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Background: Terminalia arjuna is an evergreen tree commonly referred as Arjuna, widely distributed in India and is a prominent member of the genus Terminalia. It has been discovered that the various plant parts, including the root, leaf, bark, fruits, and seeds have unique medicinal property. Among them, bark part is found to have and plethora of bioactive compounds and rich in medicinal property, especially for its cardiovascular properties. Materials and Methods: In the current investigation we have developed a standardized extract of T. arjuna bark called Cardiboost, which contains 1% arjunolic acid. Cardiboost was used to examine in vitro thrombin and ACE enzyme inhibition. Additionally, MTT assay was used to measure cell viability of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, western blot experiments were performed to measure the levels of antioxidative enzyme levels CAT and SOD and the expressions of cell apoptosis regulatory proteins PARP1, Casp antiapoptotic properties to elucidate Cardiboost ability to prevent H9c2 cardiomyocytes cells suffering from oxidative damage induced by H2O2. Results: Cardiboost, exhibited potent thrombin and ACE inhibition property, with IC50 values of 111.88µg/mL and 196.66 µg/mL respectively, Furthermore, Cardiboost, averted the cell death and significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD which was subsided in presence of H2O2, and Cardiboost protected the mitochondrial events and reduced the apoptotic effects in H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Conclusion: Cardiboost could shield H9c2 cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress and may also be used as a medicinal product to prevent oxidative stress in cardiac damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a plethora of plant species in India, which have been widely used in vegetable dishes, soups, desserts and herbal medicine. In addition to these traditional uses, today there is the extra possibility of also being able to use these plants in the nutritional supplements industry due to their favorable antioxidant and mineral composition. In this sense, thirteen vegetable species—Chanania lanzan, Ziziphus mauritiana, Nilumbo nucifera, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa aegyptiaca, Praecitrullus fistulosus, Benincasa hispida, Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus and Cucurbita maxima—have been analyzed. In this paper we discuss the distribution of polyphenols and minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, P, S, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, As and Pb) in different seed parts (the rhizome, pericarp, carpel, seed coat and kernel) of the above species and their possible use in the nutritional supplements industry. The concentrations of total polyphenols, flavonoids and minerals ranged from 407 to 3144 mg rutin hydrate/100 g, 24 to 3070 mg quercetin/100 g and 1433 to 7928 mg/100 g, respectively. K, Ca, P and S were abundant in these herbal fruits. In two species of herbal fruits, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula, only part of the seed structure was suitable for use in nutritional supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of the arboreal snail Rhachistia bengalensis was observed from randomly selected sites of an unmanaged and a managed garden of India. The relative abundance of the snail on different host plants was counted and recorded with height gradients and various positions on the host plants. Although R. bengalensis was encountered in ten different plants in unmanaged garden and three different plants in the managed garden, the snail distribution varied significantly in different host plants and different plant parts. The snail preferred Cascabela thevetia, Aegle marmelos, Musa acuminata and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in the unmanaged and Terminalia arjuna and T. elliptica in the managed garden. Based on the variance to mean ratio (s2/m), negative binomial aggregation parameter k and Lloyd mean crowding (ṁ), the distribution of the snail showed more or less clumped distribution in the host plants. Apparently, the snail exhibited various degrees of preference with different host plants and fit with arboreal habit. Information on the abundance and preference of the host plant species can be used for the conservation management of the R. bengalensis in managed and unmanaged habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a major issue across the globe. Therefore, carbon (C) assimilation and storage is the key management strategy for mitigating climate change. The present investigation was carried out in two riparian sites i.e., Maini and Machhli river of northern Chhattisgarh, India, through stratified random sampling. Results reveal that vegetation beside Maini river was represented by 22 species of tree, 17 species of saplings, 12 species of seedlings, 5 shrub species and 15 herb species and total density value was 1410–460,000 individuals/ha. The vegetation in Machhli river was represented by 14 species of tree, 15 species of sapling, 14 species of seedling, 10 shrub and herb species each and the total density value was 830–440,000 individuals/ha. The diversity indices were higher for tree and herb layer in Maini river while in Machhli river the diversity indices value were higher for sapling, seedling and shrub layer. Terminalia arjuna, Shorea robusta and Mangifera indica contributed maximum total biomass (58.23%) at Maini river. In Machhli river, 73% of total biomass was contributed by Terminalia arjuna, Leucana leucocephala and Ficus heterophylla. Higher biomass accumulation, C stock and CO2 mitigation were found in 30–50 cm girth class in both sites. The total C stock and CO2 mitigation ranged between 60.54–77.58 t/ha and 222.10–284.84 t/ha for both the sites, respectively. Results reveal significant contribution of riparian vegetation towards biomass accumulation, C storage and CO2 mitigation. Such study under tropical condition would help to formulate policy towards restoring degraded riparian vegetation and combating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna is native to India and occurs naturally along the banks of streams and rivers. The species is characterized to dry deciduous forests. The present study was carried out for the growth and physiological changes of T. arjuna in different elevated CO2 levels. Open top chambers were used to expose plants to ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (400 and 800 ppm). The experiment was conducted in the month of March to August in 2019 for six months. The results showed that the growth parameters, i.e. plant height, collar diameter, the number of leaves, were found to be increased in elevated CO2 conditions. The percentage increase in physiological parameters like photosynthetic rate (28.82), mesophyll efficiency (60 % more in elevated CO2 condition), CO2 concentration (55 % more in elevated CO2), vapour pressure deficit (4.83 at 800 ppm) and water use efficiency (5.94 at ppm) increased. In contrast, transpiration rate (5.38 at 800 ppm and 10.11 ppm at ambient condition) and stomatal conductance (30% less in 800 ppm) decreased under elevated CO2 compared to ambient conditions. The study concluded that changing climatic conditions and significantly elevated CO2 in future may profoundly influence plant growth and the physiological response of T. arjuna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment is a standardisation of plantation techniques of four native, promising forestry species, namely, Dalbergia latifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica and Gmelina arborea, with respect to effects of tree spacing, pit size and irrigation. The experiment was set up in a tropical mixed deciduous forest patch of Madhya Pradesh, central India. We tested three spacings (2 m × 2 m, 3 m × 3 m and 5 m × 5 m), three pit sizes (30 cm × 30 cm× 30 cm, 45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm and 60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm) and two moisture regimes (rainfed and irrigated). Growth data were recorded for four years, from the first year of plantation in 2013 to 2017. From the four-year growth performance, D. latifolia, T. arjuna and T. bellirica performed better in irrigated conditions, whereas G. arborea, performed well under rainfed condition. Terminalia bellirica performed best with largest pit size, i.e. 60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm, while the other three species performed best with 45 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm pit size. In terms of tree spacing, G. arborea and D. latifolia responded best to 3 m × 3 m spacing while T. arjuna and T. bellirica performed best with 5 m × 5 m spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration of degraded land is imperative for addressing climate change, deriving additional benefits such as biomass and biofuel for supporting a biobased economy and also for meeting various targets of the Bonn Challenge and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN‐SDGs). In this context, the present research aimed to evaluate the performance of mixed biomass plantations on the saline land of western India over a period of 4 years. The impact of plantations on soil quality over the study period (2015–2018) was analysed by the Saline Soil Reclamation Index (SSRI), developed through principal component analysis. The study found a strong correlation between plant growth attributes and soil quality (p <.01). Soil porosity, texture, pH balance, electrical conductivity (EC), available potassium (AK) and available nitrogen (AN) levels are found to be the key indicators regulating the plant growth. The EC, AK and AN levels were seen to change significantly during the initial stage (2014) from 25 dS m−1, 10 mg kg−1 and 23 mg kg−1 to 1 dS m−1, 24 mg kg−1 and 39 mg kg−1, respectively, towards the end of the study period (2018). Among the various test plants, six species (Albizia lebbeck, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cordia dichotoma, Pithecellobium dulce, Pongamia pinnata, Terminalia arjuna) were found with high SSRI (>0.50); while the rest displayed moderate SSRI (0.30–0.49), except for Azadirachta indica, which shown low SSRI (<0.30). The trees having high SSRI are most suitable for the reclamation of saline soil and therefore, SSRI can be used as a tool for assessing the progress of saline land restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Roxb.) Wight and Arn. (family: Combretaceae) is a large evergreen cardioactive plant drug available throughout India. The bark of T. arjuna is medicinally used as a tonic and is chemically characterized by the presence of tannins and related compounds with 20.0–24.0% tannin content. This research study investigates the use of barks of T. arjuna for the extraction of color components to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool with different hues and tones using binary and ternary metal salt combinations (aluminum potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride). The dyeing was carried by exhaustion method and dyed samples were analyzed using a reflective spectrophotometer in terms of CIELAB (L*, a*, and b*) and color strength (K/S) values. Wash and light fastnesses were investigated according to (International Organization for Standardization)ISO standards. pH has marked effect on the K/S values of dyed woolen yarn. The results showed that overall 54 different shades having good to very good fastness properties were produced by control dyeing (un-mordanted) and the use of different metallic salt combinations in dyeing of wool using T. arjuna bark extract as a source of natural dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the population status, breeding ecology, and conservation threats of Critically Endangered White-rumped Vulture in Sigur Plateau, Tamil Nadu, India from June 2011 to May 2012. The population of White-rumped vulture was estimated in the roosting and nesting sites twice in a month. Nesting colonies were systematically visited four times in a month during the breeding season to study nesting and breeding ecology. Carcasses and vulture counting was done by opportunistic count method. Two sets of questionnaires namely 'precise and closed' and 'broad and open-ended' were developed to asses the people's perception on vulture conservation. The overall population of White-rumped Vultures was estimated about 70 to 115 individuals. In total, 68 nests were observed in two nesting colonies. Most of the nests (97%) were recorded on Terminalia arjuna and only 3% on Spondias mangifera. Among the 68 constructed nests, 34 were incubated and 30 chicks were fledged out from the nests with 88% breeding success. Feeding behavior was observed from 28 carcasses, Vultures were attended only 15 caracasses an average of 56.04±3.29 individuals of vultures were recorded. Interestingly, Elephant (61.8±5.1) and Indian Gaur (58.5±0.3) carcasses were attracted in greater numbers of vultures in susiquent days (3.5±0.2) than other carcasses. People's attitude to vulture conservation was positive and useful in 90.82% of the cases (n=99). Cattle carcass disposal method favored to vultures in these regions. The Sigur Plateau to be declared as "Vulture Sanctuary" in order to legally protect and conserve the country's southern-most wild and viable Critically Endangered White-rumped Vulture population in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mature and large isolated trees act as keystone structures in various ecosystems by supporting the populations of dependent organisms. Terminalia arjuna is one such species that is dominant in the riparian landscapes along the River Cauvery in Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary. We tested the hypothesis that T. arjuna influences plant community composition in riparian landscapes and supports a distinct local riparian community. We showed plant species richness, diversity, similarity in community composition, and soil quality varied between riparian landscapes under canopy of T. arjuna and areas devoid of T. arjuna. Higher species richness, diversity, dominance, and evenness were noted in areas under canopy of T. arjuna. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination space analysis identifies the native riparian species assemblages in areas under canopy of T. arjuna with improved soil nutrient conditions. Overall, the study concludes T. arjuna has potential positive effects on riparian landscapes by showing the remarkable differences in biological diversity and it can be considered as keystone species in riparian ecosystems of South India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, medicinal plants are used by all sections of people either directly as folk remedies or in different indigenous system of medicine. The present study was based on the use of ethnomedicinal plant bark to evaluate the alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Bark of Terminalia arjuna was collected and air dried and soxhlet extracted by using standard methods for flavonoid, alkaloid, steroid and different solvents. These extracts obtained were then tested for the alpha amylase inhibitory activity using the chromogenic DNSA method and starch iodine min triplicates. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean). Data were analyzed by oneway analysis of variance and P values were considered significant at P<0.05. Among the tested extracts, methanol, free flavonoids and bound flavonoids extract exhibited significant alpha amylase inhibitory activity. Results of the present study revealed that methanol extracts of T. arjuna bark showed great antidiabetic potential and may be exploited for future antidiabetic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have utilized seeing as ancient times of heal and cure illness and to improve health and wellbeing. Aryurveda is one of the traditional medicinal System of Indian. Ayurveda involves the use of natural elements to eliminate the root cause of the disease by restoring balance at the same time create a long recorded history and they were used in ancient Chinese, Greek, Egyptian and Indian medicine for various therapies purposes. Terminalia arjuna belonging to family combretaceae is an important medicinal plant found as a weed through out India. Though almost all of its parts are used in traditional system of medicines. This review summarized the plant characteristics with their pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study conducted in and around the Durgapur Industrial region, West Bengal, India aims to characterize the air pollution indicator parameters and identify the pollution tolerant species by detailed analysis of 21 morphological and biochemical parameters under the air pollution stress. Two plants species Ficus benghalensis (FIBE) and Terminalia arjuna (TEAR) were selected as the models for the study which was conducted in two different sites S1 and S2, respectively denoted as the control site and the severely polluted site. It was noted that the Air Pollution Index (API) became higher (266.88) around the clusters of the industrial sectors in Durgapur city while the atmosphere of the peri-urban area are comparatively less polluted. The different deposition patterns in the forms of granules, crust, flakes, immurations and the surface architectural patterns of epicuticular wax of both plant species were analyzed and compared using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study. Thirteen major variables could be screened to be the most influenced ones under the air pollution stress from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This study can serve as a guide for the forest managers to analyze pollution induced variables of model tree species and develop an effective Green belt to combat air pollution in urban industrial regions. [Display omitted] • World vegetation is suffering from high population growth and pollution load. • Morphological and biochemical adaptability of flora are mainly pollution induced. • 13 pollution induced variables were isolated from 21 parameters. • Plant morphology and biochemical attributes may be used as pollution indicator. • Air pollution mitigation by tolerant species resulting environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia arjuna (“Arjuna”) in the family Combretaceae is a well-known medicinal tree whose bark is extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine, particularly as a cardiac tonic. Demand for Arjuna bark, both in India and abroad, has been growing rapidly for over a decade. Litsea glutinosa (“Maida”) in the family Lauraceae is a medium size tree. Its bark is used to treat joint pain, fracture, sprain, arthritis, back pain, and indigestion. Presently the bark of Arjuna and Maida is being extracted through unscientific and destructive harvesting practices. This is the first study on development of sustainable harvesting practices of Arjuna and Maida bark. The stages of bark recovery varied from tree to tree. Age of tree, harvesting method, and season of harvest influenced bark regeneration. This study recommends that for sustainable harvest, mature bark from only one fourth to one third of the total girth of the tree should be stripped by removing only outer and middle bark, leaving the inner bark for regeneration. However, strip harvesting was found to be the best method in younger trees having a girth at breast height (GBH) of less than 60 cm. Sustainable bark harvesting can be done after every 2 yr for Arjuna and 1 yr for Maida by removing opposite quarters of trunk bark. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Compounds possessing antimutagenic properties (polyphenols, tannins;vitamins, etc.) have been identified in fruits, vegetables, spices, and medicinal plants. Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae), a tropical woody tree occurring throughout India and known locally as Kumbuk, is amedicinal plant rich in tannins and triterpenes that is used extensively in Ayuriredic medicine as a cardiac tonic. The aim of the present collaborative work was to test six solvent extracts from the bark of Terminalia arjuna for antigenotoxic activity using in vitro short-term tests. Terminalia arjuna extracts were obtained by sequential extraction using acetone, methanol, methanol + HCI, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethyl ether. The antigenotoxic properties of these extracts were investigated by assessing the inhibition of genotoxicity of the directacting mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQ0) using the 'comet' assay and the micronucleus (MN) test. Human peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with different concentrations of the six extracts (from 5 to 100 Mug/ mL) and with 4NQ0 (1 and 2 Mug/mL, for the 'comet' assay and MN test, respectively). Each extract/4NQ0 combination was tested twice; in each experiment, positive control (4NQ0 alone) and negative control (1% DMSO) were set. 'Comet' assay results showed that acetone and methanol extracts were highly effective in reducing the DNA damage caused by 4NQ0, whereas the acidic methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethyl ether extracts showed less marked or no antigenotoxic activity. In the MN test, a decrease in 4NQ0 genotoxicity was observed by testing this mutagen in the presence of acetone, methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts, even though the extent of inhibition was not always statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]