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Introduction: Most maternal deaths are preventable because there are proven medical procedures to prevent, diagnose, and treat problems. Basic maternal services help reduce and manage pregnancy complications and reduce preventable deaths. Aim and Objective: To assess the quality and extent of maternal and infant health services provided. Material and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted by the Department of Community Medicine, GSVM Medical College Kanpur, using a multistage random sample including women with children less than one year of age and infants (less than one year of age) born to these women in rural blocks of Kanpur Nagar district to assess maternal and infant care services from February 2021 to September 2022. Results: Weight and height were measured in 86.58% of participants, abdominal examination was performed in 81.52% of participants, and blood pressure was checked in 86.84% of participants. Hb test was done in 91.65% participants, urine test for proteinuria was done in 28.35% participants, majority of the study participants received counseling on danger signs (79.49%), dietary counseling (86.58%), newborn care (94.43%), family planning (87.84%). Similar results to NFHS-5 in rural Uttar Pradesh were found in previous published research. Conclusion: The percentage of 4 ANC visits was found to be low in the present study along with low consumption of iron and folic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laparoscopic tubal ligation is the most prevalent method of contraception amongst India's rural and urban poor. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork in rural Rajasthan in 2012–2013, this paper investigates how rural women's perceptions of a biomedical instrument—the laparoscope—influence their perceptions of sterilization, a procedure often entrenched in coercive, target- and incentive-driven population control programme. By investigating how a laparoscope is entangled in global exchanges, national policies, institutional arrangements, and local moral worlds, this paper demonstrates that while wider biomedical discourses perpetuate the narrative of safety and convenience, people's everyday lives inform their understandings of technology that is widely known but rarely seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: - The ideal of this original exploration composition is to find Socio-Demographic Factors of Tubectomy in the North Indian Population. Material & System: - A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obs and Gyne, SSPG District Hospital (Female) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India from January 2017-January 2019. The sample size for the study was calculated using the couple protection rate of Uttar Pradesh, which were around 38%. The estimated sample size determined for the study was 750. Women under the age group 15-50 years reported to the SSPG District Hospital Varanasi were assessed by structured interview and data recorded. Result: - maturity of the women 367(49) were in the age group of 21 - 30 years with a mean age of 25-26 yrs. Among the study group 645(86%) were Hindu, 101(13.5%) were Muslims and 04(0.5%) were Christians. The number of children the couples had at the time of tubectomy. The maximum number of couples (47%) had 3 children before concluding for tubectomy. The coming predominant group was the couple who had 1-2 children (24%). Among Hindus 119(28%) were tubectomized and only 07(15%) were tubectomized in Muslims. Conclusion: - It has been concluded that further of the youthful population in India is concluding for tubectomy. Still, women with 3 children are predominating the tubectomy group. Muslim women are less likely to be castrated than non-Muslim women so junking of the religious taboos is essential for the wide perpetration of family planning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Lack of costing data is a critical gap that exists in the field of family planning (FP) in India. The aim of this study was to estimate health system costs of FP in India for existing modern methods, and potential newer methods (etonorgestrel implant and levonorgestrel intrauterine device) and pregnancy-related services in India. Methods: A bottom-up micro-costing study was conducted in five public health facilities of an Indian State. Data of last one year were collected from existing hospital records and hospital staff was interviewed. Collected data were analyzed using standard costing methods. Results: Package costs of delivering FP services ranged from ₹ 807 (95% CI 685, 931) for condoms and ₹ 10,539 (8796, 12269) for tubal ligation. Estimates of etonorgestrel implant and levonorgestrel intrauterine system were ₹ 3,200 (2800, 3625) and 3,426 (3232, 3623). Cost of antenatal care along with vaginal delivery, caesarean and abortion were ₹ 10,916 (8744, 13078), 22,136 (17570, 26910) and 8,574 (6791, 10379), respectively. One way sensitivity analysis showed that the three most influential factors on the costs of FP services were prices of drugs and consumables, number of beneficiaries and health personnel cost. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study has generated package costs for FP and pregnancy-related services in India which could be used by publicly-funded insurance schemes, for budgeting, economic evaluations and improve resource allocation of services. The cost estimates from this study add to the limited literature in India on costs of FP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal Mortality is one of the most important issues in our country. Ectopic Gestation is one of the few reasons which contribute to it. The first successful surgical management of a tubal ruptured ectopic pregnancy occurred in 1883. In those times mortality was approximately 60%. Since then lot of development in management of ectopic pregnancy has taken place which has resulted in reduction of related mortality. But still it remains as one of the important topics as now due to more infections (i.e PID) and resulting ectopic gestations and further operative salphingectomies, there is a reduced chance of patient to conceive naturally afterwards. Hence role of conservative surgeries comes to the front. Aims and Objectives: Role of Conservative Surgical Management of Ectopic pregnancy and its relation to future fertility. Materials and Methods: This Study was undertaken at GICE Clinic, Cure Hospital, Kalyani, West Bengal India from January, 2008 to January 2019. During this period 64 patients were diagnosed and operated for Ectopic pregnancy. Results: Forty (62.5%) cases were in between 20-30 years of age. Forty-four (68.7%) cases had no issue. Forty-eight (75.0%) cases were from low socio-economic group. Sixty patients (93.7%) had the history of amenorrhea. It was also observed that history of induced abortion was in 20 (31.2%) cases, PID in 12 (18.7%) cases, appendectomy -- 6 (9.4%) cases and history of previous IUCD insertion - 4 (6.3%) were found to be common amongst ectopic gestation cases. Twenty-four (37.5%) cases underwent linear salpingostomy, 8 (12.5%) cases had segmental resection with end to end anastomosis whereas 16 (25.0%) cases had salpingectomy and 16 (25.0%) cases had salpingo-opherectomy with tubectomy [opposite tube] were advocated. In 4(6.3%) cases of linear salpingostomy and 4 (6.3%) cases of segmental resection, the cases had to be re-operated again for unstable haemodynamic condition within 24 hours and were subsequently advocated to salpingectomy. Conclusion: Linear Salpingostomy was found to be a better option for women who desire to become future mother, than that of segmental resection and salpingectomy on affected tube (although pregnancy was reported as opposite tube) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg is implanted and develops outside the endometrium, i.e. in the fallopian tubes, cervix, ovary, or abdomen. It commonly presents as vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and amenorrhea. Methods: In this case study, we report on a 40-year-old woman G3P2 L2 complaining of excessive bleeding per vagina and abdominal pain for 5 days along with generalized weakness for 15 days, presented to the emergency department of SSIMS and RC, Davangere. Results: On examination and ultrasound reports, the patient was diagnosed with posttubal recanalization with 3 weeks left ruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. The patient consented to undergo an emergency laparotomy with bilateral salpingectomy under spinal anesthesia; thus her condition was successfully managed. Conclusion: Maternal age of 35 years or older, and a history of tubal sterilization and recanalization has been known to increase the risk of ectopic pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adnexal mass is a common presentation in today's gynecological practice. The incidence of ovarian cancer is increasing day by day and diagnosis is often difficult to be made pre operatively with inadequate surgical exploration is a regular occurrence. Aims and Objectives: To assess and validate the importance of RMI-3 score as pre-operative diagnostic tool of differentiating benign from malignant adnexal mass for starting first line therapy of ovarian cancer and to find out the incidences of ovarian malignancy among study population. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics on (n=115) patients attending GOPD and indoor with adnexal mass fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria using purposive sampling technique. All the selected cases underwent ultrasonography and serum CA- 125 level estimation necessary for calculating RMI score. A score of >200 was taken as suggestive of malignancy and confirmatory diagnosis was performed by histopathological examination obtained from staging laparotomy of adnexal mass. The individual scores were then correlated with final outcomes with statistical analyses. Results: The study revealed benign ovarian tumors are more under 50 years (78.46%) and patients with normal BMI are diagnosed with maximum of malignancy (n = 28). History of tubal ligation carried less risk of malignancy (p<0.0001). Histologically malignant tumors found mostly in 71.4% postmenopausal group whereas 94.1% benign pathology were present in perimenopausal group and there is no association found between parity and histopathology (p=0.058). Bilateral (p=0.013), multilocular(p=0.000) tumors with solid areas(p<0.0001) and thick papillary projections (p<0.0001) had statistically significant association with malignant lesions. RMI score (>200) had more efficacy than serum CA-125 level (>46) in differentiating malignant lesions from benign one in terms of specificity (96% vs 83.87%) and positive predictive value (95% vs 79.17%). Conclusions: RMI-3 score is a simple, reliable and effective tool in differentiating benign from malignant adnexal masses thereby help in quick referral and management of cases with increase chances of survival of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study that examined trends in sterilization regret in India, whether the correlates of sterilization regret have changed since 2005-2006, and the contribution of correlates to the change in sterilization regret. Highlights include an increase in sterilization regret from 2005-2006 to 2015-2016, efforts to increase use of reversible contraceptive methods and to reduce infant and child mortality, and the link between child loss experience and sterilization target.

The article discusses a study on the impact of respondent-interviewer familiarity and repeated survey participation on abortion reporting in Rajasthan, India. Highlights include the prevalence of modern contraceptive use among women aged 15-49, measures of the service delivery environment using data from the service delivery point survey, and the use of multivariate regression analyses to examine women's likelihood of reporting an abortion.

Introduction: Female sterilisation accounts for 36% of the population using various methods of contraception in India. Laparoscopic tubal ligation is a commonly used method for female sterilisation. Acceptance of sterilisation is influenced by sociodemographic factors. Better appreciation of socio-demographic factors influences the acceptance rate of laparoscopic tubal ligation and therefore it is important to be assessed. Aim: To assess the socio-demographic factors among the acceptor of laparoscopic tubal ligation. Materials and Methods: It was a retrospective study from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018, carried out at Silchar Medical College, Silchar, Assam. The socio-demographic data of woman undergone laparoscopic tubal ligation during one year period was collected. The women included in the study were Post Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Post-MTP) ligation, interval ligation and post-partum ligation. Women undergoing tubectomy during caesarean section were excluded from the study. Data were presented as percentage and proportion and subsequently, analysis was done. Results: The mean age of the woman was 29.76±4.19. The number of woman with parity three was highest (45.45%). The interval from last childbirth to laparoscopic tubal ligation was more than 3 years in 34.55% women. Majority (70%) of the women had post-MTP ligation. Conclusion: There is long interval from last childbirth to tubal ligation. This gap must be filled up so that couples adopt permanent method of contraception at the earliest occasion after completion of family. Most of the woman had undergone medical termination of pregnancy at the time of sterilisation. Family welfare programme must be strengthened to prevent these unwanted pregnancies and its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Sexual relationship is a basis for mental health and continuity of the healthy generation. There are very few studies on the female sexual functioning, especially in India. Sterilization being the most common contraceptive method, sexual functioning in women undergoing this surgical intervention has not been adequately explored. Available studies have found conflicting results; some have reported that sterilization has positive effects on sexual functioning since anxiety of getting pregnant is abolished. However, few Indian studies have reported a decline in sexual functioning following the sterilization procedure as women lack interest and perceive sexual function only for the purpose of procreation. The cultural differences and lack of sex education among Indian women are thought to be the reason for such a difference. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty married women above 18 years, who were consulting Family Planning Association, Mysore, for the purpose of undergoing tubal sterilization, and who gave a written consent were interviewed twice; before the sterilization procedure and 6 months post-sterilization. These women were assessed for sexual functioning using female sexual function index and sexual functioning index. Results: The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in the study population was 36.7% before the tubal sterilization. This rate increased to 71.7% after the procedure which was statistically significant. The common disorders were orgasm, arousal, and desire. Pain disorder was least common. This dysfunction exists across all the ages, education level, occupation, and residence. Conclusion: The study shows that whatever may be the attribution, tubal sterilization impairs the sexual functioning among women. A proper education and counseling need to be incorporated to prevent the problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical sterilization is the primary method of contraception among low-income women in India. This article, using qualitative analysis of key informant, in-depth interviews, and quantitative analyses, examines the antecedents, process, and outcomes of sterilization for women in a low-income area in Mumbai, India. Family planning policies, socioeconomic factors, and gender roles constrain women’s reproductive choices. Procedures for sterilization rarely follow protocol, particularly during pre-procedure counseling and consent. Women who choose sterilization often marry early, begin conceiving soon after marriage, and reach or exceed ideal family size early due to problems in accessing reversible contraceptives. Despite these constraints, this study indicates that from the perspective of women, the decision to undergo sterilization is empowering, as they have fulfilled their reproductive duties and can effectively exercise control over their fertility and sexuality. This empowerment results in little post-sterilization regret, improved emotional health, and improved sexual relationships following sterilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Determine the efficacy of two different dosage regimens of quinacrine placed at each cornual angle, employing a curved inserter, and for fundal placement of doses from 252 mg to 360 mg of quinacrine, depending on the age of the woman.Methods: 1. The first trial involved 3 double insertions, a month apart, of 50 mg of quinacrine at each cornual angle. This trial was initiated on 14 August 1979 and completed on 26 June 1984 with 418 subjects admitted. 2. The second was a single double insertion of 100 mg at each cornual angle. This trial, initiated on 30 November 1984, was completed on 11 June 1985 with 100 subjects admitted. 3. The third trial began 2 January 1995, was completed 26 January 1998 and included 1479 subjects. There were 2 insertions, a month apart, with fundal placement of all pellets. The dose depended on the woman's age and ranged from 252 mg in the oldest to 360 mg in the youngest. The cut-off date for this trial was 23 January 2003.Results: Only relatively minor side effects or complications were seen. None required hospitalization. Failure rates with multiple low dose or single dose cornual placement of pellets were unacceptably high. When higher doses of fundal placement of quinacrine were used at two visits, one month apart, no failures occurred.Conclusions: The third protocol shows great promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of quinacrine for non-surgical female sterilization in five different protocols.Methods: The 5 trials were conducted sequentially. The first and largest, with 985 cases, tested the use of a curved inserter to place a 50 mg dose of quinacrine near each tubal ostia. The next 3 trials were carried out to determine the effect of adjunct procedures on the efficacy of the standard recommended protocol. The three adjuncts were 75 mg of intrauterine diclofenac, 10 mg medroxyprogesterone IM and either 10 mg of atropine IM or 20 mg of hyoscine butylbromide IM The final trial focused on the currently recommended protocol.Results: The 100 mg dose placed at the tubal ostia with the curved inserter resulted in a failure rate of 9.0% at 20 years. Diclofenac or medroxyprogesterone did not improve efficacy over quinacrine alone. Atropine or hyoscine butylbromide substantially diminished the effectiveness of the quinacrine. The failure rate with the standard protocol in our series of 122 cases was 0.8% at 3.5 years. Side effects were minor. There were no deaths nor serious complications with any of these protocols.Discussion: All 5 protocols appeared to be safe and the standard one was the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if quinacrine sterilization (QS) is safe and effective in women at high risk for surgery.Methods: A trial was initiated at the Government Medical College in Patiala, India, in December 1993. Patient intake was terminated in July 1999 and the cut-off date for this analysis was March 31, 2003. Using a modified IUD inserter, seven 252 mg quinacrine pellets with 50 mg of diclofenac were transcervically inserted into the uterus. DMPA 150 mg was administered IM at the time of the first insertion as a back-up contraceptive. This same combination was inserted a month later. A total of 134 women underwent QS. Of these, 92 were considered to be at high risk for surgery, 27 were afraid of surgery or voluntarily opted for QS, and 15 had had failed surgical sterilization or surgery was found not to be technically feasible. Follow-up was scheduled for 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, and then annually after the second insertion or whenever side effects or complications were experienced.Results: Mean follow-up was 7.2 years. No pregnancies or serious complications were experienced.Conclusion: QS is a safe and effective option for women at high risk of surgical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The place of vasectomy within the sterilisation programme in Delhi over the period 1983–88 is reviewed and data on vasectomy acceptance and characteristics of acceptors are analysed. Findings suggest a need to improve the strategy for the promotion of vasectomy within the metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tubectomy is the most favored method of family planning both with the Indian government as well as with Indian couples since the late 1970's. This study was undertaken to identify the differences among the acceptors of tubectomy. Data were collected from 80 tubectomy acceptors from a village in Amritsar district in Punjab, India. The study revealed that there are demographic and socio-economic differences among the acceptors. Acceptors from high castes and literate acceptors whose husbancs are either servicemen or cultivators and those with comparatively higher income accept tubectomy after fewer living children as compared to others. The study also revealed that the majority of acceptors did not use temporary contraceptives prior to tubectomy. Those who used temporary contraceptives had lesser mean living children as compared to those who did not use them.

Objectives: Evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of transcervical insertion of quinacrine hydrochloride pellets for nonsurgical female sterilization (QS).Methods: During the period June 1979 through January 1980, 84 women were admitted to a study at the Baroda Medical College and Hospital, Baroda, India. Our protocol called for three transcervical insertions of 252 mg of quinacrine hydrochloride to be deposited in the uterus of each patient. Follow-up was scheduled at 6, 12 and 48 months after the last administration.Results: These women were 25 to 39 years of age at the time of the QS procedure and now, 23 years later, have completed their reproductive years. There were 4 pregnancies subsequent to the completion of QS, all prior to their 4-year follow-up. Thus, the life-time failure rate for these women was 3.7%. Complaints were minor, especially when compared to surgical sterilization. There were no long-term effects suspected of being attributable to QS.Conclusions: QS appears to be a reasonably effective method that is much safer than surgical sterilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the performance of laproscopic tubectomy (LTT) using solar energy as illuminating light source in Mandla District in Madhya Pradesh, India. It states that sun rays were made to descend on the rearview mirror of a motorcycle, and the light intensity created was adequate to picture the fallopian tubes. It notes that 42 out of 44 cases of women who undergone LTT were discovered to be successful.

The article discusses a study that is aimed to evaluate the occurrence rates and the pathologic features in the removal of incidental adnexal masses at laparoscopic ligation and caesarean section in New Delhi, India. It stresses that the study is retrospective in nature. It proposes that adnexa should be routinely inspected vigilantly during laparoscopic ligation and caesarean section.

The article discusses the commitment of India to improve family planning services, as its population is set to overtake that of China by 2023. Topics mentioned include the global shortfall in access to contraception, a basket of contraceptive choices for women including injectables and oral pills to be made available through the public health system under the National Family Planning programme, and criticisms against tubal ligation or tubectomy, the country's main form of family planning.