of which SFA represented the most abundant class in two-third of the samples. The highest average proportions of TFA and SFA of 3.26% and 56.1%, respectively, in total fatty acids were found in the bakery products; whereas, that of PUFA (38%) in the perishable deep-fried products. Principal Component Analysis depicted clustering of many samples according to the above-mentioned categories and helped predict the oil usage. Lower TFA content in all the samples and high proportion of PUFA in a quarter of the samples is suggestive of a better trend as compared to earlier studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-edible vegetable oil derived lubricants feedstock have come up strongly in recent time but diverting the used cooking oil (UCO) for bio-lubricant production is a viable and attractive approach in countries like India where availability of non-edible oils are limited. In this regard, this work explores for the very first time, the consideration of environmental-friendly ethylhexyl esters (EHEs) as base oil produced from used cooking oil through transesterification of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and 2-ethylhexanol in the presence of p-Toluenesulfonic acid to develop eco-friendly grease. The produced biolubricant (UCO-BL) was identified using FTIR and NMR techniques. The fatty acid composition of UCO-BL was determined using the quantitative GC-FID technique and it was found that linoleic and oleic were the major unsaturated fatty acids present in UCO-BL. The experimental results show that the different fatty acid profiles in UCO-BL have a significant impact on the tribological and rheological performance of the prepared grease. The friction coefficient of UCO-BL based grease was 30.6% lower compared to mineral oil (MAK150) based grease. The surface lubricated by MAK150 based grease exhibits lower wear but deep scratches, whereas UCO-BL based grease showed fine scratches. Also, the high solvency of UCO-BL promotes a strong gel network, resulting in higher viscosity and lower values of loss tangent of the prepared grease. This study demonstrates that biolubricant derived from used cooking oil could be utilize to develop eco-friendly grease. Additionally, it can contribute to the effective utilization of waste cooking oils and aid in waste management. [Display omitted] • Chemically modified used cooking oil was considered as a base oil (UCO-BL) to develop eco-friendly grease • The UCO-BL based grease exhibited improved frictional behavior, leading to a 30.6% reduction in the coefficient of friction compared to the MAK150 based grease. • The UCO-BL based grease exhibits a higher consistency index and high plateau modulus. • The UCO-BL promotes the formation of strong gel network leading to have higher viscosity and lower value of loss tangent of the prepared grease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha is a commercially important and high-valued anadromous fish of South East Asian countries. The present study aimed to understand macro and microscopic changes in the ovary and mobilization of fatty acids during gonad development in wild-caught female hilsa. A total of 174 female fish samples of different size groups (Weight range: 68.20 ± 3.21 to 460.67 ± 29.89 g, Total length range: 18.53 ± 0.55 to 40.33 ± 1.20 cm) were collected from estuarine and freshwater zones of the Hooghly River system of India. Various biological indices, such as gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), oocyte diameter (OD), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and condition factor (K) at different maturation stages (I to VI) were determined. Results of the study showed that the GSI and OD increased with ovarian growth from stage I to VI (14.50 ± 2.18%) of maturation (P < 0.05). The HSI value increased progressively from stage I to V; thereafter, it decreased (P < 0.05). Histological observations indicated different microscopic stages, namely oogonia (stage I), chromatin nucleolar oocytes, perinuclolar oocytes (stage II), cortical alveolar (III), vitellogenic (IV), post-vitellogenic (V) and hydrated/eccentric stages (VI). Total saturated fatty acid (∑SFA) decreased in the ovary and increased in the liver with the progress of maturation from stage I to VI. At the same time, total monounsaturated fatty acid (∑MUFA) in muscle remained unchanged (P > 0.05), decreased (P < 0.05) in the liver, and increased in the ovarian tissue (P < 0.05). The levels of n-3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) and n-6 PUFA elevated in the ovarian tissue concomitantly with the ovarian growth (P < 0.05). The ratios of n-3/n-6, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) / eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), EPA/ arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA/AA showed a significant decreasing trend in the ovarian tissue with the progress of gonad development (P < 0.05). Accumulation of n-3 PUFAs (α-linolenic acid, ALA; EPA; DHA) and n-6 PUFAs (linoleic acid, LA and AA) in ovary suggested specific fatty acid requirements during gonad development, which will help in the formulation of a broodstock diet for hilsa. • Histological changes in developing ovary of hilsa are of synchronous type. • Fully mature female hilsa having GSI and oocyte size of 14.50 ± 2.18% 728.23 ± 9.73 μm, respectively. • The n-3 PUFAs (ALA, EPA, DHA) and n-6 PUFAs (LA, AA) are required for final oocyte maturation of hilsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A fish nutrient database 'NutriFishIn' has been developed. • Importance of food data generated on public health nutrition has been highlighted. • Nutrismart species for community nutrition programs have been identified. • SIFs for aquaculture to combact the micronutrient deficiency have been identified. • Food data generated would help in reframing dietary guidelines. Fish is a healthy food, rich in quality animal proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids especially the (ω)-3 eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and micronutrients. In addition, fish are more available and affordable than other sources of animal proteins in tropical countries. Aquaculture, which is one of the fastest growing food production sectors, could play a big role in eradicating hunger, malnutrition and nutrient-deprivation globally. However, nutritional information on fish is necessary for utilization of fish in achieving nutritional security and will be helpful in prioritizing species for aquaculture. In this context, we have studied the detailed nutritional composition of selected fishes from India and developed a database (http://www.cifri.res.in/nutrifishin/index.php) with the food data generated. This review explore the implications of such nutritional information in consumer guidance, dietary counselling, food-policy planning and prioritization of species for aquaculture to fight hunger, malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency; ultimately contributing to food and nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sesamum indicum L. is one of the major oilseed crops of India. Sesame oil is stable with a good source of unsaturated fatty acids. To know the mechanism of oil accumulation in sesame, genes coding for the key enzymes involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis pathway, namely diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT; EC 2.3.1.20) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT; EC 2.3.1.158), were retrieved from sesame full genome sequences by comparative analysis using Arabidopsis genes. All isoforms of SiDGAT and SiPDAT genes were analyzed in silico for their sequence and structural similarity with the existing members from other plants. Phylogenetic analysis delineated the sesame DGAT and PDAT genes into four separate clades. Most of the members had several transmembrane domains except SiDGAT1 A1, SiDGAT1 A2, SiDGAT1 B1, and SiPDAT2 which do not have any transmembrane domain suggesting a soluble function. In vitro gene isolation followed by mRNA expression analysis of SiDGAT1, SiDGAT2, SiPDAT1, and SiPDAT2 were carried out. Expression of these genes at the transcription level at the leaf, stem, root, flower, developing seeds, and mature seeds were examined by quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Functional analysis of these sesame genes was performed in a yeast quadruple mutant lacking TAG synthesis genes. Transcript abundance of SiDGAT1 and SiDGAT2 genes was highest in mature seeds, SiPDAT1 at flowering stage and developing seeds, and SiPDAT2 in stem and developing seeds. Heterologous expression of sesame genes in the yeast system indicated higher oil content in both SiDGAT and SiPDAT gene–transformed mutants. In addition, SiPDAT1-expressing mutants had higher polyunsaturated (C18:1; C18:2) fatty acid content. The present study indicates both sesame DGAT and PDAT genes are good candidates for not only oil yield increase but also for higher PUFA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring rate of global population led to fast depletion of natural resources. It has become primary importance in India like horse gram, khesari, rice bean, tepary bean, moth bean, adzuki bean, winged bean and jack bean diversify the current agricultural systems in order to achieve food security. About 45 legume crops have been reported to be taken as food source by around 550 tribal societies in India. Different underutilized legumes are cultivated. These underutilized legumes make an important contribution in the diet of the rural habitats particularly during adverse conditions like dry season, drought and famine. Most of the known underutilized legumes contain adequate quantities of essential amino acids, protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), essential minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers compared to other legumes, along with presence of some beneficial bioactive substances. Exploring underutilized legumes as a source of feed, food and pharmaceutically important compounds to provide primary data which can be applied to overcome malnutrition-associated complications and can be able in sustaining pulse needs in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8 months feed demonstration program was conducted in the ponds of Ramakrishna Mission, Belur Math, West Bengal, India. The program aimed at providing hands-on training to trainees at Samaj Sevak Sikshan Mandir (SSSM) on farm-made feed formulation and use in aquaculture. Two ponds were selected, one at Shilpamandira of 0.1 h and fish were fed Feed-1, and another of 0.08 h at Samaj Sevak Sikshan Mandir (SSSM) and fed Feed-2. Indian major carps, Catla catla (catla) and Labeo rohita (rohu) were stocked at 4500 fish ha-1. The stocking size of rohu was 80-90g and of catla was 220-245g. Locally available low cost feed ingredients, rice bran, mustard oil cake, til oil cake and linseed oil sludge were used to formulate and prepare two farm-made mash feeds (Feed-1 and Feed-2). The fish were fed at 2% of total fish biomass in the ponds and were fed through bag feeding. At the end of the study rohu grew to 1.07 kg and catla to 1.6 kg in Shilpamandira pond (Feed-1), and rohu to1.5 kg and catla to 2.2 kg in Samaj Sevak Sikshan Mandir pond (Feed-2). The net production of fish was 4.9 and 6.8 t ha-1 for 8 months with Feed-1 and Feed-2, respectively. Dietary inclusion of linseed-oilsludge significantly increased the PUFA content in Indian major carps. The feed cost was substantially reduced by replacing mustard oil cake with til oil cake and incorporation of linseed oil sludge, a very low priced ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude palm oil (CPO) is an excellent source of β-carotene and mono-unsaturated fatty acid mainly palmitic acid (16:0).CPO can be blended with other cooking oils namely sunflower oil (SFO) and groundnut oil (GNO). The purpose of blending was to improve the fatty acid ratio and β-carotene content of oil blends. These oil blends can be used to control VAD (Vitamin A deficiency). The oils were analyzed for fatty acid composition and β-carotene. Based on their fatty acid composition, four oil blends were prepared viz. CPO: SFO (70:30 and 65:35), CPO: GNO (55:45 and 65:35). These oil blends were used for the preparation of samosa and cutlet which were evaluated organoleptically and analyzed for proximate composition, β-carotene and to tal carotenoid content. Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of SFO and GNO improved significantly when blended with CPO. The snacks were organoleptically acceptable. No significant differences were observed in the proximate composition of developed snacks, however, a significant improvement in β-carotene and total carotenoid content was found in snacks prepared using blends of palm oil and other cooking oils. Since deficiency of vitamin A is quite prevalent in India; this study will be useful for further research in feeding trial among vitamin A deficit children. CPO is a good source of provitamin A, so there is an urgent need to develop more commercial products from oil blends containing CPO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of Cassia tora (leaves and stem) was determined using gas chromatographyemass spectrometry. Twenty-seven fatty acids were identified in C. tora (leaves and stem) which was collected from three different geographical areas of India: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), Nainital (Uttarakhand), and Bhavnagar (Gujarat), coded as CT-1, CT-2, and CT-3, respectively. The gas chromatography emass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids found were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, margaric acid, melissic acid, and behenic acid. The highest amounts of saturated fatty acids were found in leaves of C. tora collected from Bhavnagar (Gujarat) (60.7% ± 0.5%). Thus, the study reveals that C. tora has a major amount of nutritionally important fatty acids, along with significant antimicrobial potential. Fatty acids play a significant role in the development of fat products with enhanced nutritional value and clinical application. Remarkable differences were found in the present study between fatty acid profiles of C. tora collected from different locations in India. To the best of our knowledge there is no previously reported comparative study of the fatty acids of C. tora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incorporation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources to lipid-based nutrition supplement (LNS) formulations for undernourished populations presents a challenge due to reduced shelf life and poor consumer acceptability.Objective: To systematically develop an omega-3-fortified LNS formulation, using flaxseed oil (FO), by optimizing its processing stability and evaluating its sensory acceptance.Methods: LNS formulations were formulated to yield approximately 452 kcal, 13.2 g of protein, 30 g of fat, and 53 g of carbohydrates per 100 g. Response surface methodology (RSM) with 4-factor-3-level: omega-3 fatty acid source (FO; 0%-10%), antioxidant (ascorbyl palmitate: 0.0%-0.03%), emulsifier (soy lecithin: 0.5%-1.5%), and storage time (0-6 months at 40°C) was used to optimize LNS's functionality and storage stability. Factor effects were evaluated for peroxide value, oil separation, water activity, moisture content, hardness, and vitamin C content of the samples. Consumer acceptability was assessed using a 9-point hedonic scale.Results: After 6 months of accelerated storage, the addition of FO to LNS formula resulted in increased peroxide values (7.75 mEq/kg fat) and lipid separation and a reduction in vitamin C and water activity. Optimal levels to maximize storage time and FO and minimize oxidation were 0.02% antioxidant, 1.5% emulsifier, and 4.9% FO. Indian women and students accepted LNS formulations with or without FO similar to other commercial supplements.Conclusion: An LNS containing FO with improved omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio was successfully formulated with staple Indian ingredients and optimized for storage stability using RSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives of this study were designed for improved production of mycelial omega-3 fatty acids with particular reference to EPA and DHA from the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina CFR-GV15 under submerged low temperatures fermentation supplemented with linseed oil and garden cress oil as an additional energy source. The fungus was grown at 20°C temperature for four days initially followed by 12°C temperature for next five days. The basal medium contained starch, yeast extract, and a blend of linseed oil (LSO) and garden cress oil (GCO) in the ratio 1 : 1. Results of the study revealed that, after nine days of total incubation period, the enhancement of biomass was up to 16.7 g/L dry weight with a total lipid content of 55.4% (v/w). Enrichment of omega-3 fatty acids indicated a significant increase in fatty acid bioconversion (ALA 32.2±0.42%, EPA 7.9±0.1%, and DHA 4.09±0.2%) by 2.5-fold. The two-stage temperature cultivation alters the fatty acid profile due to activation of the desaturase enzyme in the cellular levels due to which arachidonic acid (AA) content reduced significantly. It can be concluded that Mortierella alpina CFR-GV15 is a fungal culture suitable for commercial production of PUFAs with enriched EPA and DHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Since the 1980s the world has been repeatedly informed about the harmful effects of saturated fatty acids. The USDA recommends that SFA consumption should be < 10 en%, while the American Heart Association goes a step further and suggests that the intakes should be reduced to < 7 en%. However, recent findings are increasingly questioning this advice, showing evidence that consumption of SFA may actually be better than increasing intake of either carbohydrates or polyunsaturated fatty acids. This article aims to summarize some of this information, with emphasis on its relevance to Indian diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVOs) high in trans fat is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases. In response to high intakes of PHVOs, the Indian government has proposed regulation to set limits on the amount of trans fat permissible in PHVOs. Global recommendations are to replace PHVOs with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in order to optimise health benefits; however, little is known about the practicalities of implementation in low-income settings. The aim of this study was to examine the technical and economic feasibility of reducing trans fat in PHVOs and reformulating it using healthier fats. Methods Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with manufacturers and technical experts of PHVOs in India. Data were open-coded and organised according to key themes. Results Interviewees indicated that reformulating PHVOs was both economically and technically feasible provided that trans fat regulation takes account of the food technology challenges associated with product reformulation. However, there will be challenges in maintaining the physical properties that consumers prefer while reducing the trans fat in PHVOs. The availability of input oils was not seen to be a problem because of the low cost and high availability of imported palm oil, which was the input oil of choice for industry. Most interviewees were not concerned about the potential increase in saturated fat associated with increased use of palm oil and were not planning to use PUFAs in product reformulation. Interviewees indicated that many smaller manufacturers would not have sufficient capacity to reformulate products to reduce trans fat. Conclusions Reformulating PHVOs to reduce trans fat in India is feasible; however, a collision course exists where the public health goal to replace PHVOs with PUFA are opposed to the goals of industry to produce a cheap alternative product that meets consumer preferences. Ensuring that product reformulation is done in a way that maximises health benefits will require shifts in knowledge and subsequent demand of products, decreased reliance on palm oil, investment in research and development and increased capacity for smaller manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Trans fatty acids (TFA) are unsaturated fatty acids that contain at least one non-conjugated double bond in the trans configuration, resulting in a straighter shape. TFA present in our diet can either be industrially produced and ruminant or natural. The major process contributing to formation of industrial TFA is hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Thermal processes such as edible oil refining and frying also lead to the formation of TFA while, ruminant/natural TFA is formed in the rumen of ruminant animals through bio-hydrogenation. Industrial TFA poses severe effects on our health like cardiovascular problems, insulin resistance, infertility in women, compromised fetal development and cognitive decline. There are strict regulations for limiting/removing the TFA content from food supply across the world. However in India, there is scarcity of data on TFA content in foods and their consumption levels. Given the alarmingly rising trend of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in India, removal of TFA from the food supply along with generating awareness among the masses in this regard is of immense importance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out with a view to separate bioactive constituent from Aethusa cynapium. Bioactivity guided fractionation of the anxiolytic methanol extract has led to the isolation of a novel unsaturated fatty acid. Structure of the acid characterized by UV, IR, 1H NMR, C13 NMR, MS techniques was found to be trideca-7, 9, 11-trienoic acid. Antianxiety activity was confirmed using the mCPP-induced hypolocomotion test. This new fatty acid—trideca-7,9,11-trienoic acid, isolated from A. cynapium was found to be responsible for the antianxiety activity of the plant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aims: To examine the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in both plasma and erythrocytes of maternal and cord blood as well as in breast milk of mothers of preterm babies. Methods: A total of 63 mothers of preterm babies were recruited from the Bharati Medical Hospital, Pune, India. Results: Plasma and erythrocyte DHA and AA levels were higher (P<0.001) in cord blood than in maternal blood. Maternal plasma DHA and AA were positively (P<0.01) associated with their respective maternal erythrocyte levels. There was a positive association (P<0.01) between maternal DHA (both plasma and erythrocyte) and cord DHA. Maternal plasma omega 3 and 6 fatty acids were positively (P<0.01) associated with their respective milk fatty acids. Conclusions: Higher DHA and AA levels in cord blood compared to the mothers suggests a special mechanism to meet the increased demand of the fetus. Higher levels of milk DHA reflect the increased postnatal requirement of preterm babies suggesting a vital role for maternal milk. Lower maternal erythrocyte DHA concentrations in mothers delivering preterm as compared to term suggest that increased oxidative stress may be responsible for reduced DHA levels. This may alter the uterotonic factors like prostaglandins leading to premature triggering of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To establish the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in both plasma and erythrocytes of maternal and cord blood as well as in breast milk of mothers delivering babies at term. Methods: A total of 148 mothers delivering babies at term were recruited from Bharati Medical Hospital, Pune, India. Results: Levels of DHA and AA in both plasma and erythrocyte were higher in cord blood compared to levels in maternal blood (P<0.001). Maternal plasma and erythrocyte DHA levels had a positive association with the respective levels in cord blood (P<0.001). However, such an association was not seen for AA levels. Maternal plasma omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids were positively associated with the respective milk fatty acids (P<0.01). Conclusions: Our results indicate that milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) status reflects the concentrations of maternal LCPUFA in women delivering babies at term. Improving the maternal LCPUFA status throughout pregnancy and lactation may improve the milk LCPUFA status and ultimately benefit the infant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin resistance is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These abnormalities have been aggravated because of imbalanced and excess nutrition in developed countries, and rapid nutritional and lifestyle transition occurring in developing countries. This review presents evidence linking dietary nutrients with insulin resistance and its metabolic correlates, and also describes these issues from a Asian Indians and South Asian perspective. Despite possible influences from genetic and perinatal factors, diet and physical activity are likely to have greater and often overriding influence in pathogenesis of the insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, and T2DM. In animal studies, a link has been established between dietary nutrients and insulin resistance. However, in human studies evidence is not as strong as in animals. Data suggest that dietary (ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) improve lipid profile and may have beneficial effect on insulin resistance. Dietary saturated fatty acids intake is positively associated with insulin resistance. Also, low glycaemic index foods and whole grain intake decrease insulin resistance. Importantly, high carbohydrate diets increase plasma triglycerides, cause hyperinsulinaemia and decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Among micronutrients, high magnesium and calcium intake have been reported to decrease insulin resistance. High intake of dietary carbohydrate and ω-6 PUFAs, low intake of ω-3 PUFAs and fiber, and high ω6/ω-3 PUFAs ratio have been reported in South Asians. Our recent investigations have shown that increased dietary ω-6 PUFAs and saturated fat intake are significantly associated with fasting hyperinsulinaemia and sub-clinical inflammation, respectively. Such imbalanced diets contribute to high prevalence of insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM in South Asians and Asian Indians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostaglandins are exclusively synthesized in vivo from cell membrane essential fatty acids and together are known to regulate many aspects of reproductive processes. The objective of the study was to examine whether disturbances in fatty acid profile as a result of increased oxidative stress could be one of the causes of female infertility. Forty-five infertile and 30 control women were enrolled via the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Bharati Medical College Hospital, Pune, India. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, malondialdehyde (MDA; oxidative stress-marker) levels and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) were measured in both groups. Results show that plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid levels were reduced (p < 0.05) in infertile women as compared to controls. Likewise, levels of MDA, a peroxidative product of essential fatty acids, were increased (p < 0.05) and vitamin E concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) in infertile women, suggesting that increased oxidative stress and consequent altered essential polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with infertility. Our study indicates, for the first time, the cause and effect relationship between oxidative stress and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in infertile women. These data have important implications for the supplementation of a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in the successful management of female infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to isolate fast-growing thraustochytrids and the influence of seasonal variation in fatty acid composition from the mangrove habitat. The thraustochytrids were isolated from fallen yellowish or green mangrove leaves, in four seasons, including winter, summer, rainy, and post rainy season in one year. The thraustochytrids were analyzed for biomass production, total lipid content, and fatty acid profile. The thraustochytrid isolates showed biomass yield and total lipid content in the range of 14.12 ± 0.69 to 22.98 ± 0.53 g/L and 34.98–58.86% per dry cell weight, respectively. The isolates showed two dominant fatty acids, palmitic acid (PA) as saturated fatty acid (SFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in total fatty acid (TFA) content. The significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed for seasonal variations in SFA and DHA content in summer isolates and winter isolates. The maximum DHA content with 47.12% of TFA, recorded in winter (January) isolates and summer (April) isolates with SFA 68.82% of TFA. The results from this study were verified the hypothesis that the presence of high DHA producing thraustochytrids in lower temperature season in the same habitat. These findings have also emphasized the role of the environmental temperature conditions and the importance of thraustochytrid fatty acid composition as a dietary biomarker. Also, it revealed the ecological significance of thraustochytrid in DHA enrichment in the food web of the marine ecosystem. These findings could be useful while isolating thraustochytrids according to seasons for industrial application for omega 3 fatty acids and biodiesel production. [Display omitted] • Seasonal isolation of fast growing thraustochytrids from Indian mangroves. • Seasonal variation affects the fatty acid composition of thraustochytrids. • Cold temperature season can isolate high DHA producing strains. • Thraustochytrid has ecological significance in PUFA enrichment in food web. • Summer thraustochytrids showed high SFA has potential for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diatoms are rich sources of diverse biomolecules and biofuels with great potentials. • Highest biomass concentration and fucoxanthin was recorded in Chaetoceros sp. • Lipid % as dry cell weight was maximum in Thalassiosira sp. (52%). • Antibacterial and Antioxidative potential was higher in Skeletonema sp. Diatoms are a major storehouse of valuable fucoxanthin and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with enormous nutraceuticals and biofuel potential. Three marine diatom species isolated from the southern coast of India has been screened and their results show that highest biomass concentration and fucoxanthin yield was obtained in Chaetoceros sp. as 0.217 g L−1 and 0.403 mg L−1 respectively. Lipid % as dry cell weight was maximum in Thalassiosira sp. (52%) followed by Skeletonema sp. (44%) and Chaetoceros sp. (22%). However, protein and secondary metabolites content besides the total antioxidant activity was estimated highest in Skeletonema sp. Having strong inhibition zones of 18–20 mm against all the five strains of bacteria also highlights the highest antibacterial prospect in Skeletonema sp. This work manifests the plasticity of diatoms and may provide useful insights for further species-specific selection for large-scale production of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, fucoxanthin and other metabolites with potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the fatty acid constituent of eight mangrove species in India. Study shows the presence of the species' saturated fatty acids more than the unsaturated fatty acids. Among the acids found in these mangroves include myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids. It points out that the significant role of fatty acids in skin functions justifies the use of mangroves in traditional medicine.

• Identification of cyanobacterium. • Optimization of process parameter on yield of lipid and its composition. • Characteristics of microalgal lipid and biodiesel. The isolation of ten different cyanobacteria were carried out from northern parts of India and among them the cyanobacterium with maximum specific growth rate (0.246 day−1) was selected for the present study. The strain was further identified using morphometric and molecular analysis using 16S rDNA sequencing and was found to be related with Leptolyngbya sp. (GenBank accession no.: KF953500). The analysis of biomass composition showed ash content, amount of carbohydrate, lipid content, amount of protein, and moisture were found to be 6.8, 27.20, 18.30, 45.70, and 2% respectively. Over 26.6% increment in lipid content was evidenced when the strain was grown in BG11 medium augmented with salinity (25 mM sodium chloride) as compared to BG11 medium without sodium chloride. The unsaturated fatty acids was found 1.39 times higher than saturated fatty acids in KF953500. The lipid separated from cyanobacteria showed saponification value of 220.28, iodine value of 84.08, cetane number of 52.16, degree of unsaturation of 84.04 (%), long-chain saturation factor of 3.09 (%) and cold-filter plugging point of −6.76 °C which are generally in covenant with international standards of biodiesel. Other biodiesel properties such as pour point, flash point, acid number, viscosity, specific gravity, and density were found to be −18 °C, 126 °C, 0.34 mg KOH/g, 4.08 mm2 s−1, 0.812, and 854 kg m−3 respectively which falls within the acceptable ranges as per ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, signifying the aptness of the microalga as promising sustainable feedstock for biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identification of cyanobacterium. • Optimization of process parameter on yield of lipid and its composition. • Characteristics of microalgal lipid and biodiesel. In the present study, cyanobacterium BTA 287 was isolated from the north eastern region of India and identified as Leptolyngbya sp. using 16S rDNA technique. The cellular components of BTA 287 were composed of 7.4% of ash, 23.59% of carbohydrate, 42.15% of protein, 25.38% of lipid, and 1.5% of moisture. The 13.8% enhancement of lipid production was achieved during cultivation of BTA 287 in BG 11 medium supplemented with 25 mM of NaCl for 15 days at 28 °C under 6 k Lux with 14:10 day night ratio. The ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acid was estimated as 1.84. The saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, degree of unsaturation, long-chain saturation factor and cold filter plugging point of lipid extracted from BTA 287 were calculated as 212.52, 86.69, 52.48, 89.56 (wt%), 3.49 (wt%) and −5.51 °C respectively. This yield of biodiesel was found to be 82.54%. The density, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, acid value, calorific value, flash point, pour point, water content, carbon residue and, copper strip corrosion of biodiesel were found to be 868 kg/m3, 4.95 mm2/s, 0.873, 0.38 mg KOH/g, 40.95 MJ/kg, 130 °C, −17 °C 0.025%, 0.86% and 1 respectively. The above fuel properties were general agreement with a globally accepted standard of biodiesel, indicating the suitability of this cyanobacterium BTA 287 as a promising feedstock for biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the factors that deter the widespread acceptance of soy-based food and snacks in India. It points to the to the hexanal compounds released by the catalytic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oil fraction by seed lipoxygenase enzyme. It adds that the grounded soy products could trigger the catalytic lipoxygenase for killer diseases like diabetes, estrogen deficiency-induced cancer, and atherosclerosis.